The Potential Promise of Immunotherapy for Primary Brain Tumors
Observed and Anticipated Immunological Deficiencies in Various Brain Tumor Models
Non-Specific Methods
Gene Targeted Methods
Tumorigenesis Method | Technique | Tumor | Animal | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Implantation | 9 L Gliosarcoma | Syngeneic Graft | GS | Rat | [17] |
C6 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Rat | [2] | |
T9 | Syngeneic Graft | GS | Rat | [4] | |
RG2 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Rat | [4] | |
F98 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Rat | [4] | |
RT-2 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Rat | [4] | |
CNS-1 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Rat | [18] | |
GL261 | Syngeneic Graft | GBM | Mouse | [23] | |
Human Tumor Cells (U87, U251) | Xenograft | GBM | Mouse | [5] | |
Genetic | p53 +/-, NF-1 +/- | Germline mutations | Astro | Mouse | [24] |
GFAP- p53 +/-, NF-1 +/- | Conditional KO | Astro | Mouse | [78] | |
GFAP- p53 +/-, NF-1 +/-, PTEN-/- | Conditional KO | Astro | Mouse | [78] | |
GFAP- p53 +/-, PTEN-/- | Conditional KO | Astro | Mouse | [87] | |
INK4a/ARF -/-, PDGF Overexpression | Germline mutation, RCAS | Astro | Mouse | [47] | |
INK4a/ARF -/-, EGF-R overexpression | Germline mutation, RCAS | Astro | Mouse | [48] | |
INK4a/ARF -/-, Ras, Akt overexpression | Germline mutation, RCAS | Astro | Mouse | [49] | |
Ras, Akt overexpression | RCAS | Astro | Mouse | [80] | |
Ras, Akt overexpression, PTEN -/- | RCAS, Conditional KO | Astro | Mouse | [80] | |
GFAP-V12 Ras, EGFRvIII | Astrocyte targeted mutation, Adenovirus | Astro | Mouse | [77] | |
GFAP-V12 Ras, PTEN -/- | Astrocyte targeted mutation, Germline mutation | Astro | Mouse | [56] | |
RAS, EGF-R targeted overexpression | Astrocyte targeted mutations | Astro | Mouse | [73] | |
PDGF-B overexpression | MMLV retrovirus | ODG | Mouse | [75] | |
PDGF-B overexpression | RCAS | ODG | Mouse | [76] | |
Rb inactivation, PTEN -/- | GFAP-Cre targeted conditional KO | ODG | [82] | ||
INK4a/ARF -/-, PDGF overexp., PTEN -/- | Germline mutation, RCAS, Conditional KO | ODG | Mouse | [88] | |
P53 +/-, S100β promoter driven-v-erbB | Germline mutation, Oligodendrocyte mutation | ODG | Mouse | [26] | |
INK4a-ARF +/-, S100β promoter v-erbB | Germline mutation, Oligodendrocyte mutation | ODG | Mouse | [26] | |
p53 +/-, EGF-R overexpression | Germline mutation, Oligodendrocyte mutation | ODG | Mouse | [48] | |
Ptc +/- | Germline mutation or Conditional KO | MB | Mouse | [25] | |
Ptc +/-, p53 -/- | Germline mutations | MB | Mouse | [25] | |
Shh, n-Myc | RCAS | MB | Mouse | [89] | |
Rb +/-, p53 +/- | GFAP-conditional KO | MB | Mouse | [84] | |
BRCA2 -/-, p53 +/- | Nestin-conditional KO | MB | Mouse | [86] | |
Xrcc4 -/-, p53 -/- | Nestin-conditional KO | MB | Mouse | [81] | |
SmoM2 | GFAP-conditional KO | MB | Mouse | [79] |