Background
Methods
Eligibility
Participant recruitment
Random assignment
Study conditions
Measurement
Primary outcome
Secondary outcomes
Intervention adherence and program satisfaction
Statistical analysis
Sample size
Results
Participants
Baseline characteristics
Control (n = 58) | Intervention (n = 75) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | N | % (of responses) | Sample size | N | % (of responses) | Sample size |
Age, years, Mean (SD) | 58.1 (11.2) | 57 | 56.2 (12.6) | 75 | ||
Female gender | 43 | 74.1 | 58 | 60 | 80.0 | 75 |
Married/de facto | 38 | 66.7 | 57 | 55 | 73.3 | 75 |
Completed post-school qualifications | 41 | 71.9 | 57 | 54 | 73.0 | 74 |
Employed (full-time or part-time) | 26 | 45.6 | 57 | 34 | 45.9 | 74 |
Weekly family income | 56 | 75 | ||||
-Less than $499 | 11 | 19.6 | 12 | 16.0 | ||
-$500-$1000 | 14 | 25.0 | 16 | 21.3 | ||
-More than $1000 | 14 | 25.0 | 25 | 33.3 | ||
-Prefer not to answer | 17 | 30.4 | 22 | 29.3 | ||
Current smoker | 3 | 5.3 | 57 | 3 | 4.2 | 72 |
Number of co-morbidities (ever had OR have) | 58 | 75 | ||||
-0 | 16 | 27.6 | 13 | 17.3 | ||
-1–3 | 33 | 56.9 | 50 | 66.7 | ||
-4 or more | 9 | 15.5 | 12 | 16.0 | ||
Types of co-morbiditiesa | ||||||
-Musculoskeletal disorders | 20 | 37.7 | 53 | 28 | 38.4 | 73 |
-Mental health problems | 15 | 27.8 | 54 | 27 | 36.5 | 74 |
-Arthritis | 16 | 28.6 | 56 | 34 | 45.9 | 74 |
-High blood pressure | 18 | 32.1 | 56 | 18 | 24.3 | 74 |
-High cholesterol | 19 | 33.9 | 56 | 25 | 33.3 | 75 |
-Chronic headache/migraine | 9 | 16.1 | 56 | 7 | 9.5 | 74 |
-Lung conditions | 7 | 12.5 | 56 | 13 | 17.6 | 74 |
-Heart condition | 4 | 7.1 | 56 | 5 | 6.8 | 74 |
-Stroke | 2 | 3.6 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 74 |
-Diabetes | 4 | 7.1 | 56 | 2 | 2.7 | 73 |
-Stomach ulcer | 3 | 5.4 | 56 | 2 | 2.7 | 74 |
Cancer survivor | 43 | 75.4 | 57 | 53 | 70.7 | 75 |
Carer | 9 | 15.8 | 57 | 15 | 20.0 | 75 |
Both cancer survivor and carer | 5 | 8.8 | 57 | 7 | 9.3 | 75 |
Relationship to cancer survivor: | 14 | 19 | ||||
-Spouse/partner | 11 | 78.6 | 12 | 63.2 | ||
-other relative or friend | 3 | 21.4 | 7 | 36.8 | ||
Cancer typea | 48 | 60 | ||||
-Bowel/colorectal | 5 | 10.4 | 3 | 5.0 | ||
-Breast | 28 | 58.3 | 36 | 60.0 | ||
-Prostate | 7 | 14.6 | 7 | 11.7 | ||
-Melanoma | 3 | 6.3 | 4 | 6.7 | ||
-Other (eg. non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Leukaemia, ovarian, thyroid) | 13 | 27.1 | 17 | 28.3 | ||
Time since diagnosis, months, Mean (SD) | 45.2 (52.3) | 47 | 39.3 (56.7) | 57 | ||
Treatment received (EVER)a | ||||||
-Surgery | 45 | 93.8 | 48 | 55 | 93.2 | 59 |
-Chemotherapy | 28 | 62.2 | 45 | 45 | 84.9 | 53 |
-Radiotherapy | 30 | 63.8 | 47 | 32 | 68.1 | 47 |
-Hormone treatment | 20 | 48.8 | 41 | 30 | 66.7 | 45 |
Cancer in remission | 36 | 80.0 | 45 | 44 | 77.2 | 57 |
Number of cancer diagnoses | 48 | 60 | ||||
-1 | 43 | 89.6 | 54 | 90.0 | ||
-2 | 4 | 8.3 | 5 | 8.3 | ||
-3 or more | 1 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.7 |
Control (n = 58) | Intervention (n = 75) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Sample size | Mean (SD) | Sample size |
Physical activity | ||||
Raw step counts (per day) | 8090.7 (3298.8) | 50 | 7850.0 (3111.5) | 68 |
Moderate-to-vigorous PA (minutes per week) | 108.7 (187.1) | 55 | 82.9 (91.9) | 69 |
Resistance training (minutes per week) | 13.5 (26.1) | 57 | 14.7 (39.3) | 74 |
Sedentary behavior | ||||
Total sitting time on last work day (minutes per day) | 547.5 (235.8) | 17 | 774.8 (840.0) | 22 |
Total sitting time on last non-work day (minutes per day) | 519.0 (407.8) | 23 | 522.2 (240.9) | 33 |
Dietary behavior (per day) | 55 | 73 | ||
Fruit (g) | 254.6 (144.6) | 222.3 (117.1) | ||
Fruit (serves)a | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.8) | ||
Vegetables (g) | 168.7 (81.0) | 174.8 (95.5) | ||
Vegetables (serves)b | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.3) | ||
Fibre grams per 1000 kJ | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.9) | ||
Fibre (g) | 21.4 (8.4) | 21.0 (7.0) | ||
Energy (kJ) | 6853 (2495) | 6454 (1826) | ||
Total fat (g) | 69.4 (30.2) | 63.4 (21.2) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 26.6 (12.8) | 24.9 (9.7) | ||
Red meat (g)c | 66.2 (88.1) | 49.5 (42.4) | ||
Processed meat (g) | 17.0 (27.4) | 12.2 (13.5) | ||
% energy from alcohol (%) | 4.7 (5.8) | 5.1 (7.9) | ||
Alcohol (g)d | 10.1 (14.4) | 9.5 (13.5) | ||
Body composition | ||||
Weight (kg) | 76.2 (17.8) | 56 | 72.8 (14.6) | 73 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 (6.1) | 54 | 26.7 (5.2) | 73 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 (14.0) | 50 | 91.9 (16.2) | 63 |
Intervention adherence and program satisfaction
Primary outcome: Pedometer-assessed PA
Mean change from baseline (95 % CI) | Adjusted mean difference (95 % CI) | Group-by-time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Time from baseline | Control | Intervention | P-value | |
Mean daily steps (pedometer-assessed) | 8 week | −1294 (-2214 to -374.1) | 800.8 (52.3 to 1549.3) | 2094.7 (908.9 to 3280.5) | 0.0028 |
20 week | −1282 (-2394 to -170.6) | 478.8 (-639.4 to 1597.0) | 1761.0 (184.3 to 3337.8) | ||
Mean daily steps (with imputation of steps for swimming, cycling, resistance training) | 8 week | −1672 (-2873 to -471.9) | 1137.8 (122.3 to 2153.3) | 2810.1 (1237.8 to 4382.3) | 0.0009 |
20 week | −2124 (-3546 to -702.9) | 657.20 (-697.1 to 2011.5) | 2781.5 (818.2 to 4744.8) | ||
Moderate-to-vigorous PA (minutes per week) | 8 week | 9.6 (-26.2 to 45.4) | 33.87 (-4.7 to 72.4) | 24.3 (-28.3 to 76.8) | 0.2168 |
20 week | 8.7 (-21.4 to 38.9) | −16.2 (-39.8 to 7.5) | −24.9 (-63.2 to 13.4) | ||
Resistance training (minutes per week) | 8 week | 16.0 (-0.01 to 32.0) | 38.3 (21.2 to 55.5) | 22.3 (-1.1 to 45.8) | 0.1039 |
20 week | 12.3 (-8.9 to 33.5) | 29.3 (15.6 to 43.0) | 17.0 (-8.3 to 42.2) | ||
Total sitting time on last WORK DAY, excluding sleep (minutes per day): | 8 week | 201.3 (-131.3 to 534.0) | −132.5 (-347.0 to 82.1) | −333.8 (-729.6 to 62.0) | 0.2412 |
20 week | 162.9 (-41.4 to 367.2) | −28.5 (-271.5 to 214.4) | −191.4 (-508.8 to 126.0) | ||
Total sitting time on last NON-WORK DAY, excluding sleep (minutes per day): | 8 week | 82.6 (-140.6 to 305.8) | 69.5 (-99.1 to 238.1) | −13.1 (-292.8 to 266.6) | 0.4275 |
20 week | −74.7 (-231.6 to 82.2) | 52.4 (-84.7 to 189.5) | 127.1 (-81.3 to 335.4) |
Secondary outcomes
Mean change from baseline (95 % CI) | Adjusted mean difference (95 % CI) | Group-by-time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Time from baseline | Control | Intervention | P-value | |
Fruit (excluding juice) (g/day) | 8 week | 7.3 (-27.9 to 42.5) | 36.9 (-0.3 to 74.1) | 29.6 (-21.6 to 80.8) | 0.3793 |
20 week | 12.9 (-17.0 to 42.9) | 50.9 (1.2 to 100.5) | 38.0 (-20.0 to 96.0) | ||
Vegetables (g/day) | 8 week | −0.5 (-19.1 to 18.1) | 23.6 (6.9 to 40.2) | 24.1 (-0.9 to 49.0) | 0.0188 |
20 week | −7.1 (-26.9 to 12.7) | 32.4 (13.3 to 51.4) | 39.4 (12.0 to 66.9) | ||
Vegetables (serves/day) | 8 week | −0.01 (-0.3 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | 0.3 (-0.01 to 0.7) | 0.0188 |
20 week | −0.1 (-0.4 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) | ||
Dietary fibre (g/1000 kJ) | 8 week | 0.1 (-0.01 to 0.3) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) | 0.2 (-0.02 to 0.4) | 0.1942 |
20 week | 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.4) | ||
Energy (kJ/day) | 8 week | −244 (-806 to 318) | −492 (-912 to -72) | −248 (-949 to 453) | 0.5739 |
20 week | 111 (-836 to 1057) | −436 (-881 to 9) | −547 (-1592 to 499) | ||
Total fat (g/day) | 8 week | −3.4 (-10.3 to 3.5) | −7.4 (-12.0 to -2.9) | −4.0 (-12.3 to 4.2) | 0.4165 |
20 week | 0.5 (-10. 6 to 11.5) | −7.1 (-11.7 to -2.6) | −7.6 (-19.5 to 4.4) | ||
Saturated fat (g/day) | 8 week | −1.5 (-4.1 to 1.1) | −3.7 (-5.5 to -1.9) | −2.2 (-5.4 to 0.9) | 0.2827 |
20 week | −0.4 (-4.4 to 3.6) | −3.4 (-5.3 to -1.5) | −3.0 (-7.4 to 1.4) | ||
Red meat (g/day) | 8 week | 1.2 (-20.6 to 23.1) | −2.9 (-13.3 to 7.5) | −4.1 (-28.3 to 20.1) | 0.4208 |
20 week | −6.0 (-28.3 to 16.3) | 0.8 (-8.2 to 9.8) | 6.8 (-17.3 to 30.9) | ||
Processed meat (g/day) | 8 week | −1.7 (-5.8 to 2.4) | 0.1 (-2.7 to 2.9) | 1.8 (-3.2 to 6.7) | 0.6659 |
20 week | −2.6 (-8.9 to 3.6) | 0.5 (-2.7 to 3.6) | 3.1 (-3.9 to 10.1) | ||
Alcohol (g/day) | 8 week | −0.4 (-1.8 to 1.1) | −2.2 (-4.5 to 0.1) | −1.8 (-4.5 to 0.9) | 0.2331 |
20 week | −1.6 (-3.6 to 0.5) | −1.3 (-4.0 to 1.3) | 0.2 (-3.1 to 3.6) | ||
% of energy provided by alcohol (%) | 8 week | −0.3 (-1.2 to 0.6) | −1.0 (-2.0 to 0.1) | −0.7 (-2.1 to 0.7) | 0.4265 |
20 week | −0.5 (-1.6 to 0.6) | −0.2 (-1.7 to 1.3) | 0.3 (-1.6 to 2.1) | ||
Weight (kgs) | 8 week | 0.04 (-0.5 to 0.6) | −1.4 (-2.3 to -0.4) | −1.4 (-2.5 to -0.3) | 0.0140 |
20 week | −0.1 (-0.8 to 0.6) | −1.6 (-2.5 to -0.7) | −1.5 (-2.6 to -0.3) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 8 week | 0.02 (-0.2 to 0.2) | −0.5 (-0.9 to -0.1) | −0.5 (-1.0 to -0.1) | 0.0120 |
20 week | −0.02 (-0.3 to 0.2) | −0.6 (-0.9 to -0.2) | −0.6 (-1.0 to -0.1) | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 8 week | −1.5 (-3.8 to 0.7) | −3.8 (-5.9 to -1.7) | −2.3 (-5.4 to 0.7) | 0.2361 |
20 week | −2.1 (-4.0 to -0.2) | −2.5 (-5.8 to 0.8) | −0.4 (-4.3 to 3.4) |
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses
Mean change from baseline (95 % CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome (Subgroup) | Time from baseline | Control | Intervention | Difference (Intervention - Control) | Time x Group P-value |
Overweight and obese at baseline (n = 80; BMI >25 kg/m2) | |||||
Mean daily steps | 8 week | −1370 (-2722 to -18.1) | 960.1 (-158.5 to 2078.8) | 1793.6 (131.5 to 3455.7) | 0.0349 |
20 week | −1366 (-2903 to 170.7) | 768.0 (-751.7 to 2287.7) | 1597.2 (-267.8 to 3462.2) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 8 week | 0.03 (-0.2 to 0.3) | −0.8 (-1.4 to -0.2) | −0.8 (-1.5 to -0.2) | 0.0181 |
20 week | −0.01 (-0.4 to 0.3) | −0.7 (-1.2 to -0.3) | −0.7 (-1.3 to -0.1) | ||
Weight (kgs) | 8 week | 0.06 (-0.6 to 0.8) | −2.1 (-3.7 to -0.6) | −2.2 (-3.9 to -0.5) | 0.0157 |
20 week | −0.06 (-1.0 to 0.8) | −2.1 (-3.5 to -0.7) | −2.0 (-3.7 to -0.4) | ||
Waist circumference (cms) | 8 week | −1.0 (-2.5 to 0.5) | −4.3 (-7.7 to -0.9) | −3.3 (-7.0 to 0.4) | 0.0722 |
20 week | −2.6 (-5.0 to -0.2) | −2.4 (-7.7 to 2.9) | 0.2 (-5.6 to 6.0) | ||
Normal and underweight at baseline (n = 47; BMI < 25 kg/m2) | |||||
Mean daily steps | 8 week | −1312 (-2343 to -280.4) | 209.7 (-786.9 to 1206.2) | 1521.6 (87.3 to 2955.8) | 0.1046 |
20 week | −1271 (-3018 to 476.) | −51.7 (-1711 to 1607.3) | 1219.6 (-1190 to 3628.9) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 8 week | 0.02 (-0.3 to 0.3) | −0.1 (-0.3 to 0.1) | −0.1 (-0.5, 0.3) | 0.7127 |
20 week | −0.05 (-0.5 to 0.4) | −0.2 (-0.5 to -0.02) | −0.2 (-0.7 to 0.3) | ||
Weight (kgs) | 8 week | −0.02 (-0.9 to 0.9) | −0.2 (-0.7 to 0.3) | −0.2 (-1.2 to 0.8) | 0.8127 |
20 week | −0.2 (-1.5 to 1.0) | −0.7 (-1.2 to -0.1) | −0.4 (-1.8 to 1.0) | ||
Waist circumference (cms) | 8 week | −2.4 (-7.4 to 2.6) | −2.9 (-4.8 to -1.1) | −0.5 (-5.9 to 4.8) | 0.7309 |
20 week | −1.2 (-3.9 to 1.5) | −2.3 (-4.2 to -0.4) | −1.2 (-4.4 to 2.1) | ||
Other subgroups | |||||
Processed meat (g/day) (consuming any processed meat; n = 123) | 8 week | −1.8 (-6.3 to 2.7) | 0.3 (-2.9 to 3.4) | −3.3 (-10.6 to 4.0) | 0.6405 |
20 week | −2.8 (-9.8 to 4.2) | 0.8 (-2.8 to 4.3) | −1.7 (-8.0 to 4.6) | ||
Red meat (g/day) (consuming any red meat; n = 126) | 8 week | 1.6 (-21.6 to 24.7) | −2.5 (-13.6 to 8.7) | −21.2 (-43.5 to 1.1) | 0.3994 |
20 week | −5.9 (-29.6 to 17.8) | 2.2 (-7.6 to 12.0) | −9.1 (-27.0 to 8.8) | ||
Alcohol (g/day) (consuming any alcohol; n = 126) | 8 week | −0.4 (-2.1 to 1.3) | −2.4 (-5.0 to 0.2) | −3.4 (-8.4 to 1.5) | 0.2361 |
20 week | −1.8 (-4.2 to 0.6) | −1.4 (-4.5 to 1.7) | −1.1 (-6.1 to 3.9) | ||
Percentage of energy intake from alcohol (consuming any alcohol; n = 126) | 8 week | −0.3 (-1.4 to 0.8) | −1.1 (-2.2 to 0.1) | −0.7 (-3.1 to 1.7) | 0.4335 |
20 week | −0.5 (-1.8 to 0.8) | −0.2 (-1.9 to 1.6) | 0.4 (-2.3 to 3.1) | ||
Fruit serves/day (where baseline fruit consumption is less than recommended 2 serves/day; n = 93) | 8 week | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0.04 (-0.4 to 0.4) | 0.5091 |
20 week | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) |
Mean change from baseline (95 % CI) | Adjusted mean difference (95 % CI) | Group-by-time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Time from baseline | Control | Intervention | P-value | |
Mean daily steps (pedometer-assessed) | 8 week | −1281 (-2349 to -214.2) | 716.2 (-9.9 to 1442.4) | 1997.6 (706.9 to 3288.4) | 0.0108 |
20 week | −1278 (-2587 to 30.8) | 123.9 (-1084 to 1331.6) | 1401.9 (-379.0 to 3182.8) | ||
Mean daily steps (with imputation of steps) | 8 week | −1783 (-3200 to -366.2) | 628.9 (-354.1 to 1611.9) | 2411.9 (687.5 to 4136.4 | 0.0121 |
20 week | −2220 (-3874 to -565.3) | 327.0 (-1285 to 1939.1) | 2546.6 (236.7 to 4856.5) | ||
Moderate-to-vigorous PA (minutes/week) | 8 week | −1.8 (-33.4 to 29.7) | 41.3 (-4.0 to 86.6) | 43.2 (-12.0 to 98.4) | 0.2064 |
20 week | 5.1 (-32.8 to 43.0) | −10.2 (-36.7 to 16.3) | −15.3 (-61.5 to 31.0) | ||
Resistance training (minutes/week) | 8 week | 18.6 (-0.4 to 37.5) | 35.3 (14.8 to 55.8) | 16.7 (-11.2 to 44.6) | 0.403 |
20 week | 12.0 (-14.0 to 38.0) | 24.5 (9.2 to 39.8) | 12.5 (-17.7 to 42.7) | ||
Total sitting time on last WORK DAY, excluding sleep (minutes/day): | 8 week | 210.0 (-177.5 to 597.5) | 3.5 (-138.7 to 145.7) | −206.5 (-619.3 to 206.2) | 0.5880 |
20 week | 154.4 (-5.22 to 313.9) | 135.0 (-122.1 to 392.2) | −19.3 (-322.0 to 283.3) | ||
Total sitting time on last NON-WORK DAY, excluding sleep (minutes/day): | 8 week | 125.5 (-137.3 to 388.3) | 6.8 (-136.2 to 149.8) | −118.7 (-417.9 to 180.5) | 0.1271 |
20 week | −104.1 (-290.5 to 82.3) | 82.3 (-78.3 to 242.9) | 186.4 (-59.6 to 432.5) | ||
Fruit (excluding juice) (g/day) | 8 week | −5.9 (-45.6 to 33.8) | 37.5 (-7.2 to 82.1) | 43.4 (-16.3 to 103.1) | 0.1624 |
20 week | −7.8 (-38.0 to 22.4) | 56.9 (-5.4 to 119.2) | 64.7 (-4.5 to 133.9) | ||
Vegetables (g/day) | 8 week | 5.6 (-12.3 to 23.5) | 18.8 (-0.2 to 37.8) | 13.2 (-12.9 to 39.3) | 0.0422 |
20 week | −7.4 (-27.2 to .12.4) | 31.8 (8.2 to 55.3) | 39.2 (8.4 to 69.9) | ||
Vegetables (serves/day) | 8 week | 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.3) | 0.3 (-0.0 to 0.5) | 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.5) | 0.0422 |
20 week | −0.1 (-0.4 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | ||
Dietary fibre (g/1000 kJ) | 8 week | 0.1 (-0.03 to 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) | 0.2039 |
20 week | −0.03 (-0.2 to 0.1) | 0.2 (-0.00 to 0.4) | 0.2 (-0.04 to 0.5) | ||
Energy (kJ/day) | 8 week | −275 (-853 to 304) | −428 (-900 to 44) | −154 (-900 to 593) | 0.7818 |
20 week | 101 (-1027 to 1229) | −336 (-868 to 195) | −437 (-1685 to 810) | ||
Total fat (g/day) | 8 week | −3.5 (-10.7 to 3.7) | −7.4 (-12.4 to -2.4) | −3.8 (-12.6 to 4.9) | 0.4710 |
20 week | 1.3 (-11.7 to 14.4) | −6.8 (-12.2 to -1.5) | −8.2 (-22.2 to 6.0) | ||
Saturated fat (g/day) | 8 week | −1.6 (-4.3 to 1.0) | −3.5 (-5.6 to -1.4) | −1.8 (-5.2 to 1.5) | 0.4082 |
20 week | −0.00 (-4.7 to 4.7) | −3.0 (-5.0 to -1.0) | −3.0 (-8.1 to 2.1) | ||
Red meat (g/day) | 8 week | 12.8 (-0.3 to 25.9) | 2.1 (-8.4 to 12.5) | −10.8 (-27.5 to 6.0) | 0.4353 |
20 week | 4.6 (-10.0 to 19.2) | 3.4 (-5.7 to 12.4) | −1.3 (-18.4 to 15.9) | ||
Processed meat (g/day) | 8 week | −1.8 (-6.6 to 3.1) | 0.3 (-2.2 to 2.7) | 2.1 (-3.3 to 7.5) | 0.7480 |
20 week | −2.3 (-9.9 to 5.3) | 0.1 (-3.5 to 3.7) | 2.4 (-6.0 to 10.8) | ||
Alcohol (g/day) | 8 week | −0.1 (-1.8 to 1.5) | −1.1 (-3.1 to 1.0) | −0.9 (-3.5 to 1.7) | 0.5974 |
20 week | −1.2 (-3.5 to 1.1) | −1.3 (-3.7 to 1.1) | −0.1 (-3.4 to 3.2) | ||
% of energy provided by alcohol (%) | 8 week | −0.2 (-1.2 to 0.9) | −0.4 (-1.2 to 0.4) | −0.2 (-1.5 to 1.1) | 0.9382 |
20 week | −0.4 (-1.6 to 0.9) | −0.4 (-1.5 to 0.6) | −0.1 (-1.7 to 1.5) | ||
Weight (kgs) | 8 week | 0.1 (-0.5 to 0.7) | −0.8 (-1.4 to -0.3) | −0.9 (-1.7 to -0.1) | 0.0723 |
20 week | −0.1 (-1.0, 0.7) | −1.3 (-2.3 to -0.3) | −1.2 (-2.5 to 0.1) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 8 week | 0.04 (-0.2 to 0.3) | −0.3 (-0.5 to -0.1) | −0.3 (-0.6 to -0.05) | 0.0637 |
20 week | −0.03 (-0.3 to 0.3) | −0.5 (-0.9 to -0.1) | −0. 5 (-0.9 to 0.02) | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 8 week | −2.0 (-4.7 to 0.8) | −2.9 (-5.3 to -0.4) | −0.9 (-4.6 to 2.8) | 0.6287 |
20 week | −2.3 (-4.6 to 0.1) | −1.4 (-5.6 to 2.9) | 0.9 (-4.0 to 5.7) |