Patients with reduced ejection fraction have high rates of mortality and readmission after hospitalization for heart failure. In Taiwan, heart failure disease management programs (HFDMPs) have proven effective for reducing readmissions for decompensated heart failure or other cardiovascular causes by up to 30%. However, the benefits of HFDMP in different populations of heart failure patients is unknown.
Method
This observational cohort study compared mortality and readmission in heart failure patients who participated in an HFDMP (HFDMP group) and heart failure patients who received standard care (non-HFDMP group) over a 1-year follow-up period after discharge (December 2014 retrospectively registered). The components of the intervention program included a patient education program delivered by the lead nurse of the HFDMP; a cardiac rehabilitation program provided by a physical therapist; consultation with a dietician, and consultation and assessment by a psychologist. The patients were followed up for at least 1 year after discharge or until death. Patient characteristics and clinical demographic data were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for death or recurrent events of hospitalization in the HFDMP group in comparison with the non-HFDMP group while controlling for covariates.
Results
The two groups did not significantly differ in demographic characteristics. The risk of readmission was lower in the HFDMP group, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR = 0.36, p = 0.09). In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, the risk of readmission was significantly lower in the HFDMP group compared to the non-HFDMP group (HR = 0.13, p = 0.026). The total mortality rate did not have significant difference between this two groups.
Conclusion
The HFDMP may be beneficial for reducing recurrent events of heart failure hospitalization, especially in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Trial registration
Longitudinal case-control study ISRCTN98483065, 24/09/2019, retrospectively registered.
Hinweise
Shyh-Ming Chen and Yen-Nan Fang are co-first authors in this work
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
ACEI
Angiotensin converted enzyme inhibitor
AF
Atrial fibrillation
ARB
Angiotensin receptor blocker
AT
Anaerobic threshold
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
CRT
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
HF
Heart failure
HFDMP
Heart failure disease management program
HFrEF
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
ICD
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICM
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
LVEF
Left ventricular ejection fraction
MI
Myocardial infarction
PAD
Peripheral artery disease
PCI
Percutaneous coronary intervention
VE
Minute ventilation
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a growing epidemic worldwide, owing to the aging populations and the increasing survival of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and various other heart diseases [1]. The HF readmission rate and mortality rate are high in Taiwan. Taiwan Society of Cardiology-Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (TSOC-HFrEF) registry data reveal an HF readmission rate of 38.5% and an HF total mortality rate of 15.9% in 1 year after the index hospitalization [2]. During the 1-year period after index hospitalization, more than half (53.6%) of HF patients die, are hospitalized for HF, or require left a ventricular assistive device or heart transplantation [2]. Therefore, improvements in HF care in Taiwan are urgently needed. In Taiwan, the heart failure disease management programs (HFDMPs) led by cardiovascular nursing specialists have proven effective for decreasing adverse outcomes of HF and have achieved HF treatment cost savings of up to 41.8% [3]. These programs can decrease the rate of readmission for HF or other cardiovascular causes by up to 30% and have a trend toward lower mortality rate by a systemic meta-analysis [4]. According to recently published guidelines, a multidisciplinary team should provide for HF patients with class I level A evidence [5]. Despite convincing evidence of its effectiveness, however, HFDMPs are not been widely used in Taiwan. One reason is that the best design and implementation of an HFDMP is unclear. Additionally, some HFDMPs show not improvements in health status compared with standard care [6, 7]. Another question is whether HFDMP should be provided to all HF patients or only specific subsets.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to design a multi-disciplinary, multi-faceted HFDMP and to compare it with standard care in a population of HF patients with multiple co-morbidities. Patients hospitalized for HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% were enrolled and studied over a 1-year follow-up period.
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Method
Study design
This observational cohort study compared rates of mortality and cardiovascular readmission between an HFDMP group and a non-HFDMP group. The subjects included 159 patients admitted for systolic heart failure (LVEF < 40%) at a single medical center in south Taiwan from July, 2013 to December, 2014. Of these, 64 consecutive patients were enrolled in a non-HFDMP group that received standard care from July, 2013 to June, 2014, and 95 consecutive patients were enrolled in an HFDMP group that received the HFDMP intervention from May to December, 2014. The inclusion criteria were HF with reduced EF (EF < 40%), radiographic evidence of pulmonary congestion or typical symptoms and signs of HF, age > 18 years, and NYHA functional class II-IV. The exclusion criteria were severe respiratory failure under ventilator support, dementia, expectation of short survival, discharge to a geriatric clinic or home care, or current follow-up treatment at the nurse-led HF clinic.
The HFDMP comprised patient education delivered by the lead nurse, dietary consultation, psychological consultation and assessment, and a cardiac rehabilitation program provided by a physical therapist. The patients were followed up for at least 1 year or until death. The outcome measures were readmissions related to cardiovascular problems and all-cause mortality. Clinical demographic data, laboratory findings, and medications were used for risk adjustment.
Intervention protocol
The education program included the following components:
Explanation of HF and its causes
Differences between expected and severe symptoms and how to monitor them
Symptoms that often occur before HF hospitalization, i.e., dyspnea, edema, fatigue, cough, chest pain, sudden weight gain, difficulty breathing while sleeping, palpitations
Purpose of each medication and strategies for maintaining compliance with the prescribed dosage
Importance of risk factor modification
Individualized recommendations for dietary restrictions on sodium, fluid, and alcohol
Importance of recording body weight and any changes from a daily basis
Recommendations for exercise and rest
Recommended behavioral changes
How to cope with the disease (psychosocial care)
Patients are also taught the following skills
Recognition of symptoms
Important signs and symptoms
Timely response to symptoms
When to call the health care provider
How to differentiate between high- and low-sodium foods
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The cardiovascular lead nurse contacted the patient by telephone within 3 days after discharge. An appointment at the outpatient clinic was arranged within 1 to 2 weeks after discharge. The purposes of the telephone call were to reinforce self-management and recognition of HF symptoms and to screen post-discharge health status.
The lead nurse arranged further consultations as needed with the pharmacist, dietician, educator, and psychologist. The patient was encouraged to contact the nurse directly if any questions or problems arose. All patients in the intervention group received phase I cardiac rehabilitation before discharge, and some also received phase II cardiac rehabilitation.
Management and follow up of patients in the control group were performed by the participating physicians according to current clinical practices. No standard format or guidelines were established for the education program provided by the nurse or for the consultations provided by the dietitian and psychologist. Patients in non-HFDMP group did not have cardiac rehabilitation program as patients in HFDMP did.
Statistical analyses
The χ2 and t test were used to compare patient characteristics between the HFDMP and non-HFDMP groups. Since a hospital readmission for HF is a recurrent event, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of recurrent events was performed using the Wei, Lin, and Weissfeld (1989) method based on marginal Cox models [8] to compare the hazard ratio (HR) of death or readmission between the HFDMP group and the non-HFDMP group while controlling for covariates. The interaction term under the previous model of recurrent events was also used to investigate whether ischemic cardiomyopathy differed between the two groups. This study was approved by the Human Investigation Committee of the Institutional Review Board of Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Results
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 159 heart failure patients are summarized in Table 1. The HFDMP and non-HFDMP groups did not significantly differ in age, gender, cardiovascular function, 1-year mortality, comorbidities, medications, or cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was significantly higher in the HFDMP group (12.63%) compared to the non-HFDMP group (1.56%). Covariate-adjusted analysis revealed that HF readmissions and mortality were lower in the HFDMP group. However, the difference in HF readmissions between the HFDMP group (29.67%) and the non-HFDMP group (30.51%) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.91) (Table 2). Additionally, the difference in 1-year mortality between the HFDMP group (11.58%) and the non-HFDMP group (17.19%) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.32). All patients in the HFDMP had received phase I cardiac rehabilitation. However, only 15 patients (15.8%) in the HFDMP group had received phase II cardiac rehabilitation. No patients in the non-HFDMP group had received cardiac rehabilitation.
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 159 HF patients
Variables
HFDMP
non-HFDMP
χ2/t
p
n/means
%/std.
n/means
%/std.
Age
69.79
14.98
70.47
14.01
−0.29
.77
Gender
1.63
.20
Male
59
62.11
46
71.88
Female
36
37.89
18
28.13
peak VO2
14.07
3.32
17.50
2.12
−1.40
.18
VE/VCO2 at AT
39.92
6.46
33.00
0.00
1.47
.17
Mortality
1.01
.32
Survival
84
88.42
53
82.81
Death
11
11.58
11
17.19
LVEF
32.25
5.87
31.03
7.16
1.18
.24
Atrial Fibrillation
0.95a
.81
non AF
59
62.11
44
68.75
Paroxysmal AF
24
25.26
14
21.88
Persistent AF
3
3.16
1
1.56
Permanent AF
9
9.47
5
7.81
Ischemic CM
56
58.95
36
56.25
0.11
.74
Hypertension
74
77.89
50
78.13
0.00
.97
Diabetes mellitus
44
46.32
24
37.50
1.21
.27
Hyperlipidemia
56
58.95
30
46.88
2.24
.13
Stroke
23
24.21
13
20.31
0.33
.56
Old MI
31
32.63
23
35.94
0.19
.67
PAD
16
16.84
8
12.50
0.56
.45
CKD
59
62.11
44
68.75
0.74
.39
PCI
36
37.89
23
35.94
0.06
.80
Medication / Treatment
ACEI/ARB
76
80.00
49
76.56
0.27
.60
β-blocker
62
65.26
40
62.50
0.13
.72
Aldactone
38
40.00
19
29.69
1.77
.18
Diuretics
74
77.89
48
75.00
0.18
.67
Digoxin
17
17.89
5
7.81
3.26
.07
ICD
12
12.63
1
1.56
6.24
.01
CRT
7
7.37
4
6.25
0.07a
1.00
Abbreviations: HFDMP heart failure disease management program, VE minute ventilation, AT anaerobic threshold, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, AF atrial fibrillation, CM cardiomyopathy, HF heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, PAD peripheral artery disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, ACEI angiotensin converted enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy
aFisher exact test
Table 2
Outcomes analysis
Variable
HFDMP (n = 95)
non-HFDMP (n = 64)
P-value
Readmission within 30 days (%)
4.30
3.28
1.00
Readmission within 6 months (%)
20.88
21.67
0.91
Readmission within 1 year (%)
29.67
30.51
0.91
Death within 30 days (%)
3.16
6.25
0.44
Death within 6 months (%)
10.53
12.50
0.70
Death within 1 year (%)
11.58
17.19
0.32
Abbreviations: HFDMP heart failure disease management program, Non-HFDMP standard care
Table 3 shows the Cox proportional hazard model results for recurrent events of cardiovascular hospitalization in the HF patients. Readmission risk was lower in the HFDMP group compared to the non-HFDMP group (HR = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11–1.19, p = 0.09), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The interacting terms in the previous Cox model of recurrence were further used to compare different subgroups of patients who had received HFDMP. Figure 1 shows that ischemic cardiomyopathy patients had a lower readmission risk compared to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy under HFDMP (HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.79, p = 0.03).
Table 3
Results of Cox model of recurrent events of hospitalization in HF patients
Variables
β
S.E.
HR
HR 95% CI
p
Group
non-HFDMP
ref.
1.00
HFDMP
−1.03
0.62
0.36
0.11 – 1.19
.09
Age
0.03
0.02
1.03
0.99 – 1.06
.14
Gender
Female
ref.
1.00
Male
0.23
0.29
1.26
0.71 – 2.22
.43
Ischemic CM
−0.32
0.46
0.72
0.29 – 1.78
.48
Hypertension
−0.42
0.48
0.65
0.25 – 1.68
.38
Diabetes mellitus
−0.55
0.38
0.58
0.28 – 1.21
.14
Hyperlipidemia
0.00
0.68
1.00
0.27 – 3.77
1.00
Stroke
0.78
0.56
2.18
0.72 – 6.54
.17
Old MI
0.10
0.59
1.11
0.35 – 3.51
.87
PAD
0.51
0.52
1.67
0.60 – 4.67
.33
CKD
−0.78
0.52
0.46
0.17 – 1.26
.13
Atrial Fibrillation
Without AF
ref.
1.00
Paroxysmal
−0.30
0.61
0.74
0.22 – 2.47
.63
Persistent
−2.06
1.05
0.13
0.02 – 1.01
.05
Permanent
−0.32
0.79
0.73
0.15 – 3.42
.69
PCI
0.44
0.64
1.55
0.44 – 5.39
.49
LVEF
0.01
0.03
1.01
0.96 – 1.06
.73
Medication
ACEI/ARB
0.13
0.58
1.14
0.37 – 3.54
.82
β-blocker
−1.70
0.44
0.18
0.08 – 0.43
<.01
Aldactone
0.98
0.54
2.68
0.93 – 7.68
.07
Diuretics
−0.79
0.54
0.45
0.16 – 1.29
.14
Digoxin
0.22
0.47
1.25
0.50 – 3.10
.64
ICD
0.96
0.61
2.60
0.78 – 8.63
.12
CRT
−1.15
1.37
0.32
0.02 – 4.65
Abbreviations: HFDMP heart failure disease management program, CM cardiomyopathy, HF heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, PAD peripheral artery disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, AF atrial fibrillation, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, ACEI angiotensin converted enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy, HR Hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
Fig. 1
Cox model of recurrent events under heart failure disease management program (HFDMP). The Cox model of recurrent events showed that ischemic cardiomyopathy patients had a significantly lower risk of readmission compared to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients under HFDMP
×
Discussion
This observational cohort study revealed that HFDMP did not significantly reduce 1-year cardiovascular readmissions in HFrEF patients. However, the Cox model of recurrent events showed that ischemic cardiomyopathy patients had a significantly lower risk of readmission compared to all other subgroups of HFrEF patients. (HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.79, p = 0.03). Disease management interventions for HF are highly heterogenous and complex and often yield mixed results in different HF populations [9‐17]. Our intervention program was led by a cardiovascular nursing specialist and an HF cardiologist. The program also included cardiac rehabilitation and psychiatric interventions. Notably, progressive enlargement, dilatation, and global or regional dysfunction of the left ventricle can result from secondary myocardial damage in HF patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy [18, 19]. Myocardial remodeling may precede deterioration of exercise capacity and HF hospitalization in these patients [20]. Our disease management program included cardiac rehabilitation, which can reportedly improve cardiopulmonary function and reduce recurrent events of hospitalization in HF patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy [21].
Researchers and policy makers have shown great interest in the concept of preventing readmissions in HF patients. The 30-day readmission rate, which is an important measure of hospital performance, has been linked to financial penalties in the USA [22]. Additionally, 30-day readmission is associated with poor prognosis at 6-month follow up [23]. An analysis of 43,143 patients treated at 171 centers revealed that the hospitals with high risk-adjusted 30-day readmission rate also had higher 1-year all cause readmission rate (59.1% vs. 54.7%, respectively; p = 0.01) [24]. The HFDMP group in our study had a lower 1-year readmission rate (29.67%) compared to HF patients treated with standard care as reported in the TSOC-HFrEF registry (38.5%) [2] and in HF registries in other countries (e.g., 30.1% in IN-HF outcome registry in India [25] and 36% in registry in Saudi Arabia [26]). In comparison, the EHFS-2 registry in Europe reveals a 1-year morality rate of 21.9% for patients hospitalized with acute HF [27], and the IN-HF registry in India reveals a 1-year morality rate of 24.4% [25]. In a population-based cohort study from the United Kingdom 2000–2017, the overall one-year mortality decreased by 6.6% for people with a new diagnosis of heart failure from 25.8% in 2000 to 19.2% in 2016 [28]. In Asia, 1-year HF mortality rates are 8.9, 9.2 and 19.5% according to registry data for Japan (JCARE-CARD), Korea (KorHF), and Hong Kong (Hong-Kong HF), respectively. In comparison, the HFDMP group in our study had a 1-year mortality rate of 11.58%.
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The HF nursing specialist has a key role as a case manager or coordinator of the HFDMP [29]. A competent HF nursing specialist is essential for providing the education and psychosocial interventions needed to improve drug compliance [30]. A large retrospective cohort study reported that noncompliance with drug therapy is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization [31]. In Taiwan, a descriptive, cross-sectional study revealed low self-care maintenance and management in HF patients [32]. A study of a Chinese HF patients further showed that an HFDMP led by a HF nursing specialist can reduce cardiovascular hospitalization and can substantially reduce hospital costs [33]. The results of our study are consistent with previous studies of HFDMPs that included additional components such as cardiac rehabilitation and psychosocial surveillance.
The aims of this study were focused on adverse outcomes. Therefore, we don’t have cost analysis for this study. We agree it’s an important issue for HFDM program and the results will provide helpful information for policy decision marker. In the believe that disease management program would be more cost-effective by decreasing HF readmission rate, Taiwan national health insurance (NHI) launched HF post-acute care program with multi-discipline team approach on July 1, 2017 [34].
This study has several limitations. First, this was a retrospective cohort study performed in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan. The study population comprised patients with LVEF < 40% at their first hospitalization for HF. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to the spectrum of HF patients. Second, the patient number was small. Although this study included a control group, larger multicenter studies are needed for a clearer picture of the effectiveness of the HFDMP and a different way to present them. Third, although the HFDMP included psychosocial surveillance, no data were collected for the non-HFDMP group. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to determine the psychosocial effects of the HFDMP. Finally, the patient number differed between the intervention group and the control group. Nevertheless, except for ICD, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics did not significantly differ between the two groups.
Conclusions
This study developed and evaluated the effectiveness of an HFDMP in de novo HF patients with LVEF < 40% over a 1-year follow-up period. Comparisons with the non-HFDMP group showed that the program reduced recurrent events of hospitalization, especially in HF patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the difference resulted from the cardiac rehabilitation and psychosocial intervention received by the HFDMP group.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Dr. Yu-Tung Huang, PhD, Associate Research Fellow, Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, for his help in reviewing the results.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Human Investigation Committee of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital; IRB number: 104-5591B, and compliant with the principles set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki Principles. All the data obtained was anonymized. The need for consent was waived by the IRB of our hospital.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interests.
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