Introduction
Methods
Study population
Echocardiographic examination
LV speckle-tracking strain analysis
Clinical data for T2DM patients
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of T2DM patients and controls
Controls (n = 90) | T2DM patients (n = 145) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical data | |||
Age, years | 57 ± 15 | 60 ± 13 | 0.08 |
Female, n (%) | 50 (56) | 67 (46) | 0.16 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 22.0 ± 3.9 | 25.4 ± 5.0 | < 0.05 |
Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 14 (16) | 70 (48) | < 0.05 |
Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 3 (3) | 27 (19) | < 0.05 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122 ± 14 | 129 ± 20 | < 0.05 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72 ± 11 | 74 ± 12 | 0.27 |
Heart rate, bpm | 67 ± 11 | 75 ± 12 | < 0.05 |
Echocardiography | |||
LV end systolic volume, mL | 26 ± 9 | 26 ± 10 | 0.82 |
LV end diastolic volume, mL | 74 ± 22 | 75 ± 21 | 0.68 |
LV ejection fraction, % | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 5 | 0.93 |
Stroke volume, mL | 67 ± 14 | 63 ± 13 | < 0.05 |
Left atrial volume index, mL/m2
| 26 ± 9 | 30 ± 9 | < 0.05 |
LV mass index, g/m2
| 71 ± 19 | 79 ± 21 | < 0.05 |
E/e′ | 8.4 ± 2.5 | 10.7 ± 4.0 | < 0.05 |
e′ | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | < 0.01 |
Global longitudinal strain, % | 20.3 ± 2.0 | 18.0 ± 2.6 | < 0.05 |
T2DM patients with overweight (n = 70) | T2DM patients without overweight (n = 75) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical data | |||
Age, years | 59 ± 14 | 61 ± 13 | 0.31 |
Female, n (%) | 36 (51) | 31 (41) | 0.22 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 30 ± 4 | 22 ± 2 | < 0.05 |
Heart rate, bpm | 72 ± 13 | 70 ± 11 | 0.25 |
DM duration, years | 12 ± 8 | 10 ± 10 | 0.31 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 46 (66) | 39 (53) | 0.11 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 55 (79) | 35 (47) | < 0.05 |
Blood exam and urinary test | |||
HbA1c, % | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 8.7 ± 2.5 | 0.53 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 107 ± 31 | 110 ± 37 | 0.52 |
Triglyceride, mg/dl | 165 ± 75 | 138 ± 89 | < 0.05 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
| 72 ± 24 | 77 ± 26 | 0.24 |
Medical treatment | |||
CCB, n (%) | 33 (47) | 15 (20) | < 0.05 |
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 41 (59) | 30 (41) | < 0.05 |
β-Blocker, n (%) | 7 (10) | 6 (8) | 0.78 |
Statin, n (%) | 44 (63) | 25 (34) | < 0.05 |
Insulin, n (%) | 41 (59) | 32 (43) | 0.07 |
DPP-4I, n (%) | 38 (54) | 39 (53) | 0.85 |
GLP-1RA, n (%) | 12 (17) | 2 (2) | < 0.05 |
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 18 (26) | 18 (24) | 0.84 |
α-GI, n (%) | 12 (17) | 17 (23) | 0.36 |
Thiazolidine, n (%) | 10 (14) | 4 (5) | 0.09 |
Metformin, n (%) | 44 (63) | 35 (47) | 0.06 |
Echocardiography | |||
LV end systolic volume, mL | 28 ± 10 | 25 ± 10 | 0.08 |
LV end diastolic volume, mL | 78 ± 21 | 72 ± 21 | 0.13 |
LV ejection fraction, % | 65 ± 5 | 66 ± 4 | 0.06 |
Stroke volume, mL | 64 ± 14 | 62 ± 11 | 0.34 |
Left atrial volume index, mL/m2
| 31 ± 9 | 29 ± 8 | 0.08 |
LV mass index, g/m2
| 84 ± 19 | 75 ± 21 | < 0.05 |
E/e′ | 11.1 ± 4.0 | 10.3 ± 4.1 | 0.26 |
e′ | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 0.06 |
Global longitudinal strain, % | 17.0 ± 2.4 | 18.9 ± 2.6 | < 0.05 |
Effect of overweight on LV longitudinal myocardial systolic function in T2DM patients
Association of GLS with overweight in T2DM patients
Standardizing coefficient | t value | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.019 | 1.169 | 0.245 |
Female | 0.144 | 0.386 | 0.700 |
Hypertension | 0.295 | 0.705 | 0.482 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.481 | 1.184 | 0.238 |
HbA1c | − 0.124 | − 1.458 | 0.157 |
Body mass index | − 0.147 | − 3.600 | < 0.001 |
LV mass index | − 0.053 | − 5.193 | < 0.001 |
LA volume index | − 0.015 | − 0.585 | 0.559 |