Background
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | IA group | Non-IA group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % |
p
| ||
Age | <20 y | 466 | 9.02 | 4,578 | 8.76 |
<0.0001
|
20–24 y | 1,555 | 30.09 | 12,416 | 23.77 | ||
25–29 y | 1,683 | 32.57 | 19,477 | 37.28 | ||
30–34 y | 1,008 | 19.51 | 11,850 | 22.68 | ||
35–39 y | 375 | 7.26 | 3,368 | 6.45 | ||
≥40 y | 80 | 1.55 | 550 | 1.05 | ||
Living area | Urban | 3,910 | 77.47 | 39,376 | 77.01 | 0.2188 |
Rural | 484 | 9.59 | 5,292 | 10.35 | ||
Densely populated community | 653 | 12.94 | 6,461 | 12.64 | ||
Cohabiting | Yes | 4,039 | 78.40 | 45,312 | 86.89 |
<0.0001
|
No | 661 | 12.83 | 3,588 | 6.88 | ||
Smoking | Non-smoking | 3,168 | 62.33 | 42,794 | 83.56 |
<0.0001
|
Stopped in first trim | 652 | 12.83 | 3,562 | 6.96 | ||
Smokes after first trim | 1,263 | 24.85 | 4,856 | 9.48 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Underweight (<20) | 293 | 5.67 | 3,548 | 6,79 |
<0.0001
|
Normalweight (20–25) | 3,233 | 62.57 | 33,949 | 64.99 | ||
Overweight (>25) | 1,641 | 31.76 | 14,742 | 28.22 |
Pregnancy parameter | IA group | Non-IA group | Univariate | Adjusted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | CI 95 % | Mean (SD) | CI 95 % |
p
|
p
| Difference | 95 % CI | ||
First visit to MCH (days pregnant) | 64.7 (42.0) | 63.5–65.9 | 64.8 (40.5) | 64.4–65.1 | 0.9169 | 0.7785 | −0.1752 | −1.40–1.05 | |
Number of MHC visits | 13.4 (3.8) | 13.3–13.5 | 13.3 (3.8) | 13.3–13.3 |
0.0443
|
0.0179
|
0.1359
|
0.02–0.25
| |
Number of check-ups at hospital | 3.2 (2.9) | 3.1–3.2 | 2.9 (2.6) | 2.9–3.0 |
<0.0001
|
0.0374
|
0.0802
|
0.00–0.16
| |
Number of all pregnancy follow-up visits | 16.6 (4.8) | 16.5–16.7 | 16.2 (4.6) | 16.2–16.3 |
<0.0001
|
0.0008
|
0.2282
|
0.10–0.36
| |
n
| % |
n
| % |
p
|
p
| OR | 95 % CI | ||
Late first visits to MHC (> h12 + 0) | 348 | 6.74 | 3,229 | 6.18 | 0.1167 | 0.7491 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.15 | |
Under-utilisation of maternity care | 0 | 12 | 0.24 | 129 | 0.25 | 1.406 | 0.69–2.88 | ||
1–8 | 97 | 1.92 | 1,249 | 2.46 | 0.747 | 0.60–0.92 | |||
>8 | 4,930 | 97.84 | 49,400 | 97.29 | 0.0601 |
0.0165
| 1 | ||
Blood glucose tolerance test performed | 2,319 | 44.88 | 23,880 | 45.71 | 0.2535 |
0.0393
|
0.93
|
0.87–1.00
| |
Pathological blood sugar tolerance level | 505 | 9.77 | 4,459 | 8.54 |
0.0025
| 0.4104 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.16 | |
Participation to first trim serum screening | 1,728 | 33.44 | 18,208 | 34.86 |
0.0432
| 0.0543 | 0.94 | 0.88–1.00 | |
Participation to second trim serum screening | 148 | 2.86 | 1,447 | 2.77 | 0.6896 | 0.7093 | 1.03 | 0.87–1.23 | |
Participation to first trim ultrasound screening | 3,785 | 73.25 | 37,751 | 72.27 | 0.1336 | 0.0593 | 1.07 | 1.00–1.14 | |
Participation to second trim ultrasound screening | 4,332 | 83.84 | 43,065 | 82.44 |
0.0112
|
<0.0001
|
1.20
|
1.11–1.31
| |
Placenta sample taken | 52 | 1.01 | 497 | 0.95 | 0.7076 | 0.9427 | 0.99 | 0.74–1.33 | |
Amniotic fluid sample taken | 126 | 2.44 | 903 | 1.73 |
0.0004
|
0.0065
|
1.32
|
1.08–1.61
| |
Hospital care during pregnancy for… | |||||||||
Bleeding | 20 | 0.39 | 249 | 0.48 | 0.4538 | 0.2433 | 0.76 | 0.48–1.21 | |
High blood pressure | 144 | 2.79 | 1,489 | 2.85 | 0.8265 | 0.7239 | 0.97 | 0.81–1.16 | |
Prematurity | 63 | 1.22 | 650 | 1.24 | 0.9475 | 0.6770 | 0.95 | 0.73–1.23 | |
Other reason | 312 | 6.04 | 2,900 | 5.55 | 0.1533 | 0.4688 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 | |
Received any hospital treatment (for any of the reasons mentioned above) | 438 | 8.48 | 4,243 | 8.12 | 0.3792 | 0.8956 | 1.01 | 0.91–1.12 | |
Fertilisation procedure | 101 | 1.95 | 2,687 | 5.14 |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
0.42
|
0.34–0.51
| |
Thrombosis prophylaxis | 64 | 1.24 | 454 | 0.87 |
0.0107
|
0.0038
|
1.49
|
1.14–1.94
| |
Anaemia | 155 | 3.00 | 1,525 | 2.92 | 0.7293 | 0.8982 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.20 | |
Antenatal corticosteroid treatment | 131 | 2.54 | 1,390 | 2.66 | 0.6176 | 0.4189 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.12 |
Diagnosis according to ICD-10 | IA group | Non-IA group |
P-value |
P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | Chi-square | Adjusted model | OR | 95 % CI | |
O13 Gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria | 213 | 4.12 | 1,982 | 3.79 | 0.2406 | 0.3845 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.24 |
O14.0 Mild to moderate preeclampsia | 79 | 1.53 | 856 | 1.64 | 0.5524 | 0.5554 | 0.93 | 0.74–1.18 |
O14.0/1/9 All types of preeclampsia | 135 | 2.61 | 1,458 | 2.79 | 0.4567 | 0.5444 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.13 |
O24.4 Gestational diabetes mellitus
| 285 | 5.52 | 2,409 | 4.61 |
0.0034
| 0.1418 | 1.10 | 0.97–1.26 |
O24.9 Unspecified diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium | 69 | 1.34 | 616 | 1.18 | 0.3239 | 0.8954 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.31 |
O30.0 Multiple gestation | 66 | 1.28 | 683 | 1.31 | 0.8556 | 0.9129 | 1.02 | 0.78–1.31 |
O32.1 Maternal care for breech presentation | 146 | 2.83 | 1,654 | 3.17 | 0.1802 | 0.3821 | 0.93 | 0.78–1.10 |
O36.5 Maternal care for known or suspected poor fetal growth | 78 | 1.51 | 791 | 1.51 | 0.9793 | 0.2455 | 0.87 | 0.68–1.10 |
O42.9 Premature rupture of membranes, unspecified as to length of time between rupture and onset of labour | 90 | 1.74 | 935 | 1.79 | 0.8036 | 0.5134 | 1.08 | 0.86–1.34 |
O47.0 False labour before 37 completed weeks of gestation | 155 | 3.00 | 1,427 | 2.73 | 0.2614 | 0.2103 | 1.12 | 0.94–1.32 |
O48 Late pregnancy | 72 | 1.39 | 694 | 1.33 | 0.6979 | 0.6831 | 1.05 | 0.82–1.35 |
<20
|
20−24
|
25−29
|
30−34
|
35−39
|
>40
| ||||||||
Age (years)
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
p
|
<6 months | 26 | 24.76 | 33 | 31.43 | 27 | 25.71 | 10 | 9.52 | 8 | 7.62 | 1 | 0.95 | <0.0001 |
6−12 months | 49 | 27.53 | 65 | 36.52 | 40 | 22.47 | 19 | 10.67 | 5 | 2.81 | 0 | 0 | |
>12 months | 322 | 7.02 | 1,363 | 29.71 | 1,555 | 33.89 | 934 | 20.36 | 343 | 7.48 | 71 | 1.55 | |
Yes
|
No
|
N/A
| |||||||||||
Cohabiting
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
p
| ||||||
<6 months | 84 | 80.77 | 13 | 12.50 | 7 | 6.73 | 0.0116 | ||||||
6−12 months | 141 | 79.21 | 32 | 17.98 | 5 | 2.81 | |||||||
>12 months | 3,615 | 78.98 | 551 | 12.04 | 411 | 8.98 | |||||||
Underweight
|
Normalweight
|
Overweight
| |||||||||||
Weight
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
p
| ||||||
<6 months | 7 | 6.67 | 76 | 72.38 | 22 | 20.95 | 0.0601 | ||||||
6−12 months | 13 | 7.30 | 114 | 64.04 | 51 | 28.65 | |||||||
>12 months | 229 | 4.99 | 2,863 | 62.40 | 1,496 | 32.61 | |||||||
No smoking
|
Stopped in first trim
|
Continued after first trim
|
N/A
| ||||||||||
Smoking
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
p
| ||||
<6 months | 64 | 60.95 | 8 | 7.62 | 32 | 30.48 | 1 | 0.95 | 0.0098 | ||||
6−12 months | 99 | 55.62 | 16 | 8.99 | 61 | 34.27 | 2 | 1.12 | |||||
>12 months | 2,865 | 62.45 | 596 | 12.99 | 1,063 | 23.17 | 64 | 1.39 |
Yes
|
No
| |||||
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
p
| ||
Late first visit to MHC
| ||||||
<6 months | 10 | 9.52 | 95 | 90.48 | <0.0001 | |
6−12 months | 30 | 16.85 | 148 | 83.15 | ||
>12 months | 305 | 6.65 | 4,283 | 93.35 | ||
Participation to first trim serum screening
| ||||||
<6 months | 13 | 12.38 | 92 | 87.62 | <0.0001 | |
6−12 months | 41 | 23.03 | 137 | 76.97 | ||
>12 months | 1605 | 34.98 | 2,983 | 65.02 | ||
Placenta sample taken
| ||||||
<6 months | 2 | 1.90 | 103 | 98.10 | 0.0003 | |
6−12 months | 7 | 3.93 | 171 | 96.07 | ||
>12 months | 41 | 0.89 | 4,547 | 99.11 | ||
Blood glucose tolerance test performed
| ||||||
<6 months | 24 | 22.86 | 81 | 77.14 | <0.0001 | |
6−12 months | 51 | 28.65 | 127 | 71.35 | ||
>12 months | 2,144 | 46.73 | 2,444 | 53.27 | ||
Diagnoses O14.0
| ||||||
<6 months | 5 | 4.76 | 100 | 95.24 | 0.0073 | |
6−12 months | 5 | 2.81 | 173 | 97.19 | ||
>12 months | 64 | 1.39 | 4,524 | 98.61 | ||
Diagnoses 014.0/1/9
| ||||||
<6 months | 7 | 6.67 | 98 | 93.33 | 0.0067 | |
6−12 months | 8 | 4.49 | 170 | 95.51 | ||
>12 months | 111 | 2.42 | 4,477 | 97.58 | ||
Diagnoses O36.5
| ||||||
<6 months | 2 | 1.90 | 103 | 98.10 | 0.0153 | |
6−12 months | 7 | 3.93 | 171 | 96.07 | ||
>12 months | 61 | 1.33 | 4,527 | 98.67 | ||
Number of check-ups at hospital
|
Number of all follow-up visits
| |||||
Mean (SD)
|
95 % CI
|
P
|
Mean (SD)
|
95 % CI
|
p
| |
<6 months | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.2−4.3 |
0.0376
| 17.9 (0.1) | 16.9−18.8 | 0.0294 |
6−12 months | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.1−3.9 | 16.8 (0.4) | 16.1−17.5 | ||
>12 months | 3.1 (0.0) | 3.0−3.2 | 16.6 (0.1) | 16.5−16.8 |