Introduction
Methods
Results
Author | Study design | Objective | Methods | Study duration /duration of LNG-IUS use | Study cohort | Levonorgestrel dosage and treatment regimen | Results | Summary |
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Conz, 2020 [7] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Comparison of the literature on the use of LNG-IUS and the associated BC risk | The Downs and Black instrument was used for assessing the study quality and a random-effects model was performed for the meta-analysis (due to high study heterogeneity) | Various studies with different time of follow up and duration of LNG-IUS use | 8 studies are included in the systematic review, 7 studies in the meta-analysis | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) Indication: variable | Age < 50 years, OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.02–1.22, I2 = 66%, p = 0.02 | Increased risk for women < 50 years and > 50 years. The effect seems to be larger in older users |
Age ≥ 50 years, OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.34–1.72, I2 = 0%, p = 0.84 | ||||||||
For all women, the meta-analysis indicated an increased BC risk in LNG-IUS users, OR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.06–1.28, I2 = 78%, p < 0.01 | ||||||||
The calculated OR is not adjusted for the use of HRT | ||||||||
Siegelmann-Danieli, 2018 [8] | Retrospective cohort study | Perimenopausal women were assessed for LNG-IUS use and occurence of BC | 5-year KM estimates | Time of follow up was 6.5 years in LNG-IUS users (starting at time of insertion) and 9.6 years in controls (starting from the day they reached the age of the matching case) | All Maccabi Healthcare Services female members aged 40–50 were included. LNG-IUS users were age-matched with two non-users. In total, these were 40.678 women (13.354 LNG-IUS users / 27.324 controls). Mean age in LNG-IUS users was 44.1 ± 2.6 and in controls 44.9 ± 2.8 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | Within 5 years after study entry, 136 (1.0%) BC cases occured in LNG-IUS users and 283 (1.0%) in controls. These included 16 DCIS and 120 invasive tumours in LNG-IUS users and in the controls 42 DCIS and 241 invasive tumours. For overall BC risk in LNG-IUS users and controls, 5-year KM estimates were 1.2% (SE 0.1%) and 1.1% (SE 0.06%), respectively (p = 0.23). The respective values for DCIS risk were 0.14% (SE 0.03%) and 0.16% (SE 0.03%), (p = 0.22). For invasive BC, the values were 1.06% (SE 0.1%) in LNG-IUS users vs. 0.93% (SE 0.06%) in controls (p = 0.051) | LNG-IUS does not increase the risk of BC overall or the risk of DCIS. LNG-IUS use was associated with a slightly increased risk of invasive BC tumours in the subgroup of younger women (40–45 years), while no significant effect was observed in those aged 46–50 years |
Women with prior, current or subsequent use of exogenous reproductive hormones (OC, HRT, fertility drugs, prophylactic use of tamoxifen) were excluded | ||||||||
Indication: not clearly stated, but an estimated 90% used LNG-IUS as contraception. The remaining part was probably mainly treated for menorrhagia | The estimates exclude women with prior or subsequent exposure to female hormones, HRT included | |||||||
Jareid, 2018 [9] | Prospective cohort study | Assessment of the risks of ovarian and endometrial cancer as well as BC in ever users and never users of LNG-IUS | RR with 95% CI estimated with Poisson regression | Mean time of follow up was 12.5 years. Mean duration of LNG-IUS use was 4 years but ranged from < 1 year to 14 years | 104.318 women (9.144 ever users of LNG-IUS and 95.174 never users). Median age was 52 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | RR for BC = 1.03; 95% CI 0.91–1.17 | Ever users of LNG-IUS had a strongly reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer compared to never users, with no increased risk of BC |
The authors adjusted to risk factors such as ever use of other hormonal contraception or menopausal status | RR is not adjusted for the use of HRT | |||||||
Indication: not clearly stated, but probably contraceptive as well as medical reasons | ||||||||
Mørch, 2017 [10] | Prospective cohort study | Association between the use of hormonal contraception and the risk of invasive BC | RR with 95% CI estimated with Poisson regression plus bias analysis | Mean time of follow up was 10.9 ± 5.8 years Duration of LNG-IUS use ranged from less than 1 year to more than 10 years | 1.797.932 women in Denmark between 15 and 49 years of age | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | RR for BC = 1.21; 95% CI 1.11–1.33 | Overall, the risk of BC was higher among women who currently or recently used hormonal contraception. This includes the use of the LNG-IUS. The risk increased with longer durations of use. Nonetheless, absolute increases in risk were small |
Adjustment for several risk factors | ||||||||
Indication: contraception | The calculated RR is not adjusted for the use of HRT. However, the participants are premenopausal and the use of HRT should not yet play an important role | |||||||
Soini, 2016 [11] | Retrospective cohort study | Testing of the hypothesis that risk for lobular BC is elevated among LNG-IUS users | 95% CI for the SIR were based on the assumption that the number of observed cases represents a Poisson distribution. A SIR with p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant | Mean time of follow up was 11 years. No exact information about actual duration of LNG-IUS use | 93.843 Finnish women aged 30–49 years using LNG-IUS for treatment of menorrhagia (2.015 BC cases, of which 1.598 cases were of the invasive ductal histological type, 376 were invasive lobular cancers, and 41 were other histological types) | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | For ductal BC, SIR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.14–1.25 and for lobular BC SIR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.20–1.46. After two or more purchases of the LNG-IUS, the SIR for invasive lobular BC was 1.73 (81 cases; 95% CI 1.37–2.15, p < 0.001) and for invasive ductal cancer also 1.37 (286 cases; 95% CI 1.21–1.53, p < 0.001) | The results imply an excess risk of lobular but also ductal BC. The SIRs were higher in the subgroup of the LNG-IUS users who purchased the LNG-IUS at least twice |
All women included in this study were treated for menorrhagia. No adjustment for confounding factors such as family history of BC or use of exogenous hormones | ||||||||
Indication: treatment for menorrhagia | The calculated SIR are not adjusted for the use of exogenous hormones | |||||||
Heikkinen, 2015 [12] | Retrospective case–control study | Estimation of the association between use of exogenous hormones and BC risk | Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate OR and 95% CI | Mean time of follow up was 8 years (from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2007) | 25.560 Finnish women aged 22–60 years (5.927 BC cases / 19.633 controls). Median age was 57.5 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | OR for BC = 1.48; 95% CI 1.10–1.99 | The study found positive associations with BC risk and exclusive use of LNG-IUS in postmenopausal women |
The authors adjusted for several risk factors | ||||||||
Indication: not clearly stated | The calculated OR refers to the exclusive use of LNG-IUS | |||||||
Soini, 2014 [13] | Retrospective cohort study | Association between premenopausal use of the LNG-IUS and cancer incidence with a special focus on endometrial adenocarcinoma | Standardized incidence ratio with 95% CI and Poisson regression | Mean time of follow up was 11 years. No exact information about actual duration of LNG-IUS use | 93.843 Finnish women aged 30–49 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | SIR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.13–1.25 for BC among all LNG-IUS users and SIR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.24–1.57 among users with two LNG-IUS purchases | LNG-IUS is associated with a lower incidence of endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, and lung cancer than expected. LNG-IUS use was associated with a higher incidence of BC, especially in the age categories of 45–54 years |
No adjustment for confounding factors such as family history of BC or use of exogenous hormones | ||||||||
Indication: treatment for menorrhagia | The calculated SIR is not adjusted for the use of exogenous hormones | |||||||
Dinger, 2011 [14] | Matched case–control study | Comparison of BC risk in LNG-IUS users and Cu-IUS users. The BC risk estimate was also compared with the risk of non-use of contraceptive methods, other progestin-only methods, and different hormonal contraceptives | Non-inferiority design, the null hypothesis to be tested was OR ≥ 1.5 | Study duration was 8 years (January 2000 to December 2007) The duration of LNG-IUS use is not specified | 25.565 German and Finnish women aged < 50 years (5.113 BC cases / 20.452 controls). Mean age of cases was 44.5 years and of controls 44.2 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | Crude and adjusted OR for the risk of BC among ever LNG-IUS users compared with ever Cu-IUS users were 1.04; 95% CI 0.93–1.17 and 0.99; 95% CI 0.88–1.12. Among current users (women who were using LNG-IUS at the time of diagnosis), crude and adjusted OR were 0.90; 95% CI 0.58–1.41 and 0.85; 95% CI 0.52–1.39 | BC risk of LNG-IUS compared with Cu-IUS showed no indication of tumour promotion or tumour induction |
Adjustment for risk factors, including use of exogenous hormones | ||||||||
Indication: not clearly stated. Probably primary use as contraceptive method, as short-term users and women who used LNG-IUS against endometrial hyperplasia were excluded in subanalyses | The calculated OR should not include women with HRT, as the participants were younger than 50 years | |||||||
Lyytinen, 2010 [15] | Matched retrospective case–control study | Association between postmenopausal HRT and the risk for BC | OR with 95% CI calculated with conditional logistic regression analysis | Study duration was 12 years. LNG-IUS use ranged from < 3 to ≥ 5 years | 39.824 Finnish women between 50–62 years (9.956 women diagnosed with first invasive BC/29.868 born at the same time but free of BC) | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.97–1.77. When the LNG-IUS was used as a complement to oestradiol, OR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.72–2.68 | The association between HRT use and the risk for BC shows a large variation between various forms of HRT, the use of LNG-IUS alone may also carry a risk |
Additionally, many women used LNG-IUS as part of HRT | ||||||||
Indication: postmenopausal HRT | The calculated OR refers to women with HRT but also LNG-IUS use alone and is adjusted for parity, age at the first birth and health care district | |||||||
Backman, 2005 [16] | Cohort study (Re-analysis of post-marketing study) | Relationship between BC and use of LNG-IUS | 95% CI based on the chi-square distribution and Fisher exact test | Study duration and time of LNG-IUS use was up to 10 years | 17.360 Finnish women between 30 and 54 years of age, mean age was 35.4 years | 52 mg LNG-IUS (20 μg/day) | The incidence rate per 100.000 woman-years was for the age groups 30–34 years 27.2 and 25.5, for 35–39 years 74.0 and 49.2, for 40–44 years 120.3 and 122.4, for 45–49 years 203.6 and 232.5, and for 50–54 years 258.5 and 272.6, in the levonorgestrel system group and in average Finnish female population, respectively | The study shows no indication of a higher BC risk between LNG-IUS users and average Finnish female population in any of the 5-year age groups |
No adjustment for risk factors, including the use of exogenous hormones | ||||||||
Indication: not clearly stated | It is unclear whether the data were generated with or without HRT |