nach oben

Journal of Religion and Health

Erschienen in:

01.12.2010 | Original Paper

Inner Night and Inner Light: A Quaker Model of Pastoral Care for the Mentally Ill

verfasst von: Janelle Stanley

Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health | Ausgabe 4/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The same theological principles that motivated Quakers in institutional reform work continue to influence uniquely Quaker approaches to pastoral care for the mentally ill today. This unity of psychological and spiritual care, inspired by George Fox, was first apparent in the work of the Religious Society of Friends asylum reforms in the nineteenth century. These principles matured during the early twentieth century as they entered into dialogue with Jung and Jungian psychology and continue to inspire Quaker pastoral care models today. This paper will examine how theological concepts affect the way Friends approach mental health care, historically and in contemporary times.

Cherry's book A Quiet Haven: Quakers, Moral Treatment, and Asylum Reform (London and Toronto: Associated Presses, 1989) offers a brief intellectual history of the eighteenth century, highlighting those factors that contributed to the shift in the care of the mentally ill. Similarly, while Tuke’s reforms were revolutionary, it is important to recognize that similar ideas of institutional reform were beginning to arise (at least experimentally) in at least one other place. Philippe Pinel, in Paris, France, also made attempts to limit the use of restraints and pharmaceuticals when treating insane women at Hôpital de la Salpetrière (Cherry 1989, 84–86).

Both the York Retreat and other mental hospitals opened under the guidance of Friends in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries began as wholly Quaker institutions. As Digby postulates in Madness, Morality, and Medicine, this was likely largely due to the fact that Quakers retained “peculiar forms of archaic dress and language” and believed that keeping the environment of mentally disturbed Friends wholly within religious norms was beneficial to their recovery (88–89). This is consistent with the ‘quietist’ movement within Friend communities at the time, as discussed later in this paper.

The principle of “that of God within everyone” certainly influenced the initial re-humanizing view Jepson and Tuke took toward their patients. The Quaker value of non-violence also influenced the development of Tuke’s moral treatment. Moral treatment itself, however, did not include any overt religious education or practice.

Abbott, M. P. (2007). Mental illness, ignorance, or sin? Perceptions of modern liberal friends. In J. L. Scully & P. Dandelion (Eds.), Good and evil: Quaker perspectives. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Beals, C. (2007). Evil: The presence of absence. In J. L. Scully & P. Dandelion (Eds.), Good and evil: Quaker perspectives (pp. 141–151). Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Cherry, C. L. (1989). A quiet haven: Quakers, moral treatment, and asylum reform. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses.

Clark, R. A., & Elkinton, J. R. (1978). The Quaker heritage in medicine. Pacific Grove, CA: The Boxwood Press.

Dandelion, P. (2007). Introduction. In J. L. Scully & P. Dandelion (Eds.), Good and evil: Quaker perspectives. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Digby, A. (1985). Madness, morality and medicine: A study of the York Retreat, 1796–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eddinger, L. (1984). Elined Prys Kotschnig: A profile. Inward Light, XLVI(No. 100), 5–11.

Elam, J. (1999). Dancing with god through the storm: Mysticism and mental illness. Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill Publications.

Faith and Practice: The Book of Discipline of the New York Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. (2001). New York, NY: New York Yearly Meeting.

Fox, G. (1831). The works of George Fox (Vol. I). Philadelphia, PA: Marcus T. C. Gould.

Fox, G. (1839). A journal or historical account of the life, travels, sufferings, christian experiences, and labour of love in the work of the ministry of that ancient, eminent, and faithful servant of Jesus Christ, George Fox (Vol. I). Philadelphia: Kimber & Sharpless.

Glover, M. R. (1984). The Retreat York: An early Quaker experiment in the treatment of mental illness. York, England: William Sessions Limited.

Graham, M. (2001). Quaker ministry and pastoral care: Centered presence, relational engagement, prophetic witness. In J. B. Ratliff (Ed.), Out of the silence: Quaker perspectives on pastoral care and counseling. Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill Publishers.

Hunter, R. A., & MacAlpine, I. (1963). Three hundred years of psychiatry: 1535–1860. London: Oxford University Press.

Hurd, H. M., Drewry, W. F., Dewey, R., Pilgrim, C. W., Blumer, G. A., & Burgess, T. J. W. (1916). The institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada (Vol. III). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.

Isichei, E. (1970). Victorian Quakers. London: Oxford University Press.

Jones, R. (1921). The later periods of Quakerism. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.

Jung, C. G. (1975). Letters (trans: R. F. C. Hull, Vol. I & II). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Junker, L. (1997). Suggestions for overseers. Pastoral Care Newsletter, IV(2), 3–5.

Kotschnig, E. P. (1975). Quakers and C.G. Jung. Inward Light, XXXVIII(86–87), 11–23.

Kotschnig, E. P. (1984). Quakerism and analytical psychology. Inward Light, XlVI(No. 100), 42–51.

Kotschnig, E., Butterworth, E. T., Champney, M., & Perry, P. F. (1984). Friends study conference on the nature and laws of our spiritual life. Inward Light, XlVI(No. 100), 13–15.

Murphy, C. (1955). Religion and mental illness (Vol. 82). Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill.

Rothman, D. J. (1971). The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the new republic. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.

Scull, A. (1981a). Discovery of the asylum revisited: Lunacy reform in the new American Republic. In A. Scull (Ed.), Madhouses, mad-doctors, and madmen: The social history of psychiatry in the Victorian era. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Scull, A. (1981b). Moral treatment reconsidered. In A. Scull (Ed.), Madhouses, mad-doctors, and madmen: The social history of psychiatry in the Victorian era. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Snyder, D. (2001). Violence and nonviolence: Quaker spirituality and the treatment of domestic violence offenders. In J. B. Ratliff (Ed.), Out of the silence: Quaker perspectives on pastoral care and counseling. Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill Publishers.

Tomes, N. (1984). A generous confidence: Thomas Story Kirkbride and the art of asylum-keeping, 1840–1883. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Topics and speakers for friends conference on religion and psychology. (1984). Inward Light, XlVI(No. 100), 16–18.

Tuke, S. (1813). Description of the Retreat, an institution Near York, for insane persons of the society of friends. Philadelphia, PA: Isaac Peirce.

Tuke, D. H. (1882). Chapters in the history of the insane in the British Isles. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.

Ulanov, A. B. (2004). Spiritual aspects of clinical work. Eisiendeln: Daimon Verlag.

Welton, D. (2006). The treatment of bipolar disorder in pastoral counseling: Community and silence. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

West, W. (2000). Psychotherapy and spirituality: Crossing the line between therapy and religion. London: SAGE.

White, Z. (1988). A Quaker theology of pastoral care: The art of everyday. Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill Bookstore.

Titel: Inner Night and Inner Light: A Quaker Model of Pastoral Care for the Mentally Ill
verfasst von: Janelle Stanley
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2010
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health / Ausgabe 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9312-4

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2010

You Can Only Die Thrice: Death and Dying of a Human Body in Psychoanalytical Perspective

David E. Schoen: The War of the Gods in Addiction: C. G. Jung, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Archetypal Evil

My Ishvara is Dead: Spiritual Care on the Fringes

An Emerging Field in Religion and Reproductive Health

Present at the Creation: The Clinical Pastoral Movement and the Origins of the Dialogue Between Religion and Psychiatry

On Kindness. By Adam Phillips and Barbara Taylor. 114 pp. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009, $20.00