Introduction
Materials and Methods
Patients
Measurements
Statistical Analyses
Results
Insulin Tolerance Test
r
|
P
value
| |
---|---|---|
Age, years | -0.06 | 0.43 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| -0.15 | 0.05 |
Waist circumference, cm | -0.25 | 0.003 |
Visceral fat area, cm2
| -0.23 | 0.02 |
HbA1c, (%)* | -0.05 | 0.53 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L†
| -0.05 | 0.53 |
HbA1c, %†
| -0.04 | 0.62 |
Urine C-peptide, nmol/day | 0.09 | 0.26 |
Insulinogenic index, pmol/mmol | 0.03 | 0.69 |
Δ-peptide, nmol/L | 0.09 | 0.31 |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 0.05 | 0.61 |
Patient Groups
Clinical Characteristics of the Patients
Total
|
K
ITT
≤1.56
|
K
ITT
>1.56
| |
---|---|---|---|
n (male/female) | 163 (84/79) | 82 (44/38) | 81 (40/41) |
Age, years | 60.1±11.9 | 60.1±11.5 | 60.4±11.8 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 23.9±4.2 | 24.5±4.7 | 23.3±3.7 |
Waist circumference, cm | 89.6±12.0 (n=141) | 92.3±12.6* (n=72) | 86.9±10.7 (n=69) |
Visceral fat area, cm2
| 108.6±52.9 (n=106) | 121.0±54.4* (n=52) | 96.7±48.9 (n=54) |
HbA1c, %† | 9.67±1.86 | 9.82±1.66 (n=81) | 9.63±1.77 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L‡ | 6.33±0.99 | 6.44±0.90 | 6.29±0.86 |
HbA1c, %‡ | 7.13±0.90 | 7.22±0.87 | 7.04±0.92 |
K
ITT, %/min | 1.9±1.2 | 1.1±0.3** | 2.7±1.3 |
Urine C-peptide, nmol/day | 21.5±14.6 (n=149) | 20.3±14.5 (n=76) | 22.8±14.7 (n=73) |
ΔC-peptide, nmol/L | 0.72±0.41 (n=130) | 0.68±0.42 (n=65) | 0.75±0.39 (n=65) |
Insulinogenic index, pmol/mmol | 9.78±11.9 (n=141) | 9.41±11.3 (n=69) | 10.1±12.6 (n=72) |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.90±0.68 (n=162) | 2.77±0.66* | 3.04±0.68 (n=80) |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.26±0.36 (n=162) | 1.22±0.34 | 1.30±0.38 (n=80) |
TG, mmol/L | 1.15±0.52 (n=162) | 1.17±0.49 | 1.14±0.55 (n=80) |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
| 87.7±25.7 | 89.5±28.6 | 85.8±22.3 |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 5.4±3.3 (n=121) | 4.9±2.5 (n=57) | 5.8±3.8 (n=64) |
K
ITT ≤1.56 |
K
ITT >1.56 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TZD or BG (+)
|
TZD or BG (–)
|
TZD or BG (+)
|
TZD or BG (–)
| |
n (male/female) | 22 (12/10) | 60 (32/28) | 10 (8/2) | 71 (32/39) |
Age, years | 59.9±11.9 | 60.2±11.4 | 62.7±14.3 | 60.1±11.5 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 24.4±2.7 | 24.5±5.2 | 24.2±2.1 | 23.2±5.8 |
Waist circumference, cm | 91.7±9.3 (n=19) | 92.5±13.7 (n=53) | 91.5±7.8 (n=9) | 86.2±11.0 (n=60) |
Visceral fat area, cm2
| 118.7±43.5 (n=16) | 122.1±59.2 (n=36) | 115.2±52.1 (n=6) | 94.4±48.6 (n=48) |
HbA1c, %† | 9.4±1.8 (n=21) | 10.0±1.6 | 9.5±2.2 | 9.6±1.7 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L‡ | 6.43±0.91 | 6.35±1.17 | 6.26±0.82 | 6.29±0.87 |
HbA1c, %‡ | 7.1±0.9 | 7.3±0.9 | 6.6±0.8 | 7.1±0.9 |
K
ITT, %/min | 1.2±0.3 | 1.1±0.3 | 2.2±0.8 | 2.8±1.3 |
Urine C-peptide, nmol/day | 20.2±14.8 (n=19) | 20.3±14.6 (n=57) | 24.9±12.8 (n=8) | 22.6±15.0 (n=65) |
ΔC-peptide, nmol/L | 0.82±0.41 (n=14) | 0.65±0.42 (n=51) | 0.87±0.56 (n=5) | 0.74±0.38 (n=60) |
Insulinogenic index, pmol/mmol | 11.0±11.8 (n=19) | 8.8±11.1 (n=50) | 12.4±8.2 (n=8) | 9.9±13.1 (n=64) |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.89±0.76 | 2.73±0.63 | 2.91±0.44 | 3.05±0.70 (n=70) |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.10±0.31* | 1.26±0.34 | 1.26±0.33 | 1.31±0.39 (n=70) |
TG, mmol/L | 1.21±0.41 | 1.15±0.52 | 1.26±0.45 | 1.12±0.56 (n=70) |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2
| 85.1±22.9 | 91.1±30.4 | 84.2±21.7 | 86.0±22.5 |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 4.8±2.2 (n=11) | 4.9±2.6 (n=46) | 5.6±2.1 (n=6) | 5.8±4.0 (n=58) |
Glycemic Control After Discharge
At discharge*
|
After discharge† (%)
|
ΔHbA
1c (%) |
P
value (%)
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K
ITT ≤1.56, %/min | TZD or BG (+) (n=22) | 7.1±0.9 | 7.0±0.9 | –0.1±1.3 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=60) | 7.3±0.9 | 8.0±1.7 | 0.7±1.6 | 0.0007 | |
K
ITT >1.56, %/min | TZD or BG (+) (n=10) | 6.6±0.8 | 7.3±1.1 | 0.7±0.9 | 0.025 |
TZD or BG (–) (n=71) | 7.1±0.9 | 7.4±1.5 | 0.3±1.2 | 0.022 | |
BMI ≥23.2, kg/m2
| TZD or BG (+) (n=18) | 6.9±1.0 | 7.0±1.1 | 0.1±1.5 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=64) | 7.3±0.9 | 7.9±1.9 | 0.6±1.8 | 0.014 | |
BMI <23.2, kg/m2
| TZD or BG (+) (n=14) | 7.0±0.8 | 7.3±0.8 | 0.3±0.9 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=67) | 7.1±0.8 | 7.5±1.4 | 0.5±1.0 | 0.0001 | |
WC ≥90.5, cm | TZD or BG (+) (n=16) | 6.8±1.0 | 6.9±1.1 | 0.1±1.5 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=55) | 7.3±1.0 | 8.0±2.0 | 0.6±1.8 | 0.013 | |
WC <90.5, cm | TZD or BG (+) (n=12) | 7.0±0.8 | 7.4±0.7 | 0.3±0.9 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=58) | 7.0±0.9 | 7.4±1.2 | 0.4±0.9 | 0.001 | |
VFA ≥104.9, cm2
| TZD or BG (+) (n=13) | 7.1±1.0 | 7.2±1.0 | 0.1±1.7 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=40) | 7.4±0.9 | 8.1±2.0 | 0.6±1.8 | 0.032 | |
VFA <104.9, cm2
| TZD or BG (+) (n=9) | 6.9±1.0 | 7.0±0.9 | 0.1±1.1 | NS |
TZD or BG (–) (n=44) | 7.0±0.9 | 7.4±1.3 | 0.4±1.0 | 0.027 |