Background
Methods
Subjects and protocol
VR/robotic system
Hardware
Training simulations and interventions
Outcome measures
Impairment (body structure/function) measures
Behavioral measure
TMS mapping procedure (previously described in Yarossi et al. 2014 [43])
TMS mapping analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Group/Subject | Age | Sex | Days post-stroke | Lesion location | UEFMA at PRE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VR1 | 45 | M | 12 | Corona radiata and putamen | 32 |
VR2 | 62 | F | 8 | R midle cerebral artery | 47 |
VR3 | 76 | M | 7 | L frontal, parietal and occipital cortex | 33 |
VR4 | 43 | F | 7 | R middle and anterior cerebral arteries | 31 |
VR5 | 60 | M | 7 | L periventricular white matter | 11 |
VR6 | 53 | M | 13 | R temporal and parietal cortex | 21 |
VR7 | 60 | M | 30 | R posterior limb of the internal capsule and putamen | 24 |
Mean (SD) | 57.14(11.3) years | 12(8.3) days | 28.43(11.3) | ||
UC1 | 59 | F | 6 | L internal capsule | 49 |
UC2 | 80 | F | 11 | R frontal and insular cortex | 19 |
UC3 | 52 | M | 7 | L pons | 30 |
UC4 | 70 | M | 7 | L basal ganglia | 21 |
UC5 | 56 | M | 17 | L thalamus | 49 |
UC6 | 55 | M | 30 | R deep matter under the frontal lobe and R basal ganglia and thalamus | 4 |
Mean (SD) | 62(10.8) years | 13(9.3) days | 28.67(17.8) |
Impairment and behavioral outcomes
Outcome/Group | PRE/between group Mann-Whitney U tests | POST | 1M | 6M |
---|---|---|---|---|
UEFMA | ||||
VR | 28.43(11.3) | 45(9.6) | 54.29(7.1) | 58.43(7.2) |
UC | 28.67(17.8) | 37.83(16.4) | 44.67(16.2) | 46.67(17.8) |
U = 19.5, p = 0.83 | ||||
Wrist AROM (deg) | ||||
VR | 34.75(10.6) | 74.27(17) | 95.11(13) | 108.51(16.2) |
UC | 51.62(11.1) | 58.72(18.3) | 64.71(13.7) | 72.36(17.7) |
U = 9, p = 0.27 | ||||
Max Pinch Force (N) | ||||
VR | 12.89(20.4) | 16.49(17.2) | 21.47(21.2) | 30.65(23.4) |
UC | 14.01(15.3) | 21.91(21) | 18.05(19.7) | 22.09(25) |
U = 20, p = 0.89 | ||||
Log WMFT (sec) | ||||
VR | 3.75(0.3) | 2.45(0.4) | 1.79(0.5) | 1.44(0.5) |
UC | 3.99(0.3) | 3.04(0.5) | 2.49(0.5) | 2.57(0.5) |
U = 20.5, p = 0.94 |
Test | Time | Group | TIME X Group |
---|---|---|---|
UEFMA | F(3,33) = 60.44 | F(1,11) = 1.02 | F(3,33) = 3.59 |
p < 0.001 | p = 0.333 | p = 0.024 | |
Wrist AROM (deg) | F(3,27) = 11.58 | F(1,9) = 0.80 | F(3,27) = 3.93 |
p < 0.001 | p = 0.394 | p = 0.019 | |
Maximum Pinch Force (N) | F(1.81,19.96) = 0.006 | F(1,11) = 0.005 | F(1.81,19.96) = 1.02 |
p = 0.99* | p = 0.944 | p = 0.372* | |
Log WMFT (sec) | F(3,33) = 0.094 | F(1,11) = 0.731 | F(3,33) = 1.18 |
p = 0.963 | p = 0.411 | p = 0.332 |