Background
Methods
Study cohort
Variable | All patients n = 235 | No IAB n = 138 | Partial IAB n = 56 | Advanced IAB n = 41 | P value | Intermediate risk patients n = 47 | High-risk patients n = 188 | P value | Patients without AF n = 186 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2–3-4 | 5 | 6 | 5–6 | 7 | |
Age, years, median (IQR) | 74 (65–81) | 71 (61–80) | 76 (69–82) | 79 (74–86) | 0.001 | 74 (57–80) | 74 (67–81) | 0.229 | 74 (62–80) |
Female gender, n (%) | 95 (40) | 52 (38) | 27 (48) | 16 (39) | 0.391 | 21 (45) | 74 (39) | 0.511 | 75 (40) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (16) | 28 (17) | 7 (13) | 6 (15) | 0.603 | 0 | 38 (20) | < 0.001 | 27 (15) |
Vascular diseases, n (%) | 101 (43) | 54 (39) | 29 (52) | 18 (44) | 0.270 | 0 | 101 (54) | < 0.001 | 80 (43) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 139 (59) | 79 (57) | 38 (68) | 22 (53) | 0.290 | 0 | 139 (74) | < 0.001 | 107 (58) |
Cardiac failure, n (%) | 14 (6) | 9 (7) | 3 (5) | 2 (5) | 0.905 | 0 | 14 (7) | 0.341 | 7 (4) |
History of non-permanent AF before stroke onset, n (%) | 49 (21) | 27 (20) | 15 (27) | 7 (17) | 0.430 | 0 | 49 (26) | < 0.001 | NA |
NIHS scale, median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (2–11) | 4 (2–8) | 0.161 | 3 (1–5) | 3 (2–7) | 0.173 | 3 (2–6) |
Oral anticoagulants, n (%) | 43 (18) | 26 (19) | 14 (25) | 3 (7) | 0.098 | 3 (6) | 40 (21) | 0.019 | 22 (12) |
Advanced IAB, n (%) | 41 (17) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 11 (23) | 30 (16) | 0.281 | 34 (18) |
Died during follow-up, n (%) | 126 (54) | 64 (46) | 32 (57) | 30 (73) | 0.009 | 22 (47) | 104 (55) | 0.329 | 96 (52) |
Baseline clinical and ECG assessment
Ascertainment of study endpoints and the use of anticoagulant therapy
Statistical methods
Results
Patient characteristics and oral anticoagulant therapy at baseline
Covariate | Presence of partial IAB | Presence of advanced IAB | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Age at stroke admission | 1.05 | 1.02–1.09 | 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.03–1.11 | 0.001 |
Age more 65 years | 5.62 | 1.93–16.31 | 0.002 | 3.57 | 1.21–10.49 | 0.021 |
Age more 75 years | 1.17 | 0.87–1.58 | 0.311 | 1.93 | 1.33–2.80 | 0.001 |
Diabetes | 0.65 | 0.26–1.59 | 0.342 | 0.87 | 0.34–2.23 | 0.769 |
Vascular diseases | 1.67 | 0.89–3.12 | 0.108 | 1.05 | 0.53–1.06 | 0.895 |
Hypertension | 1.58 | 0.82–3.03 | 0.173 | 0.76 | 0.39–1.75 | 0.432 |
Cardiac failure | 0.81 | 0.21–3.12 | 0.761 | 0.78 | 0.17–3.62 | 0.749 |
Non-permanent AF | 1.50 | 0.73–3.11 | 0.270 | 0.75 | 0.31–1.80 | 0.513 |
All-cause mortality
Group | Total | Advanced IAB | Partial IAB | No IAB |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intermediate cardiovascular risk | ||||
Number of patients, n (%) | 47 (100) | 11 (23) | 4 (8) | 32 (68) |
Died during follow-up, n (%) | 22 (47) | 8 (73) | 1 (25) | 13 (41) |
High cardiovascular risk | ||||
Number of patients, n (%) | 188 (100) | 30 (16) | 52 (28) | 106 (56) |
Died during follow-up, n (%) | 104 (55) | 22 (73) | 31 (60) | 51 (48) |
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
Partial IAB vs no IAB | 1.48 | 0.98–2.24 | 0.065 | 1.06 | 0.68–1.65 | 0.808 |
Advanced IAB vs no IAB | 1.98 | 1.27–3.09 | 0.003 | 1.14 | 0.72–1.82 | 0.568 |
Age | 1.08 | 1.06–1.10 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 1.07–1.12 | < 0.001 |
Male gender | 1.03 | 0.72–1.47 | 0.887 | 1.66 | 1.12–2.47 | 0.012 |
Cardiac failure | 2.30 | 1.23–4.28 | 0.009 | 134 | 0.68–2.67 | 0.401 |
Diabetes | 1.11 | 0.70–1.78 | 0.654 | 0.82 | 0.49–1.37 | 0.451 |
Hypertension | 1.28 | 0.89–1.83 | 0.190 | 1.22 | 0.83–1.80 | 0.321 |
Non-permanent AF | 1.46 | 0.97–2.21 | 0.069 | 1.22 | 0.79–1.88 | 0.366 |
Vascular disease | 0.98 | 0.69–1.39 | 0.886 | 0.86 | 0.60–1.23 | 0.398 |
Severity of stroke (NIHSS)|a | 1.10 | 1.07–1.14 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.13 | < 0.001 |
Smoking status | 1.16 | 0.92–1.46 | 0.202 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.18 | 0.462 |
Variable | Intermediate risk | High risk | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
Partial IAB vs no IAB | 0.36 | 0.03–3.64 | 0.389 | 1.09 | 0.69–1.73 | 0.713 |
Advanced IAB vs no IAB | 7.89 | 2.01–30.98 | 0.003 | 1.01 | 0.59–1.72 | 0.966 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.97–1.06 | 0.494 | 1.11 | 1.08–1.14 | < 0.001 |
Male gender | 1.92 | 0.63–5.89 | 0.584 | 1.79 | 1.14–2.80 | 0.011 |
Cardiac failure | NA | 1.31 | 0.64–2.68 | 0.458 | ||
Diabetes | NA | 0.82 | 0.41–1.38 | 0.457 | ||
Hypertension | NA | 1.24 | 0.75–2.06 | 0.405 | ||
Non-permanent AF | NA | 1.26 | 0.80–2.00 | 0.321 | ||
Vascular disease | NA | 0.86 | 0.56–1.31 | 0.484 | ||
Severity of stroke (NIHSS)|a | 1.58 | 1.28–1.95 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 1.05–1.12 | < 0.001 |
Smoking status | 2.05 | 0.96–4.37 | 0.063 | 0.80 | 0.59–1.09 | 0.153 |