Introduction
Corneal ulcer (CU)
Iodine and povidone-iodine
Nanoparticles and nanomedicines
Previous studies on the effect of iodine on corneal ulcers
Studies on non-nanoparticle iodine
Studies on nanoparticle iodine
Materials and methods
Preparation of nanoparticles
Characteristics of nanoparticles
Particle size
Particle morphology
Iodine released test from lipid nanoparticles
Animal clinical trial
Score | Secretion rating | Conjunctiva rating | Hypopyon rating | Corneal rating |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | no secretion | no hyperemia and edema | no empyema | no infiltrate or corneal edema |
1 | a small amount of secretion | slight hyperemia and edema | < 1/4 of anterior chamber | transparent cornea, slight edema, scattered punctuate infiltrates, clearly visible iris texture |
2 | a medium amount of secretion | Mild hyperemia and edema | 1/4–1/2 of the anterior chamber | Moderate corneal opacity, infiltration area up to 1/4–1/2 of the entire cornea, still visible iris texture |
3 | A large amount of secretion | moderate conjunctival hyperemia and edema | 1/2–3/4 of the anterior chamber | severe corneal opacity, corneal infiltrates up to 1/2–3/4 of the entire cornea, faint iris texture |
4 | upper and lower eyelid adhesion caused by secretion | severe conjunctival hyperemia and edema | > 3/4 of the anterior chamber | infiltration area > 3/4 of the entire cornea, gray-white opacity, invisible iris, and pupil |
5 | corneal perforation |
Results
Comparison of the mean microbial counts at different measurement times among three groups of rabbits with corneal ulcers
Measurement time | Non-treatment | Nano-iodine | Betadine | P1 | P2 | P3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First day | 80000±5000 | 85000±4000 | 80000±5000 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1 |
Second day | 80000±3000 | 65000±5000 | 70000±2000 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.8 |
Fifth day | 75000±5000 | 40000±4000 | 60000±4000 | 0.001< | 0.004 | 0.001< |
Fourteenth day | 70000±3000 | 15000±2000 | 35000±4000 | 0.001< | 0.001< | 0.001< |
P-value¶ | 0.09 | 0.001< | 0.001 |
Comparison of the mean disease severity score before and after the intervention of all three groups in rabbits with corneal ulcers
Groups | Before | After | Mean changes | P-value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-treatment | 4.8±0.45 | 9.6±1.51 | 4.8±1.3 | 0.001 |
Nano-iodine | 4.4±0.89 | 1.8±1.09 | -2.6±0.89 | 0.003 |
Betadine | 4.2±0.83 | 2.24±0.83 | -2.22±1.22 | 0.02 |
P-value¶¶ | 0.43 | 0.007 | 0.006 | - |