Background
Methods
Ethical consideration
Study area
Subjects
24-hour dietary recall
County | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School
| Kumi Township | Bazaar P/S | Ngora Township | Muru-Ikara P/S | Bukedea Township | Bukedea dem. P/S |
Schoolchildren
(n)
| 30 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 28 |
Food sampling
Chemical analysis
Sample | County | ||
---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |
Beef | 39 | 39 | 30 |
Goat | 45 | 37 | 29 |
Irish potatoe | 24 | 29 | 45 |
Sweet potatoe, betty | 24 | 35 | 48 |
Sweet potatoe, kampala | n.s. | 31 | n.s. |
Onion | 18 | 46 | 8 |
Garlic | 100 | 93 | 93 |
Eggplant | 8 | 5 | n.s. |
Amaranthus p | 18 | 22 | n.s. |
Amaranthus g | 15 | 26 | n.s. |
Eboo | 14 | 23 | 17 |
Echadoi | 13 | 22 | n.s. |
Alilot | 20 | 23 | n.s. |
Emoros | 14 | n.s. | n.s. |
Element | Wavelength | Slit of the monochromator | Nebulizer |
---|---|---|---|
(nm) | (nm) | ||
Zn | 213.9 | 0.7 | Standard |
Fe | 248.3 | 0.2 | Standard/High sensitive |
Statistical analysis
Results
24-hours dietary recall
Iron and zinc content of food samples
Sample | Species | Scientific name | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |||
Fish | Omena |
Rastrineobola argentea
| 120a
| 1000a
| 110a
| 220a
| 200a
| 220a
|
Ioyo | n.n. | 130a, c
| 160a
| * | 70a
| 120a
| 170a
| |
Nile Perch |
Lates niloticus
| 6b, d
| 43a, d
| 10b, d
| 5b, c
| 50a, c
| 10b, c
| |
Tilapia |
Oreochromis variabilis
| 3.3b, d
| 24a, d
| 9b, c, d
| 6b, c
| 50a, c
| 8b, c
| |
Catfish |
Siluriformes
| 28a
| n.s. | n.s. | 40a, c
| n.s. | n.s. | |
Lungfish |
Protopterus aethiopicus
| 7b, c
| n.s. | n.s. | 37b, c
| n.s. | n.s. | |
Meat | Beef |
Bos indicus
| 16 | 13 | 120 | 6 | 19 | 17 |
Goat |
Hemitragus
| 18 | 14 | 100 | 14 | 14 | 20 |
Sample | Scientific name | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | ||
Cassava flour |
Manihot esculenta Crantz | 80 | n.s. | * | 6 | n.s. | 5 |
Sorghum flour |
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. | 600 | 7000a, b
| 90 | 15 | 18 | 16 |
Millet flour |
Eleusine coracana Gaertn. | 570a, b
| * | 70 | 24 | 17 | 20 |
Maize flour |
Zea mays L. | 30 | 53 | 70 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 7 |
Wheat flour |
Triticum aestivum L. | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 8 | n.s. | n.s. |
Rice |
Oryza sativa L. | 9 | 9 | 3.5 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
Sesame seeds |
Sesamum orientale L. | 500c
| n.s. | n.s. | 44 | n.s. | n.s. |
Sample | Scientific name | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | ||
Cassava dry |
Manihot esculenta Crantz | n.s. | n.s. | 50 | n.s. | n.s. | 7 |
Irish potato |
Solanum tuberosum L | 140 | 400a, c
| 500c
| 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.5b
|
Sweet potato, Betty |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam | * | 42 | 56 | 3 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Sweet potato Kampala |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam | n.s. | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.3a
| n.s. |
Sample | Species | Scientific name | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |||
Ground nuts | Serenut |
Arachis hypogaea L. | 25 | n.s. | 20 | 30 | n.s. | 26 |
Obino |
Arachis hypogaea L. | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Otira |
Arachis hypogaea L. | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Valencia |
Arachis hypogaea L. | n.s. | n.s. | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | 27 | |
Agolitom |
Arachis hypogaea L. | n.s. | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | 24 | n.s. | |
Beans | Soya |
Glycine max
| 80 | 70 | 180 | 52 | 38 | 34 |
Kaneybwa |
Phaseolus vulgaris L | 70 | 70 | 54 | 26 | 24 | 24 | |
TZ |
Phaseolus vulgaris L | n.s. | 70 | 90 | n.s. | 22 | 27 | |
Saitot |
Phaseolus vulgaris L | 64 | n.s. | n.s. | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | |
White |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 70 | n.s. | n.s. | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Yellow |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 70 | n.s. | n.s. | 34 | n.s. | n.s | |
Peas | Green grams |
Phaseolus aureus Roxb. | 42 | 900 | 1300 | 27 | 31 | 27 |
Cow peas |
Vigna anguiculata Crantz | 61 | 45 | 45 | 32 | 31 | 32 |
Sample | Species | Scientific name | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |||
Bulky | Onion |
Allium cepa L. | 6 | 35 | 36 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.7 |
Garlic |
Allium sativum L. | 6.5 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 7.3 | |
Eggplant |
Solatum Melonga L | 8 | 5.4a
| n.s. | 2.3 | 1.1 | n.s. | |
Leafy | Amaranthus, purple |
Amaranthus cruentus L | 150 | 340 | n.s. | 8 | 4 | n.s. |
Amaranthus, green |
Amaranthus hybridus L | 130a
| 180 | n.s. | 7 | 3.2 | n.s. | |
Eboo |
Vigna anguiculata Crantz
| 32 | 80 | 160 | 5 | 5 | 7 | |
Echadoi |
Cleome gynandra L | 160 | 100 | n.s. | 6.3 | 6 | n.s. | |
Alilot |
Hibiscus esculentus L | 140 | 320 | n.s. | 6 | 5.3 | n.s. | |
Emoros |
Cyphostemma adenocaule
| 140 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.4 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Fruit | Tamarines |
Tamarindus indica L | n.s. | n.s. | 56 | n.s. | n.s. | 11 |
Sample | Species | Scientific names | Iron (mg/kg) | Zinc (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | Kumi | Ngora | Bukedea | |||
Sugar |
Saccharum officinarum L. | 16 | 36 | 38 | < 1.8* | < 1.8* | 2 | |
Salt | Sodium chloride | 33 | n.s | 22 | 2.4 | n.s. | < 1.8* | |
Curry | Munno |
Curcama longa L. | 1200 | n.s. | n.s. | 30 | n.s. | n.s. |
Royco |
Curcama longa L. | 62 | n.s. | n.s. | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Tayara |
Curcama longa L. | 1000 | n.s. | n.s. | 70 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Turkey |
Curcama longa L. | n.s. | n.s. | 800 | n.s. | n.s. | 60 | |
Pilao |
Sysygium aromanticum L, Cuminum cyminum L., Elettaria cardamomum Maton | 160 | n.s. | n.s. | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Baking powder | Sodium bicarbonate | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | < 1.8* | n.s | n.s. |
Estimation of iron and zinc intake
Meal | Dish/snack | Amount (g) | Iron (mg)e
| Zinc (mg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Mean | Highest | Mean | |||
Breakfast | Millet porridge | 400 | 3 | 14 | 23 | 0.8 |
Snack | Ground nut | 100 | 2.5 | 2.7 | ||
Lunch/Supper | Staple 1a
| 280 | 3 | 10 | 23 | 0.3 |
Staple 2b
| 280 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 0.3 | |
Sauced
| 120 | 1.1c
| 0.1 | |||
Whole day | Including staple 1 | 1300 | 13 | 38 | 73 | 4.1 |
Whole day | Including staple 2 | 1300 | 11 | 25 | 37 | 4.2 |
Discussion
24-hour dietary recall
Staple food
Iron and zinc content of selected food items
Food | This study* | Kenyaa
| Malib
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Zn | Fe | Zn | Fe | Zn | ||
Cereal | Sorghum | 19-7000 | 15-18 | 41 | 16 | 58 | 21 |
Millet | 70-570 | 17-24 | 27 | 12 | 58 | 29 | |
Maize | 30-70 | 3.6-7 | 35 | 18 | 11 | - | |
Legumes | Ground nuts | 20-34 | 24-30 | 46 | 33 | 39 | - |
Soy beans | 70-180 | 34-52 | 64 | 23 | 61 | - | |
Brown beans | 54-90 | 22-33 | 75 | 28 | - | - | |
Vegetables | Irish potatoe | 140-500 | 3.3-3.5 | - | - | 11 | - |
Amaranthus | 130-340 | 3.2-8 | - | - | 89 | - | |
Fish | Nile Perch | 6-10 | 5-10 | 9 | - | 112 | - |
Tilapia | 3.3-9 | 6-8 | 9 | - | - | - | |
Meat | Beef | 13-120 | 6-19 | 12 | 30 | 46 | 23 |
Goat meat | 16-120 | 14-20 | 12 | 29 | 23 | 40 |