The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) defines “probiotics” as “microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate doses or concentrations, can benefit the consumer’s health” and comprise both bacteria (e.g. …

Neurodegenerative diseases cause progressive deterioration in cognitive function by the loss of the activity of neurons in the brain. Worldwide, 10.2 million people suffer from neurodegenerative disorders, and the incidence is steadily increasing.

The high worldwide prevalence of non-communicable metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemias, persists as a current challenge for public health [ 1 , 2 ]. These diseases remain one of the leading …

Ensuring high quality and sufficient quantity of food to feed the growing world population has been a concern for the past century. Nevertheless, doing so in a sustainable manner guaranteeing high diet quality has become one of the greatest …

Stroke remains a major cause of mortality and a leading contributor to years lost due to disability. From 1990 to 2019, there was a significant increase in the prevalence and impact of stroke. Cases of stroke rose by 70.0%, mortality rates …

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health and is an essential component of the immune system and the regulation of several critical metabolic pathways [ 1 ]. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in the gut microbiota are …

“Feed a cold starve a fever” is a popular adage prevailing in the West, and its early documentation can be traced back to a dictionary published by John Withals in 1574 [ 1 ]. In broader terms, viral infections were mentioned as common cold and …

Several studies indicate associations between prolonged and continuous consumption of polyphenols and a lower risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as several other …

Bone fractures can have a devastating effect on health, especially in older people. Hip fractures are associated with increased dependence on activities of daily living, higher rates of institutionalization, increased risk of conditions such as …

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) consists of diets with a higher proportion of calories coming from fat (90%) and a smaller proportion (10%) from carbohydrates and proteins [ 1 ]. These diets are becoming increasingly popular dietary …

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as one of the most pressing public health issues of the twenty-first century [ 1 ••]. According to global estimates, approximately 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2019, and this number is projected to …

The number and proportion of individuals aged 60 and over are increasing globally. It is stated by the World Health Organization that the elderly population, which was 1 billion in 2019, may double in 2050 [ 1 ]. This increase will accelerate in …

Colorectal cancer (CRC), which includes cancers that occur in the colon and rectum, is the third most common type of cancer in oncologic pathology, following breast and lung cancers. In 2020, nearly 2 million cases were diagnosed. While effective …

Probiotic is derived from the Greek word “pro bios” meaning “vitality,” as opposed to “antibiotic” meaning “anti-vitality.” Although the presence of acid-producing bacteria in fermented dairy products was mentioned by Metchnikoff in 1907, the …

A proper and adequate nutrition and healthy lifestyle are the basic prerequisites for an athlete to excel in his/her sports activity. It helps in optimal sports performance and to fasten recovery from any sports related injuries [ 1 ]. For a …

Propolis, often known as “bee glue,” was known and used for millennia by the Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. Propolis is made by honey bees from diverse portions of plants and is made up of roughly 50% resin, 30% beeswax, 10% …

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) originates from myeloid precursor cells and constitutes approximately 1% of all cancer cases and 23% of all leukaemia cases worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. AML typically affects older individuals, primarily females, with a median …

Choline or 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium salt is considered an essential nutrient, as only a small proportion can be synthetized by endogenous processes in the human body [ 1 ]. Due to the small amounts of de novo biosynthesis of choline …

Good mental health is a fundamental aspect of overall well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mental health as “a state of well-being in which each individual realizes his or her potential, is capable of coping with the stresses of …