Approximately one-third of the transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) population in the United States identifies as transmasculine [ 1 ]. Obstetrician-gynecologists play a critical role in caring for transmasculine patients, necessitating familiarity …

Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common benign neoplasm in women [ 1 ]. By age 50, most women will have developed uterine fibroids, with an incidence of fibroids of approximately 80% in Black/African American women and 70% in white …

There is a growing interest in the role of immunology on reproductive outcomes. It is well-known that the immune system plays a role in all stages of reproduction, ranging from implantation to maintenance of a pregnancy. Alterations in the immune …

Cytokines play an important role in early pregnancy to mediate the maternal response to the developing embryo. These small cell-signaling proteins facilitate immune reactivity such that there is sufficient maternal protection against infection …

Uterine adenomyosis is the condition in which endometrial epithelial and stromal cells are located inside the myometrium [ 1 ]. Women suffering from adenomyosis present with a variety of symptoms, most commonly dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine …

Adenomyosis is a chronic, benign disease caused by ectopic endometrial glands and stroma leading to the formation of ill-defined lesions within the myometrium. These lesions can be either focal or diffuse (i.e., dispersed within the uterus) and …

Hysteroscopy is used to visually examine the uterine cavity for structural defects, lesions, and other pathology. Pantaleoni conducted the first hysteroscopy in 1869, and subsequent advancements in technology have significantly expanded the …

Sampson’s retrograde menstruation (RM) theory is perhaps the most recognized hypothesis for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In cases operated upon during menstruation, Sampson reported that “bits of viable appearing uterine mucosa surrounded by …

In the last decade, several studies have evaluated the potential role of endometriosis in determining an adverse obstetric outcome. However, previous studies evaluating obstetric outcome in women with adenomyosis have reported conflicting results.