While preventive medicine has always been a fundamental component of Hippocratic medicine, the advent of predictive medicine and predictive health represents a significant evolution in the modern healthcare field, with a shift towards a focus on …

Thyroid carcinomas constitute the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, the frequency of which has increased over the last few decades. This is partly because of better diagnostic methods, screening control programs, and changes in …

Aging is a significant risk factor for the morbidity and mortality associated with the majority of chronic diseases. It is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to …

Sexual dimorphism is evident in several key metabolic processes, extending to the pathophysiology, incidence, and progression of cardiometabolic diseases and forming distinct risk profiles between men and women. This review provides insights into …

In recent years, the global prevalence of diabetes has increased significantly, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being recognized as a major public health concern. Its intricate and heterogeneous pathophysiology, the potential for serious complications …

C-peptide, which is co-secreted in equimolar amounts with insulin, is a widely-used biomarker of pancreatic beta (β)-cell function [ 1 ]. Studies have shown that C-peptide replacement therapy reduced the severity of various complications associated …

In 480 BCE Leonidas (540 − 480 BCE), king of Sparta, led an alliance of approximately 7,000 Greek warriors (including 300 Spartans) to the Battle of Thermopylae, at which they faced a vastly superior Persian army under Xerxes I, estimated at about …

Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs is considered the most potent intervention for patients with advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms, even as a first- or second-line treatment. The …

The GNAS locus is characterized by imprinting patterns of high complexity, with different tissues presenting maternal, paternal, or biallelic expression. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of the GNAS gene (OMIM 139320) have been described in …

The catecholamines epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) are essential neurotransmitters and hormones that are released both from sympathetic neuronal nerve terminals throughout the body and from chromaffin medullary cells in the adrenal …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence [ 1 , 2 ]. While vascular complications are well-characterized, musculoskeletal manifestations are also common, yet often overlooked [ 3 ]. Notably …

The use of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many different types of solid tumors in recent years [ 1 ]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that target the cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) …

Biguanide drugs have been used for the treatment of diabetes melitus (DM) for more than 70 years [ 1 ]. In particular, metformin is probably the most prescribed antihyperglucemic drug worldwide and is administered on a daily basis to more than 200 …

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the adrenal medulla or from extra-adrenal locations (sympathetic paraganglia in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, as well as parasympathetic paraganglia in the …

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. It is associated with numerous chronic diseases that negatively affect both quality of life and …

Ethylene oxide (EO), an organic compound, is widely used to sterilize medical instruments and food. Despite being classified as a class I carcinogen by the Cancer Research Institute of the World Health Organization, EO is still used to sterilize …

Pregnancy results in anatomical and physiological changes, some affecting maternal nutritional status and metabolism and others modifying circadian rhythms [ 1 ]. Studies in C57Bl/6J mice have demonstrated attenuation of peripheral clock gene …

Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS; OMIM #194190) is a rare contiguous gene deletion syndrome caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3). Its estimated prevalence ranges from 1 in 20,000 and 1 in 50,000 live births with a …

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a liver condition linked to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome marked by fat accumulation in the liver unrelated to alcohol consumption [ 1 , 2 ]. Due to its strong …