Background
Methods
Study design and date
Study location
Population
Sample size calculation
Sampling methods and techniques and data collection process
Measures
Study tool
Socioeconomic characteristics variables
Awareness of labour analgesia
Attitude towards labour analgesia
Desire to have labour analgesia
Pilot study
Ethical consideration
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic information for the study participants
Variable | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 18–24 | 222 | 32.5 |
25–31 | 312 | 45.7 | |
> 31 | 149 | 21.8 | |
Educational level | Primary | 178 | 26.1 |
Secondary | 428 | 62.7 | |
University | 1 | 1 | |
master | 56 | 8.2 | |
No formal education | 20 | 2.9 | |
Partial status | nulliparous | 225 | 32.9 |
parous | 458 | 67.1 | |
Occupation | Housewife | 409 | 59.9 |
student | 79 | 11.6 | |
Farmer | 3 | 0.4 | |
Government employee | 108 | 15.8 | |
other | 67 | 9.8 | |
unemployed | 17 | 2.5 | |
Previous method of childbearing | Cesarean section | 269 | 39.4 |
normal | 190 | 27.8 | |
Place of birth | At national referral hospital | 424 | 62.1 |
At heath center | 22 | 3.2 | |
At home | 13 | 1.9 | |
Place of residence | Countryside | 358 | 52.4 |
City | 325 | 47.6 | |
Number of family member | 0–4 | 657 | 96.2 |
5–9 | 26 | 3.8 | |
Gestational age in weeks | 1–12 | 149 | 21.8 |
13–28 | 231 | 33.8 | |
> 29 | 303 | 44.4 |
Pregnant females’ awareness of labour analgesia
Variable | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Do you have information about analgesic for obstetric pain? | Yes | 339 | 49.6 |
No | 344 | 50.4 | |
information obtained from | experience in previous deliveries | 86 | 12.6 |
the media or reading | 79 | 11.6 | |
antenatal talks in the hospital / maternal and child | 71 | 10.4 | |
friends or relatives | 70 | 10.2 | |
health care provider | 33 | 4.8 | |
methods of pain relief you heard about | Intramuscular injection in the thigh, shoulder and buttock | 42 | 6.1 |
Inhaled analgesia | 17 | 2.5 | |
Injection in the lower back (epidural, spinal) | 177 | 25.9 | |
Intravenous pethidine or morphine | 59 | 8.6 | |
Massage, deep breathing and similar reassurance | 44 | 6.4 | |
When did you hear about childbirth pain relief? | During previous pregnancy | 224 | 32.8 |
During current pregnancy | 354 | 51.8 | |
During previous child birth | 105 | 15.4 | |
Experience of pain relief methods? | No | 457 | 66.9 |
Yes | 226 | 33.1 | |
Which type of analgesia have you used before? | Lower back analgesia (subdural analgesia) | 69 | 10.1 |
Massage, deep breathing, reassurance | 31 | 4.5 | |
Intramuscular injection (pethidine, diclofenac, or other) | 63 | 9.2 | |
Intravenous (pethidine, tramadol, or other) | 40 | 5.9 | |
Other | 23 | 3.4 |
Pregnant females believes and attitudes towards labour pain
Variable | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Do you have previous birth experience? | No | 232 | 34 |
Yes | 451 | 66 | |
What are your expectations for labour pain (for women who have not yet given birth) | no idea | 68 | 10 |
pain free | 7 | 1 | |
painful | 125 | 18.3 | |
Do you think the pain of childbirth should be relieved? | No | 88 | 12.9 |
Yes | 459 | 67.2 | |
I don’t know | 136 | 19.9 | |
Do you want to relieve labour pain in your next delivery? | No | 104 | 15.2 |
Yes | 455 | 66.6 | |
I don’t know | 124 | 18.2 |
Association between variables and awareness of labour analgesia
Variable | Awareness status | AOR(95%CI) | P - value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Occupation | ||||
House wife | 189 | 220 | 1 | 1 |
Student | 41 | 38 | 2.794(0.967–8.073) | 0.58 |
Farmer | 2 | 1 | 2.224(0.717–6.905) | 0.167 |
Government employee | 59 | 49 | 1.200(0.088–16.439) | 0.891 |
other | 36 | 31 | 1.993(0.657–6.048) | 0.223 |
unemployed | 12 | 5 | 2.067(0.655–6.517) | 0.215 |
Parity | ||||
Nulliparous | 91 | 134 | 1 | 1 |
Parous | 248 | 210 | 1.739(1.258–2.403) | 0.001 |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 98 | 124 | 1 | 1 |
25–31 | 165 | 147 | 1.317(0.869–1.998) | 0.195 |
> 31 | 76 | 73 | 0.928(0.628–1.371) | 0.706 |
Previous method of childbearing | ||||
Cesarean section | 157 | 112 | 1 | 1 |
Normal | 91 | 99 | 0.656(0.451–0.953) | 0.562 |
Place of birth | ||||
At national referral hospital | 237 | 187 | 1 | 1 |
At heath center | 7 | 15 | 0.420(0.124–1.419) | 0.085 |
At home | 4 | 9 | 0.979(0.222–4.306) | 0.952 |
Association between variables and attitude towards labour analgesia
Variable | Attitude status | AOR(95%CI) | P - value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Occupation | ||||
House wife | 135 | 274 | 1 | 1 |
Student | 23 | 56 | 0.903(0.327-2.495) | 0.844 |
Farmer | 3 | 0 | 0.753(0.249–2.278) | 0.615 |
Government employee | 38 | 70 | 2,961,703,879(0) | 0.999 |
other | 21 | 46 | 0.995(0.341–2.902) | 0.993 |
unemployed | 6 | 11 | 0.837(0.273–2.567) | 0.756 |
Parity | ||||
Non- childbearing | 21 | 204 | 1 | 1 |
Childbearing | 205 | 253 | 0.127(0.78 − 0.206) | 0.025 |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 64 | 158 | 1 | 1 |
25–31 | 105 | 207 | 0.654(0.421–1.015) | 0.0.58 |
> 31 | 57 | 92 | 0.819(0.546–1.228) | 0.333 |
Previous method of childbearing | ||||
Cesarean section | 139 | 130 | 1 | 1 |
Normal | 66 | 124 | 2.009(1.370–2.945) | 0.000 |
Place of birth | ||||
At national referral hospital | 196 | 228 | 1 | 1 |
At heath center | 7 | 15 | 4.728(1.035–21.589) | 0.045 |
At home | 2 | 11 | 2.567(0.444–14.822) | 0.292 |
Association between variables and desire for labour analgesia
Variable | Desire status | AOR(95%CI) | P -value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Occupation | ||||
House wife | 306 | 103 | 1 | 1 |
Student | 29 | 50 | 3.342(1.257–8.889) | 0.016 |
Farmer | 3 | 0 | 0.652(0.227–1.877) | 0.428 |
Government employee | 71 | 37 | 1,817,409,198(0-) | 0.999 |
other | 34 | 33 | 2.159(0.769–6.059) | 0.144 |
unemployed | 8 | 9 | 1.159(0.399–3.366) | 0.786 |
Parity | ||||
Nulliparous | 6 | 219 | 1 | 1 |
Parous | 445 | 13 | 0.001(0-0.002) | |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 96 | 126 | 1 | 1 |
25–31 | 219 | 93 | 0.73(0.39 − 0.136) | 0.000 |
> 31 | 136 | 13 | 0.225(0.121-0.418) | 0.000 |
Previous method of childbearing | ||||
Cesarean section | 261 | 8 | 1 | 1 |
Normal | 185 | 5 | 0.882(0.284–2.738) | 0.828 |
Place of birth | ||||
At national referral hospital | 411 | 13 | 1 | 1 |
At heath center | 22 | 0 | 0(0) | 0.999 |
At home | 13 | 0 | 1(0) | 1 |