Background
Methods
Study area
Study design and sampling
Questionnaire survey
Key informant in-depth interviews
Focus group discussions
Data collection and management
Outcome variables
Data analysis
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of PSAC caregivers
Caregivers’ knowledge of schistosomiasis and STH | Caregivers main source of information on schistosomiasis and STH | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | Clinic | Research organization | Community meeting | Media | Relatives/friends |
X
2
p-value
| |
Schistosomiasis transmission | |||||||
No idea | 51 (89.5) | 27 (58.7) | 38 (53,5) | 35 (38.5) | 33 (58.9) | 60 (49.6) | 0.001 |
Incorrect answers | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.5) | 11 (15.5) | 15 (16.5) | 7 (12.5) | 27 (22.3) | |
At least one correct answer | 6 (10.5) | 16 (34.8) | 22 (31.0) | 41 (45.1) | 16 (28.6) | 34 (28.1) | |
Schistosomiasis prevention | |||||||
No idea | 49 (86.0) | 7 (37.0) | 26 (36.6) | 33 (36.3) | 8 (32.1) | 49 (40.5) | 0.001 |
Incorrect answers | 1 (1.8) | 4 (8.5) | 8 (11.3) | 10 (11.0) | 15 (26.8) | 21 (17.4) | |
At least one correct answer | 7 (12.3) | 25 (54.3) | 37 (52.1) | 48 (52.7) | 23 (42.1) | 51 (42.1) | |
Schistosomiasis signs and symptoms | |||||||
No idea | 57 (100.0) | 12 (26.1) | 24 (33.8) | 31 (43.1 | 5 (26.8) | 37 (30.6) | 0.001 |
Incorrect answers | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (4.2) | 22 (24.2) | 9 (16.1) | 27 (22.3) | |
At least one correct answer | 0 (0.0) | 33 (71.7) | 44 (62.0) | 38 (41.8) | 32 (57.1) | 57 (57,1) | |
STH transmission | |||||||
No idea | 28 (49.1) | 27 (58.7) | 43 (60.6) | 38 (41.8) | 31 (55.4) | 74 (61.2) | 0.157 |
Incorrect answers | 9 (15.8) | 5 (10.9) | 11 (15.5) | 16 (17.6) | 11 (19.6) | 21 (17.4) | |
At least one correct answer | 20 (35.1) | 14 (30.4) | 17 (23.9) | 37 (40.7) | 14 (25.0) | 26 (21.5) | |
STH prevention | |||||||
No idea | 14 (24.6) | 22 (47.8) | 30 (42.3) | 28 (30.8) | 21 (37.5) | 43 (35.5) | 0.040 |
Incorrect answers | 11 (19.3) | 7 (15.2) | 10 (14.1) | 21 (23.1) | 12 (21.4) | 38 (31.4) | |
At least one correct answer | 32 (56.1) | 17 (37.0) | 31 (43.7) | 42 (46.2) | 23 (41.1) | 40 (33.1) | |
STH signs and symptoms | |||||||
No idea | 22 (38.6) | 21 (45.7) | 37 (52.1) | 46 (50.5) | 29 (51.8) | 52 (43.0) | 0.720 |
Incorrect answers | 5 (8.8) | 5 (10.9) | 8 (11.3) | 10 (11.0) | 8 (14.3) | 12 (9.9) | |
At least one correct answer | 30 (52.6) | 20 (43.5) | 26 (36.6) | 35 (38.5) | 19 (33.9) | 57 (47.1 |
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants who took part in FGDs and in-depth interviews
Schistosomiasis awareness, knowledge of signs, symptoms, transmission, life cycle and prevention among caregivers
STH awareness, knowledge of signs, symptoms, transmission, life cycle and prevention among caregivers
Caregivers’ knowledge of schistosomiasis and STH signs, symptoms, life cycle, transmission and prevention
Caregivers’ attitudes towards schistosomiasis | Caregivers’ knowledge about schistosomiasis prevention and control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No idea | Incorrect answers | At least one correct |
X
2
p-value
| |
Schistosomiasis is a minor infection that may clear overtime without treatment | ||||
Strongly agree | 97 (51.3) | 30 (15.9) | 62 (32.8) | 0.001 |
Somewhat agree | 43 (50.0) | 10 (11.6) | 33 (38.4) | |
Somewhat disagree | 25 (36.2) | 9 (13.0) | 35 (50.7) | |
Strongly disagree | 27 (27.6) | 10 (10.2) | 61 (62.2) | |
Whether schistosomiasis treatment results in severe, long-term side effects | ||||
Strongly agree | 107 (46.9) | 29 (12.7) | 92 (40.4) | 0.572 |
Somewhat agree | 31 (39.7) | 13 (16.7) | 34 (43.6) | |
Somewhat disagree | 24 (46.2) | 5 (9.6) | 23 (44.2) | |
Strongly disagree | 30 (35.7) | 12 (14.3) | 42 (50.0) | |
Schistosomiasis treatment is costly | ||||
Strongly agree | 68 (47.9) | 16 (11.3) | 58 (40.8) | 0.015 |
Somewhat agree | 36 (47.4) | 16 (21.1) | 24 (31.6) | |
Somewhat disagree | 43 (46.7) | 13 (14.1) | 36 (39.1) | |
Strongly disagree | 45 (34.1) | 14 (10.6) | 73 (55.3) | |
Caregivers’ attitudes towards STH | Caregivers’ knowledge of STH prevention and control | |||
STH are minor infections that cause no harm to the body | ||||
Strongly agree | 14 (24.1) | 16 (27.6) | 28 (48.3) | 0.018 |
Somewhat agree | 27 (48.2) | 12 (21.4) | 17 (30.4) | |
Somewhat disagree | 29 (44.6) | 18 (27.7) | 18 (27.7) | |
Strongly disagree | 88 (33.5) | 53 (20.2) | 122 (46.4) | |
STH only affects adults and not children | ||||
Strongly agree | 32 (35.2) | 21 (23.1) | 38 (41.8) | 0.203 |
Somewhat agree | 36 (45.0) | 18 (22.5) | 26 (32.5) | |
Somewhat disagree | 31 (39.2) | 20 (25.3) | 28 (35.4) | |
Strongly disagree | 59 (30.7) | 40 (20.8) | 93 (48.4) | |
STH treatment is costly | ||||
Strongly agree | 37 (43.0) | 22 (25.6) | 27 (31.4) | 0.021 |
Somewhat agree | 38 (45.2) | 20 (23.8) | 26 (31.0) | |
Somewhat disagree | 25 (29.8) | 21 (25.0) | 38 (45.2) | |
Strongly disagree | 58 (30.9) | 36 (19.1) | 94 (50.0) |
Caregivers’ knowledge of schistosomiasis and STH and their main source of information
Schistosomiasis | Soil transmitted helminths | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Response | Practices | X2 p-value | Knowledge | X2 p-value | Practices | X2 p-value | Knowledge | X2 p-value | |||||
Poor: n (%) | Good: n (%) | Poor: n (%) | Good: n (%) | ||||||||||
Gender | Male | 6 (1.4) | 22 (4.98) | 0.113 | 26 (5.9) | 2 (0.5) | 0.222 | 9 (2.0) | 19 (4.2) | 0.464 | 21 (4.8) | 7 (1.6) | 0.444 |
Female | 150 (33.9) | 264 (59.7) | 349 (79.0) | 45 (10.2) | 107 (24.2) | 307 (69.5) | 335 (75.8) | 79 (17.9) | |||||
Age | 15–34 | 91 (20.6) | 188 (42.5) | 0.123 | 238 (53.4) | 41 (9.3) | 0.722 | 63 (14.3) | 216 (48.9) | 0.022 | 226 (51.1) | 53 (12.0) | 0.749 |
35+ | 65 (14.7) | 98 (22.2) | 137 (31.0) | 26 (5.9) | 53 (12.0) | 119 (26.9) | 130 (29.4) | 33 (7.5) | |||||
Marital status | Married | 12 (2.7) | 30 (6.8) | 0.546 | 36 (8.1) | 6 (1.2) | 0.397 | 13 (2.9) | 29 (6.6) | 0.708 | 30 (6.8) | 12 (2.7) | 0.130 |
Widowed | 4 (0.9) | 10 (2.26) | 13 (2.9) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.7) | 11 (2.5) | 14 (3.2) | 0 (0) | |||||
Single – never married | 130 (29.4) | 234 (52.9) | 305 (69.0) | 59 (13.3) | 96 (21.7) | 268 (60.6) | 294 (66.5) | 70 (15.8) | |||||
Divorced | 10 (2.3) | 12 (2.7) | 21 (4.8) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.9) | 18 (4.1) | 18 (4.1) | 4 (0.9) | |||||
Formal education level | None | 24 (5.4) | 41 (9.3) | 0.149 | 54 (12.2) | 11 (2.5) | 0.009 | 20 (4.5) | 45 (10.2) | 0.838 | 55 (12.4) | 11 (2.5) | 0.826 |
Primary | 32 (7.2) | 71 (16.1) | 96 (21.7) | 7 (1.6) | 27 (6.1) | 76 (17.2) | 82 (18.6) | 21 (4.8) | |||||
Secondary | 98 (22.2) | 160 (36.2) | 209 (47.3) | 49 (11.1) | 65 (14.7) | 193 (43.7) | 206 (46.6) | 52 (11.8) | |||||
Post-secondary | 2 (0.5) | 14 (3.2) | 16 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.9) | 12 (2.7) | 14 (3.2) | 2 (0.5) | |||||
Main source of family Income | Grant | 136 (30.8) | 242 (54.8) | 0.731 | 322 (72.9) | 56 (12.7) | 0.632 | 92 (20.8) | 286 (64.7) | 0.070 | 306 (69.2) | 72 (16.3) | 0.357 |
Vending | 17 (3.8) | 36 (8.1) | 43 (9.7) | 10 (2.26) | 19 (4.2) | 34 (7.7) | 43 (9.7) | 10 (2.3) | |||||
Wage/salary | 3 (0.7) | 8 (1.8) | 10 (2.26) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (1.1) | 6 (1.4) | 7 (1.6) | 14 (3.2) | |||||
Source of Information | None | 21 (4.8) | 65 (14.7) | 0.003 | 81 (18.3) | 5 (1.1) | 0.002 | 19 (4.2) | 38 (8.6) | 0.472 | 56 (12.7) | 1 (0.2) | 0.013 |
Community meetings | 21 (4.8) | 46 (10.4) | 55 (12.4) | 12 (2.7) | 20 (4.5) | 71 (16.1) | 34 (7.7) | 12 (2.7) | |||||
Research organizations | 14 (3.2) | 47 (10.6) | 47 (10.6) | 14 (3.17) | 20 (4.5) | 51 (11.5) | 57 (12.9) | 14 () | |||||
Clinic/hospital | 10 (2.3) | 18 (4.1) | 18 (4.1) | 10 (2.26) | 8 (1.8) | 38 (8.6) | 69 (15.6) | 22 () | |||||
Media (Radio/TV) | 14 (3.2) | 13 (2.9) | 23 (5.2) | 4 (0.9) | 15 (3.4) | 41 (9.3) | 43 (9.7) | 13 () | |||||
Relatives and friends | 76 (17.2) | 97 (21.9) | 151 (34.2) | 22 (5.0) | 34 (7.7) | 87 (19.7) | 97 (21.9) | 24 () |
Knowledge, attitudes, practices and control of schistosomiasis and STH
Disease | Variable | Categories | Practices | Knowledge Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
STH | Formal education level | No formal schooling | – | 1 | 1 |
Primary | – | 0.935 (0.456–1.918) | 1.010 (0.481–2.122) | ||
Secondary and above | – | 0.335 (0.146–0.766)a | 0.344 (0.148–0.798)a | ||
Source of Information on STH | None | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Community meetings | 2.425 (1.363–4.316)a | 0.424 (0.155–1.161) | 0.447 (0.162–1.233) | ||
Research organizations | 1.716 (0.945–3.118) | 1.498 (0.695–3.228) | 1.632 (0.749–3.555) | ||
Clinic/hospital | 2.630 (1.349–5.130)a | 2.044 (0.970–4.310) | 2.109 (0.993–4.482) | ||
Media (Radio/TV) | 1.410 (0.615–3.232) | 3.813 (1.561–9.314)a | 3.744 (1.518–9.232)a | ||
Relatives and friends | 0.728 (0.323–1.639) | 1.194 (0.377–3.778) | 1.453 (0.450–4.698) | ||
Schistosomiasis | Age group | 15–34 | 1 | – | – |
35–70 | 1.652 (1.073–2.543)a | – | – | ||
Source of Information on STH | None | 1 | – | ||
Community meetings | 0.072 (0.010–0.548)a | – | |||
Research organizations | 1.426 (0.644–3.160) | – | |||
Clinic/hospital | 0.993 (0.476–2.072) | – | |||
Media (Radio/TV) | 1.289 (0.669–2.483) | – | |||
Relatives and friends | 1.222 (0.569–2.625) | – |