Background
Methods
Recruitment process and definition of terms
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Characteristic | Proportion (%) |
---|---|
Age (Mean, SD) | 40.5 (13.0) |
Range | 18–77 |
Age group | |
18–34 | 379 (35.7%) |
35–54 | 525 (49.3%) |
≥ 55 | 159 (15.0%) |
Sex | |
Male | 471 (44.3%) |
Female | 592 (55.7%) |
Education | |
No Formal | 22 (02.1%) |
Primary | 404 (38.0%) |
Secondary | 385 (36.2%) |
University | 252 (23.7%) |
Marital status | |
Single | 279 (26.3%) |
Married | 711 (66.9%) |
Divorced | 26 (02.5%) |
Widowed | 47 (04.4%) |
Occupation | |
Jobless | 112 (10.5%) |
Student | 54 (05.1%) |
Self-employed | 640 (60.2%) |
Employed | 204 (19.2%) |
Retired | 53 (05.0%) |
Residence | |
Urban | 907 (85.3%) |
Rural | 156 (14.7%) |
Region of Residence | |
Dar es Salaam | 752 (70.7%) |
Other regions | 311 (29.3%) |
Relationship to Patient | |
Spouse | 142 (13.4%) |
Child | 661 (62.2%) |
Sibling | 162 (15.2%) |
Parent | 38 (03.6%) |
Friend | 60 (05.6%) |
Health insured | |
Yes | 358 (33.7%) |
No | 705 (66.3%) |
Perceived health status | |
Good | 439 (41.3%) |
Average | 577 (54.3%) |
Bad | 47 (04.4%) |
When last check-up | |
Never | 583 (54.9%) |
Within a Year | 399 (37.5%) |
Over a Year | 81 (07.6%) |
Personal Disease History (% Yes) | |
CVD/Hypertension | 204 (19.2%) |
Diabetes | 43 (04.1%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 12 (01.1%) |
HIV/AIDS | 26 (02.5%) |
Cancer | 6 (0.6%) |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 19 (01.8%) |
Chronic back pain | 83 (07.8%) |
Knowledge of CVD risk factors (self-reported) | |
Yes | 366 (34.4%) |
No | 697 (65.6%) |
Family history of CVD | |
Yes | 389 (36.6%) |
No | 661 (62.2%) |
Don’t know | 13 (01.2%) |
CVD death in the family | |
Yes | 218 (20.5%) |
No | 799 (75.2%) |
Don’t know | 46 (04.3%) |
Smoking status | |
Current | 34 (03.2%) |
Past | 43 (04.0%) |
Never | 986 (92.8%) |
Alcohol intake | |
Yes | 197 (18.5%) |
No | 866 (81.5%) |
Perceived healthy eating | |
Irregularly | 874 (82.2%) |
Regularly | 189 (17.8%) |
≥30 min Exercise (days/week) | |
0 days | 500 (47.0%) |
1–3 days | 300 (28.2%) |
4–6 days | 80 (07.6%) |
7 days | 183 (17.2%) |
Body Mass Index (mean, SD) | 28.0 (5.9) |
BMI categories | |
Underweight | 32 (03.0%) |
Normal | 321 (30.2%) |
Overweight | 358 (33.7%) |
Obese | 352 (33.1%) |
Waist circumference (mean [cm], SD) | 94.6 (13.3) |
Men ≥94 cm | 207 (44.0%) |
Women ≥80 cm | 528 (89.2%) |
Blood Pressure (mean, SD) | |
Systolic Blood Pressure | 128.5 (20.2) |
Diastolic Blood Pressure | 83.0 (13.5) |
Blood Pressure Range | |
< 140/90 | 754 (70.9%) |
≥ 140/90 | 309 (29.1%) |
Blood Sugar Range | |
FBG < 7.0/RBG < 11.1 FBG ≥ 7.0/RBG ≥ 11.1 | 1029 (96.8%) 34 (03.2%) |
Knowledge and attitude regarding CVD risk factors
Item | Question | Correct response | % answered correctly |
---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are diseases of rich people | No | 890 (83.7%) |
Q2 | Smoking does not increase a risk of CVD | No | 818 (77.0%) |
Q3 | Consuming a lot of vegetables and fruits increases the risk of CVD | No | 1006 (94.4%) |
Q4 | Consumption of too much salt is a risk to CVD | Yes | 913 (85.9%) |
Q5 | Having excess body weight increases ones risk of CVD | Yes | 958 (90.1%) |
Q6 | A family history of CVD increases ones risk of acquiring CVD | Yes | 697 (65.6%) |
Q7 | Generally, regular consumption of red meat is healthier than white meat | No | 864 (81.3%) |
Q8 | Cardiovascular diseases are curable upon completion of described dose. | No | 460 (43.3%) |
Q9 | Diabetes increases ones risk of CVD | Yes | 770 (72.4%) |
Q10 | Men are at higher risk of CVDs compared to women | Yes | 410 (38.6%) |
Q11 | Excessive alcohol drinking is dangerous to cardiovascular health | Yes | 958 (90.1%) |
Q12 | CVDs are the leading cause of deaths globally | Yes | 612 (57.6%) |
Q13 | A person may know that he/she has CVD based on signs and symptoms alone | No | 347 (32.6%) |
Q14 | A person with CVD may infect a close person | No | 1006 (94.4%) |
Q15 | High blood pressure is a risk factor of CVD | Yes | 951 (89.5%) |
Q16 | Animal fat is healthier than plant oil | No | 892 (83.9%) |
Q17 | Old age is a risk factor for CVD | Yes | 850 (80.0%) |
Q18 | Stress increases ones risk of acquiring CVD | Yes | 1000 (94.1%) |
Q19 | Exercising regularly is harmful to cardiovascular health | No | 1016 (95.6%) |
Q20 | High cholesterol in blood prevents one from CVD | No | 988 (92.9%) |
Q21 | CVD are not preventable | No | 878 (82.6%) |
Q22 | Doing health check-ups frequently is harmful | No | 1004 (94.5%) |
Mean score (SD), Range 78.2% (10.9), 31.8–100% |
Factors associated with knowledge of CVD risk factors
Characteristic | n | Score < 70 | Score ≥ 70 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age > 40 | 502 | 96 (19.1%) | 406 (80.9%) | |
Age ≤ 40 | 561 | 117 (20.9%) | 444 (79.1%) | 0.46 |
Female | 592 | 121 (20.4%) | 471 (79.6%) | |
Male | 471 | 92 (19.5%) | 379 (80.5%) | 0.72 |
≤Primary education | 426 | 131 (30.8%) | 295 (69.2%) | |
≥Secondary education | 637 | 82 (12.9%) | 555 (87.1%) | < 0.001 |
Single | 279 | 65 (23.3%) | 214 (76.7%) | |
Ever married | 784 | 148 (18.9%) | 636 (81.1%) | 0.12 |
No regular income | 219 | 52 (23.7%) | 167 (76.3%) | |
Regular income generating activity | 844 | 164 (19.4%) | 680 (80.6%) | 0.16 |
Rural | 156 | 39 (25.0%) | 117 (75.0%) | |
Urban | 907 | 174 (19.2%) | 733 (80.8%) | 0.09 |
Uninsured | 705 | 175 (24.8%) | 530 (75.2%) | |
Health insurance | 358 | 38 (10.6%) | 320 (89.4%) | < 0.001 |
BMI ≥ 25 | 710 | 133 (18.7%) | 577 (81.3%) | |
BMI < 25 | 353 | 80 (22.7%) | 273 (77.3%) | 0.12 |
Perception on self-health ≤average | 624 | 119 (19.1%) | 505 (80.9%) | |
Perceive to be in good health | 439 | 94 (21.4%) | 345 (78.6%) | 0.36 |
Never had health check-up | 583 | 118 (20.2%) | 465 (79.8%) | |
Ever had a check-up | 480 | 98 (20.4%) | 382 (79.6%) | 0.94 |
No knowledge of CVD risks (self-reported) Knowledgeable on CVD risks | 697 366 | 171 (24.5%) 45 (12.3%) | 526 (75.5%) 321 (87.7%) | < 0.001 |
No history of CVD death in family | 845 | 191 (22.6%) | 654 (77.4%) | |
Positive history of CVD death | 218 | 25 (11.5%) | 193 (88.5%) | < 0.001 |
No regular exercise | 500 | 115 (23.0%) | 385 (77.0%) | |
Exercises ≥1 day/week | 563 | 101 (17.9%) | 462 (82.1%) | 0.04 |
irregular diet (< 5 days/week) | 691 | 154 (22.3%) | 537 (77.7%) | |
Regular healthy diet (≥5 days/week) | 372 | 62 (16.7%) | 310 (83.3%) | 0.03 |
Current smokers | 34 | 14 (41.2%) | 20 (58.8%) | |
Non-smokers | 1029 | 202 (19.6%) | 827 (80.4%) | < 0.01 |
Current alcohol drinkers | 197 | 40 (20.3%) | 157 (79.7%) | |
Non-drinkers | 866 | 176 (20.3%) | 690 (79.7%) | 1.0 |
Positive personal history of CVD | 204 | 35 (17.2%) | 169 (82.8%) | |
Negative personal history of CVD | 859 | 181 (21.1%) | 678 (78.9%) | 0.21 |
Known to have diabetes | 43 | 10 (23.3%) | 33 (76.7%) | |
Negative diabetes history | 1020 | 206 (20.2%) | 814 (79.8%) | 0.62 |
Age > 40 | Age ≤ 40 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 0.2 | – | – | – |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.3 | – | – | – |
≤Primary education | ≥secondary education | 2.9 | 2.1–3.9 | < 0.001 | 2.6 | 1.9–3.7 | < 0.001 |
Single | Ever married | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.2 | – | – | – |
No regular income activity | Employed/self-employed | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | 0.2 | – | – | – |
Rural | Urban | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.3 | – | – | – |
Uninsured | Insured | 2.3 | 1.6–3.3 | < 0.001 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.3 | 0.03 |
BMI ≥ 25 | BMI < 25 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | < 0.01 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | 0.2 |
≤Average perception | Perceive to be good health | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.9 | – | – | – |
Never had health check-up | Positive check-up history | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.9 | – | – | – |
Irregular diet | Regular healthy diet | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 0.03 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.7 | 0.4 |
No CVD death history in family | Positive history of CVD death | 2.3 | 1.4–3.5 | < 0.001 | 2.2 | 1.4–3.5 | < 0.001 |
Never exercise | Exercises ≥1 day/week | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 | 0.04 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 | 0.2 |
Current smokers | Non-smokers | 2.9 | 1.4–5.8 | < 0.01 | 2.1 | 0.9–4.6 | 0.08 |
Alcohol drinkers | Non drinkers | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 | 1.0 | – | – | – |
Positive hypertension history | Negative hypertension history | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 0.2 | – | – | – |
Diagnosed with diabetes | Negative diabetes history | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | 0.6 | – | – | – |