Background
Methods
Study population
Echocardiography
Treadmill exercise testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Total (N = 111) | LAVI < 29 ml/m2(N = 52) | LAVI ≥ 29 ml/m2(N = 59) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.1 ± 9.2 | 55.9 ± 8.8 | 60.1 ± 9.2 | 0.018 |
Male gender | 60 (54.1) | 30 (57.7) | 30 (50.8) | 0.470 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.8 | 25.6 ± 3.3 | 25.7 ± 4.1 | 0.960 |
Hypertension | 71 (64.0) | 31 (59.6) | 40 (67.8) | 0.370 |
Diabetes mellitus | 23 (20.7) | 9 (17.3) | 14 (23.7) | 0.405 |
Smoking | 9 (8.1) | 5 (9.6) | 4 (6.8) | 0.732 |
Dyslipidemia | 64 (57.7) | 33 (63.5) | 31 (52.5) | 0.245 |
Betablocker | 50 (45.0) | 22 (42.3) | 28 (47.5) | 0.586 |
ACEI/ARB | 40 (36.0) | 19 (37.3) | 21 (35.6) | 0.857 |
Diuretics | 9 (8.1) | 3 (5.7) | 6 (10.2) | 0.503 |
Echocardiographic data
Variables | Total (n = 111) | LAVI < 29 ml/m2(n = 52) | LAVI ≥ 29 ml/m2(n = 59) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
LVDD (mm) | 48.2 ± 4.8 | 47.1 ± 3.7 | 49.1 ± 5.4 | 0.026 |
LVSD (mm) | 27.9 ± 5.3 | 27.7 ± 4.3 | 28.0 ± 6.0 | 0.814 |
IVSd (mm) | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 2.4 | 11.4 ± 2.7 | 0.025 |
LVEDV (ml) | 68.8 ± 16.6 | 65.0 ± 13.9 | 72.1 ± 18.1 | 0.023 |
LVESV (ml) | 20.2 ± 8.0 | 19.4 ± 7.5 | 20.8 ± 8.4 | 0.380 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | 71.1 ± 5.8 | 70.7 ± 5.1 | 71.5 ± 6.4 | 0.450 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 110.2 ± 40.1 | 96.0 ± 22.1 | 123.0 ± 47.8 | < 0.001 |
LA diameter (mm) | 43.0 ± 6.1 | 39.6 ± 5.0 | 46.1 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
E (cm/sec) | 79.4 ± 23.7 | 76.1 ± 21.0 | 82.3 ± 25.8 | 0.168 |
A (cm/sec) | 84.8 ± 23.5 | 80.5 ± 21.8 | 88.6 ± 24.4 | 0.068 |
E/A ratio | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.549 |
DT (ms) | 201.3 ± 40.7 | 197.7 ± 29.6 | 204.6 ± 48.6 | 0.364 |
S’ (cm/sec) | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.136 |
E' (cm/sec) | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 0.033 |
E/E’ratio | 13.6 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 3.0 | 14.9 ± 5.4 | 0.001 |
Diastolic dysfunction | ||||
- Abnormal relaxation | 72 (64.9) | 32 (61.5) | 40 (67.8) | 0.491 |
- Pseudonormalization | 39 (35.1) | 20 (38.5) | 19 (32.2) |
Exercise hemodynamics
Variables | Total (n = 111) | LAVI < 29 ml/m2(n = 52) | LAVI ≥ 29 ml/m2(n = 59) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rest HR (beats/min) | 70.7 ± 14.4 | 74.4 ± 15.7 | 67.5 ± 12.5 | 0.012 |
Peak HR (beats/min) | 137.2 ± 24.5 | 145.1 ± 22.0 | 130.1 ± 24.5 | 0.001 |
Rest SBP (mmHg) | 145.6 ± 19.3 | 139.9 ± 17.9 | 150.5 ± 19.4 | 0.003 |
Peak SBP (mmHg) | 209.4 ± 40.9 | 204.7 ± 38.8 | 213.5 ± 42.6 | 0.258 |
Rest DBP (mmHg) | 79.7 ± 12.8 | 78.1 ± 13.4 | 81.0 ± 12.3 | 0.236 |
Peak DBP (mmHg) | 87.9 ± 18.7 | 86.8 ± 17.2 | 88.8 ± 20.1 | 0.583 |
Rate-pressure products | 28566.9 ± 8300.4 | 29515.1 ± 7832.7 | 27731.2 ± 8671.9 | 0.282 |
Exercise duration (minutes) | 6.8 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 0.005 |
Exercise capacity (METs) | 7.7 ± 1.9 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 0.005 |
Exercise capacity > 7 METs | 73 (65.8) | 43 (82.7) | 30 (50.8) | < 0.001 |
Determinants of exercise capacity
Variables | Total (n = 111) | Exercise capacity < 7 METs (n = 38) | Exercise capacity ≥ 7 METs (n = 73) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.1 ± 9.2 | 61.7 ± 9.2 | 56.3 ± 8.7 | 0.003 |
Male gender | 60 (54.1) | 20 (52.6) | 40 (54.8) | 0.828 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.8 | 27.1 ± 4.0 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 0.004 |
Rest HR (beats/min) | 70.7 ± 14.4 | 70.8 ± 15.5 | 70.7 ± 14.0 | 0.975 |
Peak HR (beats/min) | 137.2 ± 24.5 | 127.3 ± 23.2 | 142.3 ± 23.7 | 0.002 |
LVDD (mm) | 48.2 ± 4.8 | 49.0 ± 5.5 | 47.8 ± 4.4 | 0.238 |
LVSD (mm) | 27.9 ± 5.3 | 28.4 ± 6.3 | 27.6 ± 4.6 | 0.457 |
IVSd (mm) | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 11.6 ± 3.1 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 0.053 |
LVEDV (ml) | 68.8 ± 16.6 | 71.7 ± 19.9 | 67.2 ± 14.4 | 0.175 |
LVESV (ml) | 20.2 ± 8.0 | 21.4 ± 9.5 | 19.5 ± 7.0 | 0.220 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | 71.1 ± 5.8 | 70.8 ± 6.4 | 71.3 ± 5.5 | 0.644 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 110.2 ± 40.1 | 124.4 ± 55.4 | 103.1 ± 27.2 | 0.032 |
LA diameter (mm) | 43.0 ± 6.1 | 45.8 ± 5.2 | 41.7 ± 6.0 | 0.001 |
E (cm/sec) | 79.4 ± 23.7 | 82.9 ± 24.1 | 77.6 ± 23.5 | 0.261 |
A (cm/sec) | 84.8 ± 23.5 | 93.1 ± 24.7 | 80.5 ± 21.8 | 0.006 |
E/A ratio | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.221 |
DT (ms) | 201.3 ± 40.7 | 205.5 ± 48.8 | 199.1 ± 35.9 | 0.438 |
S’ (cm/sec) | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.3 | 0.101 |
E' (cm/sec) | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 0.007 |
E/E’ratio | 13.6 ± 4.6 | 15.2 ± 5.5 | 12.7 ± 3.8 | 0.006 |
LAVI (ml/m2) | 31.4 ± 10.5 | 36.3 ± 12.8 | 28.8 ± 8.0 | 0.002 |
Univariate OR (95% CI) | P-value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.98) | 0.004 | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.018 |
Body mass index | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.95) | 0.005 | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.002 |
Peak heart rate | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) | 0.003 | - | |
A | 0.98 (0.96 to 0.99) | 0.009 | - | |
E’ | 1.42 (1.06 to 1.91) | 0.018 | - | |
E/E’ ratio | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.009 | - | |
LA dimension | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.95) | 0.001 | - | |
LV mass index | 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) | 0.015 | - | |
LAVI | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.97) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | 0.003 |