Introduction
Methods
Data availability
Population
Ethics
Health examination
Echocardiographic examination
Conventional echocardiography
Color tissue Doppler imaging
Follow-up and outcome
Statistics
Demographics | All participants | No DM | DM | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1710 | 1655 (96.8%) | 55 (3.2%) | |
Age (years) | 56.8 (16.3) | 56.4 (16.4) | 65.5 (10.9) | < 0.001 |
Male | 676 (39.5%) | 648 (39.2%) | 28 (50.9%) | 0.08 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.9 (22.4) | 133.4 (22.4) | 148.2 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.8 (12.0) | 77.6 (12.1) | 82.6 (10.3) | 0.002 |
Hypertension | 665 (39.0%) | 625 (37.9%) | 40 (72.7%) | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 96.5 (13.9) | 96.2 (13.9) | 104.5 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.7) | 28.6 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (BPM) | 67 (11) | 67 (11) | 71 (11) | 0.008 |
Smoking | 525 (30.7%) | 504 (30.5%) | 21 (38.2%) | 0.22 |
Ischemic heart disease | 82 (4.8%) | 74 (4.5%) | 8 (14.5%) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 16 (0.9%) | 16 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.46 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.0) | 6.2 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
HBA1c (%) | 5.8 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 76 (16) | 76 (16) | 76 (17) | 0.94 |
Pro-BNP (pmol/L) | 16, (8-30) | 16 (7-30) | 17 (11-30) | 0.47 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.0) | 0.30 |
Blood pressure lowering medication | 222 (13.0%) | 202 (12.2%) | 20 (36.4%) | < 0.001 |
Lipid lowering medication | 224 (13.1%) | 207 (12.5%) | 17 (30.9%) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiography | ||||
LVEF (%) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.9 (1.0) | 0.61 |
LVIDd/height (cm/m) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 0.52 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 85.7 (22.1) | 85.4 (21.9) | 93.0 (24.4) | 0.013 |
PWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
AWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
RWT (cm) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.11) | < 0.001 |
IVSD (cm) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
LV concentric geometry | 361 (21.1%) | 338 (20.4%) | 23 (41.8%) | < 0.001 |
LV hypertrophy categories | < 0.001 | |||
Normal geometry | 1178 (69.1%) | 1153 (69.9%) | 25 (45.5%) | |
Concentric remodeling | 270 (15.8%) | 253 (15.3%) | 17 (30.9%) | |
Eccentric hypertrohpy | 166 (9.7%) | 159 (9.6%) | 7 (12.7%) | |
Concentric hypertrohpy | 91 (5.3%) | 85 (5.2%) | 6 (10.9%) | |
LAVI (mL/m2) | 19.4 (6.7) | 19.4 (6.9) | 20.2 (7.0) | 0.44 |
E (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.18 |
A (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
E/A | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
E/e′ | 10.9 (4.7) | 10.8 (4.6) | 13.2 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
DT (ms) | 165 (39) | 165 (39) | 177 (42) | 0.026 |
s′ (cm/s) | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.16 |
e′ (cm/s) | 7.5 (2.7) | 7.6 (2.7) | 5.9 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
a′ (cm/s) | 6.4 (1.9) | 6.3 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.9) | 0.008 |
Demographics | No LV concentric geometry | LV concentric geometry | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
N | 1349 (78.9%) | 361 (21.1%) | |
Age (years) | 54.6 (16.2) | 64.8 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
Male | 541 (40.1%) | 135 (37.4%) | |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.4 (22.1) | 143.2 (21.2) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.0 (11.5) | 80.7 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 450 (33.4%) | 215 (59.6%) | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 95.1 (13.6) | 101.6 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (3.7) | 25.7 (3.9) | 0.001 |
Heart rate (BPM) | 66 (11) | 68 (12) | 0.006 |
Smoking | 406 (30.1%) | 119 (33.0%) | 0.29 |
Ischemic heart disease | 59 (4.4%) | 23 (6.4%) | 0.11 |
Heart failure | 11 (0.8%) | 5 (1.4%) | 0.32 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.7 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
HBA1c (%) | 5.7 (0.5) | 5.8 (0.5) | 0.23 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.021 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 77 (16) | 74 (16) | < 0.001 |
Pro-BNP (pmol/L) | 15 (7–28) | 20 (9–37) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.8 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure lowering medication | 139 (10.3%) | 83 (23.0%) | < 0.001 |
Lipid lowering medication | 151 (11.2%) | 73 (20.2%) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiography | |||
LVEF (%) | 59.7 (2.0) | 59.8 (1.0) | 0.24 |
LVIDd/height (cm/m) | 2.9 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 83.7 (20.8) | 93.0 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
PWT (cm) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
AWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
RWT (cm) | 0.34 (0.05) | 0.49 (0.07) | < 0.001 |
IVSD (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
LV hypertrophy categories | N/A | ||
Normal geometry | 1178 (87.6%) | 0 | |
Concentric remodeling | 0 | 270 (74.8%) | |
Eccentric hypertrohpy | 166 (12.4%) | 0 | |
Concentric hypertrohpy | 0 | 91 (25.2%) | |
LAVI (mL/m2) | 19.4 (6.7) | 19.6 (7.6) | 0.56 |
E (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
A (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
E/A | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
E/e′ | 10.4 (4.2) | 12.8 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
DT (ms) | 163 (36) | 174 (49) | < 0.001 |
s′ (cm/s) | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
e′ (cm/s) | 7.8 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
a′ (cm/s) | 6.2 (1.9) | 6.9 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
Results
Population, outcome and follow-up
Baseline characteristics of the population stratified per DM at follow-up
Baseline characteristics stratified per LV concentric geometry
Prediction of incident DM in the general population
Unadjusted | Hazard ratio | p-value |
---|---|---|
LV concentric geometry | HR 2.92, 95% CI 1.71–5.00 | < 0.001 |
LVIDD/height (per 1 cm/m increase) | HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.0.29–1.87 | 0.51 |
LVMI (per 5 g/m2 increase) | HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.13 | 0.004 |
IVSD (per 1 mm increase) | HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.18–1.46 | < 0.001 |
PWT (per 1 mm increase) | HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.20–1.52 | < 0.001 |
AWT (per 1 mm increase) | HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.30–1.71 | < 0.001 |
RWT (per 0.1 increase) | HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.38–2.12 | < 0.001 |
LAVI (per 1 mL/m2 increase) | HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.06 | 0.20 |
E (per 10 cm/s decrease) | HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.95–1.34 | 0.17 |
A (per 10 cm/s increase) | HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.33–1.70 | < 0.001 |
E/A ratio (per 0.1 decrease) | HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.15–1.40 | < 0.001 |
E/e′ ratio (per 1 increase) | HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.13 | < 0.001 |
DT (per 10 ms increase) | HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14 | 0.009 |
s′ (per 1 cm/s increase) | HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64–1.02 | 0.07 |
e′ (per 1 cm/s increase) | HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.85 | < 0.001 |
a′ (per 1 cm/s increase) | HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.40 | 0.008 |
Model 1 | Hazard ratio | p-value |
---|---|---|
A (per 10 cm/s increase) | HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.02–1.46 | 0.028 |
LV Concentric Geometry | HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.09–3.38 | 0.023 |
RWT (per 0.1 increase) | HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.09–1.87 | 0.009 |
Model 2 | Hazard ratio | p-value |
---|---|---|
LV Concentric Geometry | HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.11–3.57 | 0.021 |
RWT (per 0.1 increase) | HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06–1.86 | 0.017 |