Background
Maternal mortality in Nigeria
Nigeria: North and South
Current study
Method
Framework
Data source
Study design
Study population
Respondents (living women)
Deceased women (respondents’ siblings)
Variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive analysis
North
Variable | North (n = 32,629) | South (n = 18,863) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Survival status | |||
Alive | 31,452 (96.4) | 18,479 (97.9) | < 0.0001 |
Dead | 1177 (3.6) | 384 (2.0) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Community level | |||
Community wealth (range: 0–1) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.61 (0.18) | < 0.0001 |
Individual level | |||
Age (range: 15–49) | 31.1 (8.77) | 33.62 (8.4) | < 0.0001 |
Social autonomy (range: 0–4) | 1.19 (1.52) | 2.49 (1.38) | < 0.0001 |
Domestic violence (range: 0–4) | 1.38 (1.65) | 0.89 (1.35) | < 0.0001 |
Categorical variables | n (%) | n (%) | |
Distance to facility | |||
Small problem | 20,232 (62.3) | 13,044 (69.4) | < 0.0001 |
Big problem | 12,264 (37.7) | 5754 (30.6) | |
Media exposure | |||
No exposure | 14,106 (43.3) | 2754 (14.6) | |
Low exposure | 13,054 (40.1) | 7353 (39.0) | < 0.0001 |
Medium exposure | 4876 (14.9) | 7619 (40.4) | |
High exposure | 559 (1.7) | 1117 (5.9) | |
Contraception type | |||
No method | 30,232 (92.7) | 13,540 (71.8) | |
Folk/traditional | 400 (1.2) | 2044 (10.8) | < 0.0001 |
Modern | 1997 (6.1) | 2430 (18.6) | |
Education | |||
No education | 21,550 (66.1) | 2189 (11.6) | |
Primary | 5530 (16.9) | 5866 (31.1) | < 0.0001 |
Secondary/higher | 5549 (17.1) | 10,808 (57.3) | |
Religion | |||
Catholics | 1660 (5.1) | 2946 (15.7) | |
Other Christians | 5844 (18.0) | 12,897 (68.6) | < 0.0001 |
Islam | 24,461 (75.4) | 2606 (13.9) | |
Traditionalist/Other | 458 (1.4) | 356 (1.9) | |
Ethnicity North | |||
Fulani | 3928 (12.1) | – | |
Hausa | 13,388 (41.2) | – | |
Kanuri/Beriberi | 1084 (3.3) | – | |
Tiv | 1091 (3.4) | – | |
Yoruba | 1160 (3.6) | – | |
Others | 11,848 (36.5) | – | < 0.0001 |
Ethnicity South | |||
Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1364 (7.3) | |
Igbo | – | 5522 (29.4) | |
Ijaw/Izon | – | 1863 (9.9) | |
Yoruba | – | 5695 (30.3) | |
Others | – | 4371 (23.2) | |
Type of residence | |||
Urban | 7450 (22.8) | 9055 (48.0) | < 0.0001 |
Rural | 25,179 (77.2) | 9808 (52.0) | |
Wealth index | |||
Poor | 19,771 (60.6) | 3096 (16.4) | |
Middle | 6164 (18.9) | 4173 (22.1) | < 0.0001 |
Rich | 6694 (20.5) | 11,594 (61.5) | |
Water quality | |||
Improved | 15,580 (48.1) | 11,501 (62.1) | < 0.0001 |
Unimproved | 16,845 (51.9) | 7032 (37.94) | |
Year | |||
2008 | 15,499 (47.5) | 8389 (44.5) | |
2013 | 17,130 (52.5) | 10,474 (55.5) |
South
Bivariate analyses (ref. Table 2)
North
Variable | North (n = 32,629) OR (95% CI) | South (n = 18,863) OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Community level | ||
Community wealth | 0.17 (0.09–0.32) | 0.36 (0.19–0.68) |
Individual | ||
Age | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) |
Social autonomy | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) |
Domestic violence | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.10 (1.02–1.20) |
Distance to facility | ||
Small problem | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.03 (0.78–1.34) |
Media exposure | ||
No exposure | 1 | 1 |
Low exposure | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 1.52 (1.04–2.23) |
Medium exposure | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 1.40 (0.96–2.04) |
High exposure | 0.61 (0.32–1.14) | 1.35 (0.75–2.43) |
Contraception type | ||
No method | 1 | 1 |
Folk/traditional | 0.82 (0.41–1.62) | 1.48 (1.06–2.06) |
Modern | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) |
Education | ||
No education | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 1.49 (0.99–2.25) |
Secondary/higher | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 1.47 (0.98–2.21) |
Religion | ||
Catholics | 1 | 1 |
Other Christians | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) |
Islam | 1.35 (0.95–1.90) | 0.70 (0.46–1.08) |
Traditionalist/Other | 1.32 (0.74–2.35) | 0.88 (0.37–2.09) |
Ethnicity - North | ||
Fulani | 1 | – |
Hausa | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | – |
Kanuri/Beriberi | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) | – |
Tiv | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) | – |
Yoruba | 0.40 (0.23–0.71) | – |
Others | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | – |
Ethnicity - South | ||
Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1 |
Igbo | – | 0.72 (0.46–1.11) |
Ijaw/Izon | – | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) |
Yoruba | – | 0.41 (0.26–0.65) |
Others | – | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) |
Type of residence | ||
Urban | 1 | 1 |
Rural | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) |
Wealth index | ||
Poor | 1 | 1 |
Middle | 0.99 (0.82–1.22) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) |
Rich | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 1.13 (0.81–1.56) |
Water quality | ||
Improved | 1 | 1.00 |
Unimproved | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) |
Year | ||
2004 | 1 | 1 |
2011 | 0.99 (0.85–1.17) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
South
Multivariable analyses (ref. Table 3)
Variable | North (n = 32,629) OR (95% CI) | South (n = 18,863) OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Community level | ||
Community wealth | 0.14 (0.06–0.33) | 0.38 (0.16–0.89) |
Individual | ||
Age | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) |
Social autonomy | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) |
Domestic violence | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 1.04 (0.92–1.16) |
Distance to facility | ||
Small problem | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) |
Media exposure | ||
No exposure | 1 | 1 |
Low exposure | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.43 (0.89–2.29) |
Medium exposure | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 1.51 (0.93–2.46) |
High exposure | 1.16 (0.55–2.46) | 1.54 (0.70–3.36) |
Contraception type | ||
No method | 1 | 1 |
Folk/traditional | 1.50 (0.73–3.08) | 1.75 (1.20–2.56) |
Modern | 1.44 (0.98–2.10) | 1.21 (0.84–1.77) |
Education | ||
No education | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) |
Secondary/higher | 0.53 (0.39–0.74) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) |
Religion | ||
Catholics | 1 | 1 |
Other Christians | 1.07 (0.61–1.86) | 0.96 (0.61–1.49) |
Islam | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | 0.99 (0.55–1.79) |
Traditionalist/Other | 1.19 (0.54–2.59) | 1.16 (0.42–3.24) |
Ethnicity - North | ||
Fulani | 1 | – |
Hausa | 0.82 (0.64–1.06) | – |
Kanuri/Beriberi | 1.04 (0.65–1.64) | – |
Tiv | 0.98 (0.53–1.79) | – |
Yoruba | 1.02 (0.52–1.99) | – |
Others | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | – |
Ethnicity - South | ||
Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1 |
Igbo | – | 1.03 (0.61–1.76) |
Ijaw/Izon | – | 1.20 (0.63–2.32) |
Yoruba | – | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) |
Others | – | 0.69 (0.39–1.19) |
Type of residence | ||
Urban | 1 | 1 |
Rural | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) |
Wealth index | ||
Poor | 1 | 1 |
Middle | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 1.75 (1.04–2.94) |
Rich | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 1.56 (0.92–2.64) |
Water quality | ||
Improved | 1 | 1.00 |
Unimproved | 1.01 (0.84–1.20) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) |
Year | ||
2008 | 1 | 1 |
2013 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 0.90 (0.67–1.19) |