Background
Polyvictimization
Life history of violence among older adults in Sweden
Background characteristics associated with polyvictimization
Resilience factors
Aim and hypotheses
Method
Population and procedure
Women | Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Age | 60–64 | 77 | 28.5 | 82 | 24.3 |
65–69 | 81 | 30.0 | 97 | 28.8 | |
70–74 | 60 | 22.2 | 71 | 21.1 | |
75–79 | 34 | 12.6 | 53 | 15.7 | |
80–85 | 18 | 6.7 | 34 | 10.1 | |
Civil state | Single | 68 | 25.2 | 55 | 16.7 |
Partner | 202 | 74.8 | 280 | 83.32 | |
Subjective social status (score) | 1–4 | 62 | 25.3 | 64 | 20.2 |
5–7 | 146 | 59.6 | 201 | 63.4 | |
8–10 | 37 | 15.1 | 52 | 16.4 | |
Social support | No | 31 | 12.1 | 52 | 16.0 |
Yes | 226 | 87.9 | 273 | 84.0 |
Measurements
Life history of violence
Women | Men | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Any violence | 67 | 24.8 | 93 | 27.6 | 0.44 |
One form of victimization | 12 | 4.4 | 35 | 10.4 | 0.01 |
Polyvictimization | 55 | 20.4 | 58 | 17.2 | 0.31 |
Emotional violence | |||||
Systematically repressed, degraded, humiliated | 28 | 10.4 | 32 | 9.5 | 0.71 |
Limited contact with others, controlled | 17 | 6.3 | 19 | 5.6 | 0.72 |
Living in fear because of threats | 19 | 7.0 | 15 | 4.5 | 0.18 |
Any emotional violence | 35 | 13.1 | 41 | 12.4 | 0.80 |
Physical violence | |||||
Hit with fist, hard object, kicked, pushed violently, beaten, thrashed, or similar | 43 | 15.9 | 60 | 17.8 | 0.54 |
Life-threatened, by e.g., trying to strangle you, showing a weapon/knife, or similar | 12 | 4.4 | 27 | 8.0 | 0.07 |
Any Physical violence | 47 | 17.7 | 72 | 22.2 | 0.17 |
Sexual violence | |||||
Sexual humiliation | 7 | 2.6 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.04 |
Touched body parts other than genitals | 25 | 9.3 | 5 | 1.5 | < 0.01 |
Touched or forced to touch genitals, used your body to satisfy him/herself sexually | 26 | 9.6 | 6 | 1.8 | < 0.01 |
Put or tried to put penis or object in vagina, mouth, or rectum | 16 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | < 0.01 |
Any sexual violence | 40 | 15.1 | 7 | 2.2 | < 0.01 |
Kind of perpetrator | |||||
Family | 24 | 8.9 | 22 | 6.5 | 0.27 |
Partner | 33 | 12.2 | 14 | 4.2 | < 0.01 |
Other | 43 | 15.9 | 78 | 23.1 | 0.03 |
Characteristics of victimization (only victims) | |||||
One form of victimization | 12 | 17.9 | 35 | 37.6 | 0.01 |
Low polyvictimization | 38 | 56.7 | 37 | 39.8 | 0.04 |
High polyvictimization | 17 | 25.4 | 21 | 22.6 | 0.68 |
Two or more forms of violence | 42 | 62.7 | 24 | 25.8 | < 0.01 |
Two or more perpetrators | 27 | 40.9 | 21 | 23.6 | 0.02 |
Ill-health
Sense of coherence
Social support
Subjective social status
Statistics
Power calculation
Statistical analysis
One form of victimization (n = 44, 8.2%) | Low polyvictimization (n = 66, 12.2%) | High polyvictimization (n = 34, 6.3%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp (B) | 95% CI | Exp (B) | 95% CI | Exp (B) | 95% CI | |||||
Age | 60–85 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 1.02 |
Sex | Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Male | 2.25 | 1.10 | 4.61 | 0.93 | 0.55 | 1.59 | 1.09 | 0.52 | 2.27 | |
Civil state | Single | 3.39 | 1.60 | 7.20 | 1.60 | 0.82 | 3.14 | 1.38 | 0.57 | 3.32 |
Partner | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Subjective social status | 1–10 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 0.97 | 0.84 | 1.12 | 0.90 | 0.75 | 1.09 |
Social support | No | 2.15 | 0.94 | 4.93 | 1.60 | 0.74 | 3.45 | 4.77 | 2.08 | 10.94 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Results
Aim 1
Aim 2
Aim 3
Effect | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative conditional indirect effect (ab) (Victimization – SOC – Mental health status, moderated by social support) | ||||
With social support | One form of victimization | −0.42 | −1.62 | 0.76 |
Low polyvictimization | −1.14 | −2.29 | −0.21 | |
High polyvictimization | −4.32 | − 7.17 | −2.02 | |
No social support | One form of victimization | −0.58 | −3.28 | 1.95 |
Low polyvictimization | −5.13 | −9.75 | −1.34 | |
High polyvictimization | −4.81 | −7.59 | −2.29 | |
Significance test for moderating effect of social support: Index of moderated mediation for low polyvictimization: 3.98; CI 0.09–8.39 | ||||
Relative conditional direct effect (c’) (Victimization - Mental health status, moderated by social support) | ||||
With social support | One form of victimization | −1.16 | −3.83 | 1.51 |
Low polyvictimization | 0.08 | −2.12 | 2.28 | |
High polyvictimization | −1.65 | −5.09 | 1.79 | |
No social support | One form of victimization | −5.38 | −10.02 | −0.73 |
Low polyvictimization | −6.96 | −12.79 | −1.12 | |
High polyvictimization | −6.19 | −10.75 | −1.63 | |
Significance test for moderating effect of social support: Test of highest order unconditional interaction: p = 0.06 Test of equality means: with social support p = 0.67, no social support p = <0.01 |
Effect | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative conditional indirect effect (ab) (Victimization – SOC– Physical health status, moderated by social support) | ||||
With social support | One form of victimization | −0.25 | −1.58 | 0.87 |
Low polyvictimization | −2.26 | −4.79 | −0.49 | |
High polyvictimization | −2.12 | −4.03 | −0.73 | |
No social support | One form of victimization | −0.18 | −0.83 | 0.30 |
Low polyvictimization | −0.47 | −1.15 | −0.02 | |
High polyvictimization | −1.90 | −3.52 | −0.64 | |
Significance test for moderating effect of social support: Index of moderated mediation for low polyvictimization: 1.79; CI 0.06–4.07 | ||||
Relative direct effect (c’): Victimization - Physical health status (no significant moderation effect of social support) | ||||
One form of victimization | 0.49 | −2.59 | 3.57 | |
Low polyvictimization | −3.58 | −6.35 | −0.81 | |
High polyvictimization | −3.83 | −7.48 | −0.17 |