Background
Methods
Study design
Autonomic function protocol
Heart rate variability analysis
Statistical analysis
Ethics statement
Results
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics
HIV seronegative controls | HIV seropositive | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (3TC, TDF, EFV) | Group 2 (3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r) | |||
Number | 35 | 44 | 42 | |
Males [n (%)] | 21 (60.00) | 28 (63.63) | 23 (54.76) | NS (0.071) |
Females [n (%)] | 14 (40.00) | 16 (36.37) | 19 (45.24) | NS (0.071) |
Age (years)a | 34.00 (22.00) | 40.50 (15.50) | 42.00 (14.25) | NS (0.784) |
Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 24.09 (2.33) | 22.20 (6.88) | 23.02 (6.11) | NS (0.466) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 71.94 (14.41) | 76.00 (13.00) | 72.00 (12.75) | NS (0.751) |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120 (12) | 120 (10) | 117.50 (10) | NS (0.238) |
Diastolic BP [median (mmHg)] | 80 (14) | 80 (10) | 80 (10) | NS (0.170) |
Duration of HIV infection (yr) | - | 10.50 (8.00) | 14.00 (9.25) | NS (0.163) |
Duration of ART use (median) (yr) | - | 10.00 (8.00) | 12.50 (9.75) | NS (0.969) |
CD4 T cell (cells/mm3) | - | 740.0 (540.5) | 521.0 (437.0) | 0.039 |
Tabagism [n (%)] | 2 (5.71) | 20 (45.45) | 9 (21.43) | NS (0.486) |
Etilism [n (%)] | 5 (14.29) | 15 (34.09) | 12 (28.57) | NS (0.298) |
Symptoms [n (%)] | 0 (0) | 10 (22.72) | 8 (19.05) | NS (0.877) |
HRV at the baseline condition
HIV seronegative controls | HIV seropositive | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (3TC, TDF, EFV) | Group 2 (3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r) | |||
Number | 35 | 44 | 42 | – |
Time-domain analysis | – | |||
Mean RRi (ms) | 834.00 (161.10) | 815.75 (206.75) | 835.95 (198.20) | NS (0.830) |
STD RR (SDNN) (ms) | 46.30 (24.90) | 37.65 (26.88) | 35.00 (20.98) | NS (0.147) |
pNN50 | 9.13 (29.27) | 3.00 (11.45)* | 1.45(16.30)* | 0.018 |
RMSSD | 42.15 (29.83) | 23.20 (21.78)* | 23.20 (25.95)* | < 0.001 |
Frequency-domain analysis | ||||
LF (Hz) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.05)* | 0.04 (0.01)* | < 0.001 |
LF power (ms2) | 410.00 (839.20) | 409.00 (550.00) | 291.00 (462.50) | NS (0.674) |
LF (n.u.) | 58.84 (45.08) | 66.75 (17.53) | 67.60 (26.70) | NS (0.149) |
HF (Hz) | 0.29 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.16)* | 0.24 (0.14)* | 0.006 |
HF power (ms2) | 308.90 (506.06) | 177.00 (311.25) | 154.50 (509.75) | NS (0.694) |
HF (n.u.) | 29.40 38.71) | 33.55 (17.53) | 32.40 (26.70) | NS (0.679) |
LF/HF ratio | 2.00 (3.85) | 1.98 (1.74) | 2.09 (2.19) | NS (0.917) |
Non-linear analysis | ||||
Poincaré Plot | ||||
SD1 (ms) | 20.01 (21.11) | 16.80 (15.28) | 16.50 (18.28) | NS (0.771) |
SD2 (ms) | 54.80 (30.69) | 52.45 (32.05) | 46.00 (31.43) | NS (0.499) |
Recurrence plot | ||||
Mean line length (beats) | 12.45 (6.82) | 13.52 (5.86) | 14.18 (7.25) | NS (0.173) |
Max line length (beats) | 200.00 (273.00) | 275.00 (387.75) | 374.50 (335.50) | NS (0.186) |
Recurrence rate (%) | 34.96 (16.15) | 38.17 (11.94) | 39.14 (15.52) | NS (0.284) |
Determinism rate (%) | 98.79 (2.09) | 98.97 (1.06) | 99.00 (1.88) | NS (0.520) |
Detrended fluctuation analysis | ||||
α1 | 1.14 (0.53) | 1.17 (0.24) | 1.09 (0.26) | NS (0.232) |
α2 | 0.91 (0.27) | 0.97 (0.21) | 0.93 (0.28) | NS (0.980) |
Complexity | ||||
Approximate entropy (ApEn) | 1.16 (0.25) | 1.22 (0.24) | 1.25 (1.20) | NS (0.403) |
Sample entropy (SampEn) | 1.38 (0.44) | 1.45 (0.42) | 1.47 (0.56) | NS (0.961) |
Correlation dimension (D2) | 3.30 (2.91) | 1.17 (2.89)* | 0.89 (3.31)* | 0.019 |
Response to the cold face test
HIV seronegative controls | HIV seropositive | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (3TC, TDF, EFV) | Group 2 (3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r) | |||
Number | 35 | 44 | 42 | |
Time-domain analysis | ||||
Mean RRi (%) | + 2.93 (4.51) | + 4.25 (4.11) | + 2.71 (4.61) | NS (0.077) |
STD RR (%) | − 8.58 (25.35) | − 6.65 (33.69) | − 10.58 (22.62) | NS (0.756) |
pNN50 (%) | + 31.24 (128.14) | + 8.85 (97.93) | + 1.87 (113.44) | NS (0.163) |
RMSSD (%) | + 28.85 (28.73) | + 8.76 (27.16)* | + 2.26 (38.71)* | < 0.001 |
Frequency-domain analysis | ||||
LF freq. (%) | 0.00 (20.14) | + 7.50 (9.80) | 0.00 (0.14) | NS (0.648) |
LF power (%) | − 7.38 (73.34) | − 23.17 (70.54) | − 28.26 (55.55) | NS (0.265) |
LF (n.u.) (%) | − 17.47 (30.39) | − 15.80 (27.84) | − 16.65 (25.90) | NS (0.630) |
HF freq. (%) | − 2.86 (15.29) | + 0.77 (73.13) | 0.00 (42.36) | NS (0.274) |
HF power (%) | + 16.43 (64.17) | + 26.29 (76.26) | + 12.23 (89.63) | NS (0.366) |
HF (n.u.) (%) | + 3.78 (78.35) | + 22.22 (58.89) | + 26.76 (63.57) | NS (0.268) |
LF/HF ratio (%) | − 28.57 (82.73) | − 32.31 (45.82) | − 40.83 (50.10) | NS (0.792) |
Non-linear analysis | ||||
Poincaré Plot | ||||
SD1 (%) | − 1.67 (19.33) | + 8.88 (27.90) | + 2.08 (38.00) | NS (0.159) |
SD2 (%) | − 11.54 (25.98) | − 9.63 (40.32) | − 14.36 (23.50) | NS (0.592) |
Recurrence plot | ||||
Mean line length (%) | − 15.67 (59.71) | − 23.37 (36.47) | − 9.64 (30.21) | NS (0.060) |
Max line length (%) | − 29.92 (63.68) | − 53.41 (28.09) | − 42.76 (55.93) | NS (0.054) |
Recurrence rate (%) | − 7.59 (41.91) | − 19.02 (26.01) | − 6.11 (23.10) | NS (0.107) |
Determinism rate (%) | − 0.83 (1.19) | − 0.91 (1.43) | − 0.33 (0.91) | NS (0.077) |
Detrended fluctuation analysis | ||||
α1 (%) | − 6.94 (16.69) | − 14.04 (24.51) | − 11.77 (21.84) | NS (0.085) |
α2 (%) | + 4.51 (37.56) | + 4.45 (23.96) | + 2.50 (29.34) | NS (0.952) |
Complexity | ||||
Approximate entropy (%) | − 5.23 (19.44) | − 11.68 (21.66) | − 11.88 (12.78) | NS (0.194) |
Sample entropy (%) | + 6.25 (29.68) | + 11.97 (40.57) | + 11.31 (26.59) | NS (0.779) |
Correlation dimension (%) | − 13.76 (43.78) | − 4.13 (84.48) | − 12.03 (50.13) | NS (0.849) |
Response to tilt test
HIV seronegative controls | HIV seropositive | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (3TC, TDF, EFV) | Group 2 (3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r) | |||
Number | 35 | 44 | 42 | |
Time-domain analysis | ||||
Mean RRi (%) | − 11.39 (12.51) | − 14.01 (10.00) | − 10.95 (8.68) | NS (0.416) |
STD RR (%) | − 9.43 (45.59) | + 5.08 (37.29) | + 6.29 (66.18) | NS (0.314) |
pNN50 (%) | − 45.47 (92.35) | − 66.97 (41.50) | − 65.04 (116.90) | NS (0.321) |
RMSSD (%) | − 5.60 (44.92) | − 35.96 (31.52) | − 29.16 (59.77) | NS (0.078) |
Frequency-domain analysis | ||||
LF freq. (%) | − 10.10 (26.70) | + 3.75 (41.89) | 0.00 (17.73) | NS (0.279) |
LF power (%) | + 17.01 (189.21) | − 3.38 (103.13) | − 6.14 (135.12) | NS (0.338) |
LF (n.u.) (%) | + 28.35 (36.48) | + 23.45 (32.32) | + 11.93 (35.23) | NS (0.432) |
HF freq. (%) | 0.00 (31.22) | 0.00 (16.91) | − 3.54 (41.69) | NS (0.697) |
HF power (%) | − 60.47 (116.99) | − 62.43 (48.59) | − 52.29 (125.62) | NS (0.886) |
HF (n.u.) (%) | − 52.77 (78.63) | − 43.23 (52.22) | − 33.23 (62.95) | NS (0.120) |
LF/HF ratio (%) | + 155.00 (534.86) | + 119.78 (306.38) | + 81.29 (251.76) | NS (0.408) |
Non-linear analysis | ||||
Poincaré plot | ||||
SD1 (%) | − 7.38 (41.62) | − 34.52 (30.59) | − 27.85 (60.14) | NS (0.364) |
SD2 (%) | − 12.37 (33.74) | + 10.34 (58.18) | + 14.02 (63.19) | NS (0.051) |
Recurrence plot | ||||
Mean line length (%) | + 8.12 (55.04) | + 33.04 (75.52) | + 25.98 (80.96) | NS (0.074) |
Max line length (%) | + 1.16 (116.41) | + 24.62 (111.13) | − 1.67 (122.92) | NS (0.868) |
Recurrence rate (%) | + 2.99 (41.08) | + 26.21 (52.27) | + 21.63 (45.34) | NS (0.089) |
Determinism rate (%) | + 0.01 (2.09) | + 0.58 (0.84) | + 0.54 (1.65) | NS (0.085) |
Detrended fluctuation analysis | ||||
α1 (%) | + 3.52 (40.47) | + 25.40 (30.84) | + 26.19 (34.42) | NS (0.085) |
α2 (%) | + 4.17 (36.00) | + 6.02 (38.05) | + 10.07 (53.89) | NS (0.620) |
Complexity | ||||
Approximate entropy (%) | − 8.13 (32.82) | − 26.73 (25.43) | − 21.14 (19.03) | NS (0.094) |
Sample entropy (%) | − 3.45 (47.53) | − 35.95 (40.50) | − 24.30 (41.60) | NS (0.079) |
Correlation dimension (%) | − 30.77 (84.03) | − 21.96 (68.76) | − 2.85 (166.96) | NS (0.730) |