Introduction
Methods
Data sources
Study selection
Data extraction
Role of the funding source
Results
Calcium intake (mg/day) | Vitamin D statusa (nmol/L) | Country | Survey years | Ages (years) | Female (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | Calcium intake assessment |
N total | Representativeb
| Female:male ratio | Age analysesc
| SES analysesc
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
175
|
nd
|
Nepal
|
2003
|
≥ 20
|
62
|
19.4
|
FFQ and food record
|
317
|
No (local, small)
|
0.85
| ||
238
|
nd
|
Uganda
|
nd (pre-2011)
|
nd
d
|
Recall
|
173 households
|
No (local, children, small)
| |||||
297
|
nd
|
Colombia
|
2003
|
20–60
|
Food record
|
70
|
No (local, age, small)
| |||||
313
|
> 75
|
Thailand
|
nd (pre-2008)
|
20–85
|
22.4
|
Recall
|
436
|
No (local, small)
|
0.70
| |||
335
|
> 75
|
Gambia
|
2011–2013
|
≥ 40
|
52
|
Food record
|
467
|
No (age, small)
|
0.78
|
Similar
e
| ||
338
|
25–49
|
China
|
2002
|
2−101
d
|
Recall
|
68,962
|
No (children)
|
Rural (vs. urban) lower
| ||||
342
|
nd
|
Indonesia
|
1998
|
nd
|
nd
|
nd
|
No (old)
| |||||
345
|
> 75
|
Vietnam
|
2000
|
nd
|
FFQ
|
4080
|
No (local)
| |||||
358
|
nd
|
Burkina Faso
|
2006
|
nd
|
Recall
|
1005 households
|
No (local)
| |||||
384
f
|
nd
|
Ecuador
|
2012
|
19–60
|
Recall
|
10,592
|
No (age)
|
0.96
| ||||
393
|
nd
|
Cape Verde
|
2002
|
All
d
|
Food record
|
4824 households
|
No (children)
| |||||
399
|
25–49
|
Malaysia
|
2002–2003
|
18–59
|
52
|
Recall
|
6886
|
No (age)
|
0.99
|
Similar
e
|
Rural (vs. urban) lower
| |
427 | nd | Argentina | 2004–2005 | 18–49 | 100 | nd | 4819 | No (age, women) | ||||
429 | 25–49 | India | 2011–2012 | ≥ 18 | 50 | Recall | 306,329 | Yes | 0.83 | |||
440 | nd | Philippines | 2003 | Alld
| Food record | 25,882 | No (children) | |||||
444 | nd | Mali | 2007 | 15–49 | 100 | Recall | 108 | No (local, women, small) | ||||
458 | nd | Bolivia | 2002 | nd | FFQ | 5746 households | Yes | |||||
462 | nd | Pakistan | 2008 | ≥ 18 | 100 | 23.8 | Recall | 200 | No (local, women, small) | |||
471 | nd | Tanzania | 1987 | 35–74 | Recall | 173 | No (local, age, small, old) | Urban 0.91, rural 1.13 | Older lower | Rural (vs. urban) higher | ||
479 | 25–49 | South Africa | 1983–2000 | ≥ 15 | Recall | 3231 | No (old) | 0.65 | ||||
483 | 25–49 | South Korea | 2010–2012 | ≥ 19 | 50 | Recall | 15,603 | Yes | Food insufficient lower | |||
487 | nd | Barbados | 2000 | ≥ 18 | 25.8 | FFQ and recall | 1739 | Yes | 0.89g
| Older higher | ||
488 | 50–74 | Norway | 1994–1995 | 24–70 | 25.6 | FFQ | 18,914 | No (age, old) | 0.81 | |||
489 | nd | Guam | nd (early 2000s) | 18–83 | Recall | 400 | No (small) | 0.87 | ||||
492 | 50–74 | Israel | 1999–2001 | 25–64 | Recall | 2782 | No (age, old) | |||||
495 | nd | Egypt | 2004 | 20–60 | 100h
| Recall | 1090 | No (age, women) | ||||
498 | nd | Myanmar | 1998 | nd | nd | nd | No (old) | |||||
505
|
50–74
|
Brazil
i
|
2009
|
20–59/≥ 60
|
25.5/nd
|
Food record
|
21,003/4322
|
No (age)
|
0.89/0.95
|
Income groups similar
| ||
507
|
nd
|
Palestine
|
nd (pre-2012)
|
31–50
|
100
|
Recall
|
149
|
No (local, age, women, small)
| ||||
529
|
nd
|
Bangladesh
|
2011
|
All
d
|
51
|
Unclear
|
31,066
|
No (children)
|
0.96
|
Rural (vs. urban) lower
| ||
533
|
50–74
|
Japan
|
2003–2007
|
18–74
|
Food record
|
22,712
|
No (age)
|
0.99
| ||||
587
|
> 75
|
Taiwan
|
2005–2008
|
19–64
|
Recall
|
1942
|
No (age)
|
0.92
| ||||
588
|
nd
|
Botswana
|
2007
|
18–75
|
80
|
26.2
|
Recall
|
79
|
No (local, age, small)
| |||
607 | nd | Tonga | 2005–2006 | 40–59 | 32.2 | Recall | 34 | No (local, age, small) | 0.76 | |||
616 | nd | Algeria | 2009–2010 | 41–66 (71% of sample) | 27.1 | Recall | 176 | No (local, age, small) | 1.18 | |||
636 | nd | Nigeria | 2003–2004 | ndd
| FFQ | 13,142 households | No (children) | Rural (vs. urban) lower | ||||
664 | nd | Ethiopia | 2005 | ≥ 18 | 22.8 | Recall | 356 | No (local, small) | 0.75 | |||
672 | nd | Morocco | 2004 | ≥ 16 | 61 | FFQ | 691 | No (local, small) | Older lower | |||
673 | nd | Hungary | 2009 | ≥ 19 | FFQ | 3077 | Yes | 0.93 | Older lower | |||
673 | nd | Costa Rica | 1996–1998 | 20–65 | 50 | Recall | 60 | No (age, small, old) | ||||
695 | nd | Kuwait | 2008–2009 | ≥ 19 | 55.3 | Recall | 1049 | Yes | 0.79 | Similare
| ||
702
|
nd
|
Chile
i
|
2014/2012
|
≥ 65/35–70
|
61/nd
|
27.4/29.1
|
FFQ
|
597/66
|
No (local, age, small)
| |||
728
|
50–74
|
Belgium
|
2004
|
≥ 19
|
Recall
|
nd
|
Yes
|
0.88
|
Older lower
| |||
760
|
50–74
|
Cameroon
|
2001
|
nd
|
nd
|
557 households
|
No (local, small)
| |||||
765
|
25–49
|
Italy
|
2005–2006
|
≥ 18
|
25.4
|
Recall
|
2831
|
Yes
|
0.91
|
Older higher
| ||
773
|
25–49
|
Austria
|
nd (pre-2004)
|
≥ 55
|
nd
|
641
|
No (age, small)
|
1.06
| ||||
782
|
50–74
|
Czech Republic
|
2005
|
45–69
|
27.8
|
FFQ
|
7913
|
No (local, age)
|
1.16
| |||
787
|
50–74
|
Canada
|
2004
|
≥ 19
|
Recall
|
35,107
|
Yes
|
0.86
|
Older lower
| |||
788
|
25–49
|
Russia
|
2005
|
45–69
|
26.5
|
FFQ
|
9098
|
No (local, age)
|
0.95
| |||
789
|
50–74
|
Spain
|
2002–2003
|
≥ 19
|
Recall
|
1923
|
Yes
|
0.94
|
Older lower
| |||
794
|
nd
|
Singapore
|
2010
|
18–69
|
50
|
FFQ
|
1647
|
No (age)
|
0.94
|
Older lower
| ||
805 | 50–74 | Australia | 2011–2012 | ≥ 19 | 53 | Recall | 9338 | Yes | 0.86 | Older lower | ||
805 | nd | Mexico | 2006 | 20–59 | 60 | FFQ | 15,746 | No (age) | 0.9 | Urban vs. rural similar | ||
807 | 25–49 | New Zealand | 2009 | ≥ 19 | 27.6 | Recall | 4721 | Yes | 0.83g
| Older lower | ||
830 | 25–49 | Polandi
| 2002–2005/2010–2011 | 45–69/45–64 | 27.1/29.1 | FFQ | 9859/3862 | No (local, age) | 1.03/1.07 | Rural (vs. urban) lower | ||
837 | nd | Jamaica | nd (pre-2000) | 25–74 | 60 | 26.7 | Recall | 73 | No (local, age, small, old) | |||
838 | nd | Serbia | 1998 and 2003 | 30–74 | Food record | 1305 | No (age) | younger 0.77, older 0.92 | Older lower | |||
856 | 25–49 | Jordan | 2012 | ≥ 18 | 51 | Recall | 55 | No (small) | ||||
859 | 25–49 | Iran | 2001 | ≥ 40 | Recall | 1922 | No (local, age) | 0.91 | Older lower | |||
865 | nd | Latvia | 1997 | 19–64 | Recall | 32 | No (age, small, old) | |||||
877 | 50–74 | France | 2005–2007 | 18–79 | Food record | 1082 | Yes | Middle-age higher | ||||
923
|
nd
|
Portugal
|
1999–2003
|
≥ 19
|
FFQ
|
2974
|
Yes
|
1.09
|
Older lower
| |||
934
|
50–74
|
USA
|
2001–2010
|
≥ 19
|
28.4
|
Recall
|
22,823
|
Yes
| ||||
942
|
25–49
|
Greece
|
1992–2001
|
33–72 (95% of sample)
|
59
|
Recall
|
1982
|
No (age, old)
| ||||
958
|
25–49
|
Denmark
|
2000–2004
|
18–75
|
Food record
|
4479
|
Yes
|
0.94
|
Older lower
| |||
965
|
nd
|
Croatia
|
nd (early 2000s)
|
18–55
|
71
|
23.3
|
FFQ
|
161
|
No (local, age, small)
|
0.82
| ||
992
|
>75
|
Sweden
i
|
1997
|
49–83/45–79
|
100/0
|
24.7/25.7
|
FFQ
|
61,433/48,850
|
No (age, old)
|
0.85
| ||
994
|
50–74
|
UK
|
1992–2004
|
25–72 (95% of sample)
|
70
|
Recall
|
5885
|
No (age)
| ||||
1067 | 50–74 | Switzerland | 2006–2012 | 35–74 | 50 | 25.1 | FFQ | 4307 | No (local, age) | 0.90 | ||
1068 | 25–49 | Germany | 2005–2007 | ≥ 19 | Recall | 13,959 | Yes | 0.91 | Older lower | |||
1080 | nd | Ireland | 2010 | 18–90 | Food record | 1499 | Yes | |||||
1097f
| 25–49 | Finland | 2002 | 25–64 | Recall | 2007 | No (age) | 0.89 | ||||
1102 | 50–74 | Netherlands | 2010 | 19–69 | Recall | 2100 | No (age) | |||||
1233f
| 25–49 | Iceland | 2003 | 30–85 | 52 | FFQ | 944 | No (local, age, small) | Older higher |