Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 11/2010

01.11.2010 | Guidelines

EANM procedure guidelines for therapy of benign thyroid disease

verfasst von: Marcel P. M. Stokkel, Daria Handkiewicz Junak, Michael Lassmann, Markus Dietlein, Markus Luster

Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Ausgabe 11/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The purpose of the present guidelines on the 131I therapy of benign thyroid disorders formulated by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Therapy Committee is to provide advice to nuclear medicine clinicians on how to treat benign thyroid conditions employing optimal 131I activities. The recommendations were formulated based on recent literature and expert opinion regarding rationale, indications and contraindications for the use of 131I procedures, as well as the adequate 131I activities in different thyroid disorders, and the administration and patient preparation techniques to be used. Recommendations are also provided on history and examinations before 131I therapy, patient counselling and precautions associated with 131I therapy. Furthermore, potential side effects and alternative treatment modalities are reviewed. Special attention is paid to these aspects in the treatment of children undergoing this procedure.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat McDermott MT, Woodmansee WW, Haugen BR, et al. The management of subclinical hyperthyroidism by thyroid specialists. Thyroid. 2003;13:1133–9.CrossRefPubMed McDermott MT, Woodmansee WW, Haugen BR, et al. The management of subclinical hyperthyroidism by thyroid specialists. Thyroid. 2003;13:1133–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Freitas JE. Therapeutic options in the management of toxic and nontoxic nodular goiter. Semin Nucl Med. 2000;30:88–97.CrossRefPubMed Freitas JE. Therapeutic options in the management of toxic and nontoxic nodular goiter. Semin Nucl Med. 2000;30:88–97.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinwein D, Benker G, Lazarus JH, Alexander WD, the European multicenter study group on antithyroid drug treatment. A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves’ disease therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1516–21.CrossRefPubMed Reinwein D, Benker G, Lazarus JH, Alexander WD, the European multicenter study group on antithyroid drug treatment. A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves’ disease therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1516–21.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fast S, Nielsen V, Bonnema S, Hegedus L. Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign nontoxic multinodular goitre. Focus on recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;160:517–28.CrossRefPubMed Fast S, Nielsen V, Bonnema S, Hegedus L. Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign nontoxic multinodular goitre. Focus on recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;160:517–28.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Bacci V, et al. Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:780–3.CrossRefPubMed Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Bacci V, et al. Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:780–3.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wesche MF, Tiel-V Buul MM, Lips P, Smits NJ, Wiersinga WM. A randomized trial comparing levothyroxine with radioactive iodine in the treatment of sporadic nontoxic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:998–1005.CrossRefPubMed Wesche MF, Tiel-V Buul MM, Lips P, Smits NJ, Wiersinga WM. A randomized trial comparing levothyroxine with radioactive iodine in the treatment of sporadic nontoxic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:998–1005.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunn J, Block U, Ruf G, Bos I, Kunze WP, Scriba PC. Volumetric analysis of thyroid lobes by real-time ultrasound. Dtsch Med Wschr. 1981;106:1338–40.CrossRefPubMed Brunn J, Block U, Ruf G, Bos I, Kunze WP, Scriba PC. Volumetric analysis of thyroid lobes by real-time ultrasound. Dtsch Med Wschr. 1981;106:1338–40.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Moschetta M, Ianora AA, Testini M, Vacca M, Scardapane A, Angelelli G. Multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative evaluation of retrosternal goiters: a useful procedure for patients for whom magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated. Thyroid. 2010;20:181–7.CrossRefPubMed Moschetta M, Ianora AA, Testini M, Vacca M, Scardapane A, Angelelli G. Multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative evaluation of retrosternal goiters: a useful procedure for patients for whom magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated. Thyroid. 2010;20:181–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1167–214.CrossRefPubMed Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1167–214.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Moka D, Dietlein M, Schicha H. Radioiodine therapy and thyrostatic drugs and iodine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29 Suppl 2:S486–91.CrossRefPubMed Moka D, Dietlein M, Schicha H. Radioiodine therapy and thyrostatic drugs and iodine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29 Suppl 2:S486–91.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Santos RB, Romaldini JH, Ward LS. Propylthiouracil reduces the effectiveness of radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease. Thyroid. 2004;14:525–30.CrossRefPubMed Santos RB, Romaldini JH, Ward LS. Propylthiouracil reduces the effectiveness of radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease. Thyroid. 2004;14:525–30.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN, Veje A, Marving J, Hegedus L. Propylthiouracil before I-131 therapy of hyperthyroid diseases; effect on cure rate evaluated by a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4439–44.CrossRefPubMed Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN, Veje A, Marving J, Hegedus L. Propylthiouracil before I-131 therapy of hyperthyroid diseases; effect on cure rate evaluated by a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4439–44.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Braga M, Walpert N, Burch HB, Solomon BL, Cooper DS. The effect of methimazole on cure rates after radioiodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Thyroid. 2002;12:135–9.CrossRefPubMed Braga M, Walpert N, Burch HB, Solomon BL, Cooper DS. The effect of methimazole on cure rates after radioiodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Thyroid. 2002;12:135–9.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobe C, Weber I, Eschner W, Sudbrock F, Schmidt M, Dietlein M, et al. Graves’ disease and radioiodine therapy: is success of ablation dependent on the choice of thyreostatic medication? Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47:153–66.PubMed Kobe C, Weber I, Eschner W, Sudbrock F, Schmidt M, Dietlein M, et al. Graves’ disease and radioiodine therapy: is success of ablation dependent on the choice of thyreostatic medication? Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47:153–66.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:273–85.CrossRefPubMed Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:273–85.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonnema SJ, Bartelana L, Toft AD, Hegedus L. Controversies in radioiodine therapy: relation to ophthalmopathy the possible radioprotective effect of antithyroid drugs, and use in large goitres. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:1–11.CrossRefPubMed Bonnema SJ, Bartelana L, Toft AD, Hegedus L. Controversies in radioiodine therapy: relation to ophthalmopathy the possible radioprotective effect of antithyroid drugs, and use in large goitres. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:1–11.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Eskes SA, Wiersinga WM. Amiodarone and thyroid. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23:735–51.CrossRef Eskes SA, Wiersinga WM. Amiodarone and thyroid. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23:735–51.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Brogioni S, Scarcello G, Burelli A, Compomori A, et al. Comparison of radioiodine with radioiodine plus lithium in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:499–530.CrossRefPubMed Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Brogioni S, Scarcello G, Burelli A, Compomori A, et al. Comparison of radioiodine with radioiodine plus lithium in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:499–530.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2002;12:399–405.CrossRefPubMed Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2002;12:399–405.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Compomori A, Brogioni S, Traino C, DeMartino F, et al. Treatment with Lithium prevents serum thyroid hormone increase after thionamide withdrawal and radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4490–5.CrossRefPubMed Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Compomori A, Brogioni S, Traino C, DeMartino F, et al. Treatment with Lithium prevents serum thyroid hormone increase after thionamide withdrawal and radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4490–5.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva MN, Rubió IG, Romão R, Gebrin EM, Buchpiguel C, Tomimori E, et al. Administration of a single dose of recombinant human thyrotrophin enhances the efficacy of radioiodine treatment of large compressive multinodular goitres. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60:300–8.CrossRef Silva MN, Rubió IG, Romão R, Gebrin EM, Buchpiguel C, Tomimori E, et al. Administration of a single dose of recombinant human thyrotrophin enhances the efficacy of radioiodine treatment of large compressive multinodular goitres. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60:300–8.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fast S, Nielsen VE, Grupe P, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Optimizing 131I uptake after rhTSH stimulation in patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter: evidence from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:732–7.CrossRefPubMed Fast S, Nielsen VE, Grupe P, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Optimizing 131I uptake after rhTSH stimulation in patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter: evidence from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:732–7.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ, Hegedus L. Transient goiter enlargement after administration of 0.3 mg of recombinant human thyrotropin in patients with benign non-toxic nodular goiter: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1317–22.CrossRefPubMed Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ, Hegedus L. Transient goiter enlargement after administration of 0.3 mg of recombinant human thyrotropin in patients with benign non-toxic nodular goiter: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1317–22.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ, Boel-Jorgensen H, Grupe P, Hegedus L. Stimulation with 0.3 mg recombinant human thyrotropin prior to iodine 131 therapy to improve the size reduction of benign non-toxic nodular goiter: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1476–82.CrossRefPubMed Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ, Boel-Jorgensen H, Grupe P, Hegedus L. Stimulation with 0.3 mg recombinant human thyrotropin prior to iodine 131 therapy to improve the size reduction of benign non-toxic nodular goiter: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1476–82.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachmann J, Kobe C, Bor S, Rahlff I, Dietlein M, Schicha H, et al. Radioiodine therapy for thyroid volume reduction of large goitres. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:466–71.CrossRefPubMed Bachmann J, Kobe C, Bor S, Rahlff I, Dietlein M, Schicha H, et al. Radioiodine therapy for thyroid volume reduction of large goitres. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:466–71.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Cappelen T, Unhjem JF, Amundsen AL, Kravdal G, Følling I. Radiation exposure to family members of patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with iodine-131. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:81–6.CrossRefPubMed Cappelen T, Unhjem JF, Amundsen AL, Kravdal G, Følling I. Radiation exposure to family members of patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with iodine-131. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:81–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch W, Rosa F, Knesewitsch P, Hahn K. Guideline on radiation protection in medicine requires documentation of radioiodine therapy and follow-up: what are the benefits of an electronic database? Nuklearmedizin. 2005;44:49–55.PubMed Koch W, Rosa F, Knesewitsch P, Hahn K. Guideline on radiation protection in medicine requires documentation of radioiodine therapy and follow-up: what are the benefits of an electronic database? Nuklearmedizin. 2005;44:49–55.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Dillehay GL, Ellerbroek NA, Balon H, Brill DR, Grigsby PW, Macklis RM, et al.; American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Practice guideline for the performance of therapy with unsealed radiopharmaceutical sources. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1299–307.PubMed Dillehay GL, Ellerbroek NA, Balon H, Brill DR, Grigsby PW, Macklis RM, et al.; American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Practice guideline for the performance of therapy with unsealed radiopharmaceutical sources. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1299–307.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat International Commission on Radiological Protection. Release of patients after therapy with unsealed radionuclides. Ann ICRP. 2004;34:1–79. Erratum in: Ann ICRP 2004; 34(3-4): 281. Ann ICRP 2006; 36(4):77. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Release of patients after therapy with unsealed radionuclides. Ann ICRP. 2004;34:1–79. Erratum in: Ann ICRP 2004; 34(3-4): 281. Ann ICRP 2006; 36(4):77.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietlein M, Dressler J, Grünwald F, Leisner B, Moser E, Reiners C, et al. Guideline for radioiodine therapy for benign thyroid diseases (version 4). Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46:220–3.PubMed Dietlein M, Dressler J, Grünwald F, Leisner B, Moser E, Reiners C, et al. Guideline for radioiodine therapy for benign thyroid diseases (version 4). Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46:220–3.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN. Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:102–32.CrossRefPubMed Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN. Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:102–32.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieuwlaat WA, Huysmans DA, van den Bosch HC, Sweep CG, Ross HA, Corstens FH, et al. Pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin allows dose reduction of radioiodine therapy in patients with nodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3121–9.CrossRefPubMed Nieuwlaat WA, Huysmans DA, van den Bosch HC, Sweep CG, Ross HA, Corstens FH, et al. Pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin allows dose reduction of radioiodine therapy in patients with nodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3121–9.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietlein M, Dressler J, Eschner W, Lassman M, Leisner B, Reiners C, et al.; für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nuclearmedizin (DGN) und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Physik (DGMP) Procedure guideline for radioiodine test (version 3). Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46:198–202.PubMed Dietlein M, Dressler J, Eschner W, Lassman M, Leisner B, Reiners C, et al.; für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nuclearmedizin (DGN) und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Physik (DGMP) Procedure guideline for radioiodine test (version 3). Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46:198–202.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Stabin MG, Brill AB. State of the art in nuclear medicine dose assessment. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:308–20.CrossRefPubMed Stabin MG, Brill AB. State of the art in nuclear medicine dose assessment. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:308–20.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvatori M, Luster M. Radioiodine therapy dosimetry in benign thyroid disease and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:821–8.CrossRefPubMed Salvatori M, Luster M. Radioiodine therapy dosimetry in benign thyroid disease and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:821–8.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobe C, Eschner W, Wild M, Rahlff I, Sudbrock F, Schmidt M, et al. Radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid disorders: what are the effective thyroidal half-life and uptake of I-131? Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31:201–5.CrossRefPubMed Kobe C, Eschner W, Wild M, Rahlff I, Sudbrock F, Schmidt M, et al. Radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid disorders: what are the effective thyroidal half-life and uptake of I-131? Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31:201–5.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Weetman AP. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66:757–64.CrossRef Weetman AP. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66:757–64.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat de Rooy A, Vandenbroucke JP, Smit JW, Stokkel MP, Dekkers OM. Clinical outcomes after estimated versus calculated activity of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161:771–7.CrossRef de Rooy A, Vandenbroucke JP, Smit JW, Stokkel MP, Dekkers OM. Clinical outcomes after estimated versus calculated activity of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161:771–7.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Leslie WD, Ward L, Salamon EA, Ludwig S, Rowe RC, Cowden EA. A randomized comparison of radioiodine in Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:978–83.CrossRefPubMed Leslie WD, Ward L, Salamon EA, Ludwig S, Rowe RC, Cowden EA. A randomized comparison of radioiodine in Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:978–83.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Boeleart K, Syed AA, Manji N, Sheppard MC, Holder RL, Gough SC, et al. Prediction of cure and risk of hypothyroidism in patients receiving I-131 for hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:129–38.CrossRef Boeleart K, Syed AA, Manji N, Sheppard MC, Holder RL, Gough SC, et al. Prediction of cure and risk of hypothyroidism in patients receiving I-131 for hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:129–38.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobe C, Eschner W, Sudbrock F, Weber I, Marx K, Dietlein M, et al. Graves’ disease and radioiodine therapy: is success of ablation dependent on the achieved dose above 200 Gy? Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47:13–7.PubMed Kobe C, Eschner W, Sudbrock F, Weber I, Marx K, Dietlein M, et al. Graves’ disease and radioiodine therapy: is success of ablation dependent on the achieved dose above 200 Gy? Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47:13–7.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Sisson JC, Avram AM, Rubello D, Gross MD. Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism: fixed or calculated doses; intelligent design of science? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1129–30.CrossRefPubMed Sisson JC, Avram AM, Rubello D, Gross MD. Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism: fixed or calculated doses; intelligent design of science? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1129–30.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivkees SA, Dinauer C. An optimal treatment for pediatric Graves' disease is radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:797–800.CrossRefPubMed Rivkees SA, Dinauer C. An optimal treatment for pediatric Graves' disease is radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:797–800.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Chao M, Jiawei X, Guoming W, Jianbin L, Wanxia L, Driedger A, et al. Radioiodine treatment for pediatric hyperthyroid Graves’ disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:1165–9.CrossRefPubMed Chao M, Jiawei X, Guoming W, Jianbin L, Wanxia L, Driedger A, et al. Radioiodine treatment for pediatric hyperthyroid Graves’ disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:1165–9.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard M, Betteridge J, Boyle P. Cancer incidence and mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a population based cohort study. Lancet. 1999;353:2111–5.CrossRefPubMed Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard M, Betteridge J, Boyle P. Cancer incidence and mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a population based cohort study. Lancet. 1999;353:2111–5.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Dobyns BM, Sheline GE, Workman JB, Tompkins EA, McConahey WM, Becker DV. Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974;38:976–98.CrossRefPubMed Dobyns BM, Sheline GE, Workman JB, Tompkins EA, McConahey WM, Becker DV. Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974;38:976–98.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Boice JD Jr. Radiation induced thyroid cancer – what’s new? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:703–5.CrossRefPubMed Boice JD Jr. Radiation induced thyroid cancer – what’s new? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:703–5.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall P, Holm LE. Late consequences of radioiodine for diagnosis and therapy in Sweden. Thyroid. 1997;7:205–8.CrossRefPubMed Hall P, Holm LE. Late consequences of radioiodine for diagnosis and therapy in Sweden. Thyroid. 1997;7:205–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardis E, Kesminiene A, Ivanov V, Malakhova I, Shibata Y, Khrouch V, et al. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to I-131 in childhood. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:724–32.CrossRefPubMed Cardis E, Kesminiene A, Ivanov V, Malakhova I, Shibata Y, Khrouch V, et al. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to I-131 in childhood. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:724–32.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Read Jr CH, Tansey MJ, Menda Y. A 36-year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;89:4229–33.CrossRef Read Jr CH, Tansey MJ, Menda Y. A 36-year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;89:4229–33.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiners C. Radioactivity and thyroid cancer. Hormones. 2009;8:185–92.PubMed Reiners C. Radioactivity and thyroid cancer. Hormones. 2009;8:185–92.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Harris BS 3rd, Hoffman DA, McConahey WM, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study group. JAMA. 1998;280:347–55.CrossRefPubMed Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Harris BS 3rd, Hoffman DA, McConahey WM, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study group. JAMA. 1998;280:347–55.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivkees SA, Cornelius EA. Influence of iodine-131 dose on the outcome of hyperthyroidism in children. Pediatrics. 2003;111:745–9.CrossRefPubMed Rivkees SA, Cornelius EA. Influence of iodine-131 dose on the outcome of hyperthyroidism in children. Pediatrics. 2003;111:745–9.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivkees SA, Sklar C, Freemark M. Clinical review: the management of Graves’ disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3767–76.CrossRefPubMed Rivkees SA, Sklar C, Freemark M. Clinical review: the management of Graves’ disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3767–76.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Glaser NS, Styne DM. Predictors of early remission of hyperthyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1719–26.CrossRefPubMed Glaser NS, Styne DM. Predictors of early remission of hyperthyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1719–26.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma C, Kuang A, Xie J, Liu GJ. Radioiodine for pediatric Graves’ disease. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006294.pub2 Ma C, Kuang A, Xie J, Liu GJ. Radioiodine for pediatric Graves’ disease. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006294. doi:10.​1002/​14651858.​CD006294.​pub2
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Torring O, Wallin G, Ljunggren JG, Blomgren H, et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1733–8.CrossRefPubMed Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Torring O, Wallin G, Ljunggren JG, Blomgren H, et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1733–8.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell’Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:73–8.CrossRefPubMed Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell’Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:73–8.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall P, Lundell G, Holm LE. Mortality in patients treated for hyperthyroidism with iodine-131. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;128:230–4. Hall P, Lundell G, Holm LE. Mortality in patients treated for hyperthyroidism with iodine-131. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;128:230–4.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucignani G. Long-term risks in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine: is there anything new? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1504–9.CrossRefPubMed Lucignani G. Long-term risks in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine: is there anything new? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1504–9.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickman PW, Holm LE, Lundell G Jr, Hall P. Thyroid cancer risk after thyroid examination with I-131: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 2003;106:580–7.CrossRefPubMed Dickman PW, Holm LE, Lundell G Jr, Hall P. Thyroid cancer risk after thyroid examination with I-131: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 2003;106:580–7.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanyal D, Mukhhopadhyay P, Pandit K, Chatterjee J, Raychaudhuri M, Mukherjee S, et al. Early treatment with low fixed dose (5 mCi) radioiodine therapy is effective in Indian subjects with Graves’ disease. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106:360–361, 372.PubMed Sanyal D, Mukhhopadhyay P, Pandit K, Chatterjee J, Raychaudhuri M, Mukherjee S, et al. Early treatment with low fixed dose (5 mCi) radioiodine therapy is effective in Indian subjects with Graves’ disease. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106:360–361, 372.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadas V, Vilar L, Moura E, Brito A, Castellar E. Evaluation of radioiodine therapy with fixed doses of 10 and 15 mCi in patients with Graves’ disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007;51:1069–76.CrossRef Canadas V, Vilar L, Moura E, Brito A, Castellar E. Evaluation of radioiodine therapy with fixed doses of 10 and 15 mCi in patients with Graves’ disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007;51:1069–76.CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Collier A, Gosh S, Hair M, Malik I, McGarvie J. Comparison of two fixed activities of radioiodine therapy (370 vs. 555 MBq) in patients with Graves’ disease. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8:273–8. Collier A, Gosh S, Hair M, Malik I, McGarvie J. Comparison of two fixed activities of radioiodine therapy (370 vs. 555 MBq) in patients with Graves’ disease. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8:273–8.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen BE, Bonnema SJ, Hegedues L. Glucocorticoids do not influence the effect of radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:15–21.CrossRefPubMed Jensen BE, Bonnema SJ, Hegedues L. Glucocorticoids do not influence the effect of radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:15–21.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunkelmann S, Kuenster H, Nabavi E, Rohde B, Groth P, Schuemichen C. Change in the intrathyroidal kinetics of radioiodine under continued and discontinued antithyroid medication in Graves’ disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:228–36.CrossRefPubMed Dunkelmann S, Kuenster H, Nabavi E, Rohde B, Groth P, Schuemichen C. Change in the intrathyroidal kinetics of radioiodine under continued and discontinued antithyroid medication in Graves’ disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:228–36.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Kubota S, Ohye H, Yano G, Nishihara E, Kudo T, Ito M, et al. Two-day thioamide withdrawal prior to radioiodine uptake sufficiently increases uptake and does not exacerbate hyperthyroidism compared to 7-day withdrawal in Graves’ disease. Endocrine J. 2006;53:603–7.CrossRef Kubota S, Ohye H, Yano G, Nishihara E, Kudo T, Ito M, et al. Two-day thioamide withdrawal prior to radioiodine uptake sufficiently increases uptake and does not exacerbate hyperthyroidism compared to 7-day withdrawal in Graves’ disease. Endocrine J. 2006;53:603–7.CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Walter MA, Crist-Crain M, Schindler C, Mueller-Brand J, Mueller B. Outcome of radioiodine therapy without, on or 3 days off carbimazole: a prospective interventional three-group comparison. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:730–7.CrossRefPubMed Walter MA, Crist-Crain M, Schindler C, Mueller-Brand J, Mueller B. Outcome of radioiodine therapy without, on or 3 days off carbimazole: a prospective interventional three-group comparison. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:730–7.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinhardt MJ, Brink I, Joe AY, von Mallek D, Ezziddin S, Palmedo H, et al. Radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease based on tissue-absorbed dose calculations: effect of pre-treatment thyroid volume on clinical outcome. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29:1118–24.CrossRef Reinhardt MJ, Brink I, Joe AY, von Mallek D, Ezziddin S, Palmedo H, et al. Radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease based on tissue-absorbed dose calculations: effect of pre-treatment thyroid volume on clinical outcome. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29:1118–24.CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunkelmann S, Neumann V, Staub U, Groth P, Kuenstner H, Schuemichen C. Results of a risk adapted and functional radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease. Nuklearmedizin. 2005;44:238–42.PubMed Dunkelmann S, Neumann V, Staub U, Groth P, Kuenstner H, Schuemichen C. Results of a risk adapted and functional radioiodine therapy in Graves’ disease. Nuklearmedizin. 2005;44:238–42.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinhardt MJ, Joe A, von Mallek D, Zimmerlin M, Manka-Waluch A, Palmedo H, et al. Dose selection for radioiodine therapy of borderline hyperthyroid patients with multifocal and disseminated autonomy on the basis of 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:480–5.CrossRefPubMed Reinhardt MJ, Joe A, von Mallek D, Zimmerlin M, Manka-Waluch A, Palmedo H, et al. Dose selection for radioiodine therapy of borderline hyperthyroid patients with multifocal and disseminated autonomy on the basis of 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:480–5.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunkelmann S, Endlicher D, Prillwitz A, Rudolph F, Groth P, Schuemichen C. Results of a TcTUs-optimized radioiodine therapy of multifocal and disseminated functional thyroid autonomy. Nuklearmedizin. 1999;38:131–9.PubMed Dunkelmann S, Endlicher D, Prillwitz A, Rudolph F, Groth P, Schuemichen C. Results of a TcTUs-optimized radioiodine therapy of multifocal and disseminated functional thyroid autonomy. Nuklearmedizin. 1999;38:131–9.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiners C, Schneider P. Radioiodine therapy of thyroid autonomy. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29 Suppl 2:S471–8.CrossRef Reiners C, Schneider P. Radioiodine therapy of thyroid autonomy. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29 Suppl 2:S471–8.CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinhardt M, Kim B, Wissmeyer M, Juengling F, Brockmann H, von Mallek D, et al. Dose selection for radioiodine therapy of borderline hyperthyroid patients according to thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate: applicability to unifocal thyroid autonomy? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:608–12.CrossRefPubMed Reinhardt M, Kim B, Wissmeyer M, Juengling F, Brockmann H, von Mallek D, et al. Dose selection for radioiodine therapy of borderline hyperthyroid patients according to thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate: applicability to unifocal thyroid autonomy? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:608–12.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Manders JMB, Corstens FHM. Radioiodine therapy of euthyroid multinodular goitres. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29(Suppl2):S466–70.CrossRef Manders JMB, Corstens FHM. Radioiodine therapy of euthyroid multinodular goitres. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29(Suppl2):S466–70.CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen O, Ilany J, Hoffman C, Olchovsky D, Karasik A, Goshen E, et al. Low dose recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of large, multinodular goiters in elderly patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154:243–52.CrossRefPubMed Cohen O, Ilany J, Hoffman C, Olchovsky D, Karasik A, Goshen E, et al. Low dose recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of large, multinodular goiters in elderly patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154:243–52.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
EANM procedure guidelines for therapy of benign thyroid disease
verfasst von
Marcel P. M. Stokkel
Daria Handkiewicz Junak
Michael Lassmann
Markus Dietlein
Markus Luster
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Ausgabe 11/2010
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Elektronische ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1536-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2010

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 11/2010 Zur Ausgabe