Introduction
Methods
Results
Swimmers (N = 39) | Footballers (N = 37) | Cyclists (N = 28) | All groups (N = 104) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
T0 | 13.5 (1.0) | 12.9 (0.9)a | 13.3 (1.1) | 13.2 (1.0) |
T1 |
14.6 (1.0)
|
13.9 (1.0)
a
|
14.2 (1.0)
|
14.3 (1.0)
|
Maturity offset (years) | ||||
T0 | 0.1 (1.0) | − 0.8 (0.8)a | − 0.3 (1.1) | − 0.3 (1.0) |
T1 |
1.1 (0.9)
|
0.2 (1.0)
a
|
0.6 (1.1)
|
0.6 (1.1)
|
Stature (cm) | ||||
T0 | 164.9 (9.6) | 155.2 (9.3)a | 161.2 (10.7) | 160.4 (10.6) |
T1 |
171.4 (8.7)
|
162.7 (10.3)
a
|
167.4 (10.4)
|
167.2 (10.4)
|
Body mass (kg) | ||||
T0 | 51.8 (8.5) | 44.3 (7.9)a | 48.8 (11.8) | 48.3 (9.7) |
T1 |
58.5 (8.1)
|
50.8 (9.7)
a
|
54.7 (12.5)
|
54.7 (10.4)
|
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
T0 | 18.9 (1.6) | 18.3 (1.4) | 18.6 (3.0) | 18.6 (2.0) |
T1 |
19.8 (1.7)
|
19.0 (1.8)
|
19.3 (3.0)
|
19.4 (2.2)
|
Total lean mass (kg) | ||||
T0 | 41.0 (8.9) | 35.4 (7.2)a | 37.5 (7.5) | 3.8 (8.2) |
T1 |
47.7 (8.5)
|
41.2 (9.2)
a
|
42.9 (8.2)
|
4.4 (9.1)
|
Total fat mass (kg) | ||||
T0 | 8.2 (3.3) | 6.6 (2.4) | 8.7 (7.3) | 7.8 (4.5) |
T1 | 7.8 (3.2) | 6.9 (2.7) | 8.9 (7.9) | 7.8 (4.8) |
Training (h/week) | ||||
T0 | 9.5 (5.0)b | 10.0 (2.3)b | 5.2 (2.1) | 8.5 (4.1) |
T1 | 9.0 (3.5)b | 9.4 (1.7)b | 5.6 (2.0) | 8.2 (3.0) |
MVPA (min/day) | ||||
T0 |
85.0 (30.9)
|
119.8 (29.7)
a
|
106.5 (33.7)
a
|
103.5 (34.4)
|
T1 | 62.9 (21.8) | 92.4 (25.7)a | 85.6 (21.8)a | 79.0 (27.1) |
Vertical jump (cm) | ||||
T0 | 42.3 (7.1) | 41.4 (6.0) | 40.9 (6.9) | 41.6 (6.6) |
T1 |
46.7 (8.1)
|
43.5 (6.3)
|
43.6 (6.7)
|
44.7 (7.2)
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle) | ||||
T0 | 68.7 (20.1) | 82.9 (17.6)a,b | 69.1 (21.4) | 73.9 (20.5) |
T1 |
78.1 (20.6)
|
90.7 (19.4)
a,b
|
83.8 (21.3)
|
84.1 (20.9)
|
Calcium (mg/dl) | ||||
T0 | 10.0 (0.5) | 10.0 (0.4) | 10.0 (0.4) | 10.0 (0.4) |
T1 | 9.9 (0.5) | 10.0 (0.4) | 9.9 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.4) |
25(OH)D (ng/ml) | ||||
T0 | 13.7 (1.2) | 14.4 (1.6)a | 14.4 (0.6) | 14.2 (1.3) |
T1 | 13.4 (0.9) | 15.2 (1.2)a | 14.9 (1.1)a | 14.4 (1.3) |
PINP (pg/ml) | ||||
T0 |
355.5 (9.9)
| 352.0 (13.5) |
350.8 (2.8)
|
353.0 (10.3)
|
T1 | 335.8 (17.6) | 346.6 (18.2)a,b | 327.2 (14.2) | 337.3 (18.5) |
CTX (ng/ml) | ||||
T0 | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3)b | 1.8 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.3) |
T1 |
1.8 (0.2)
|
1.9 (0.1)
|
1.9 (0.1)
|
1.9 (0.1)
|
ΔPredictors |
β
| sr2 |
P
| ΔPredictors |
β
| sr2 |
P
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STD | values | values | STD | values | values | ||||
ΔTBLH aBMD (R2 = 0.60) | Swimmers | − 0.239 | 0.017 | 0.070 | ΔHip aBMD (R2 = 0.55) | Swimmers | − 0.315 | 0.028 |
0.027
|
Cyclists | − 0.233 | 0.027 |
0.022
| Cyclists | − 0.262 | 0.031 |
0.019
| ||
Maturity offset | 0.242 | 0.006 | 0.256 | Maturity offset | 0.068 | 0.001 | 0.750 | ||
Stature | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.903 | Stature | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.828 | ||
BMI | − 0.086 | 0.002 | 0.567 | BMI | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.907 | ||
Total lean mass | 0.591 | 0.031 |
0.015
| Legs lean mass | 0.632 | 0.037 |
0.012
| ||
Total fat mass | 0.249 | 0.012 | 0.116 | Legs fat mass | 0.145 | 0.004 | 0.391 | ||
Vertical jump | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.964 | Vertical jump | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.637 | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | − 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.953 | Cardiorespiratory fitness | 0.070 | 0.004 | 0.412 | ||
MVPA | 0.165 | 0.024 |
0.030
| MVPA | 0.151 | 0.020 | 0.059 | ||
Calcium | − 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.741 | Calcium | 0.050 | 0.002 | 0.578 | ||
25(OH)D | 0.086 | 0.006 | 0.268 | 25(OH)D | 0.042 | 0.001 | 0.605 | ||
CTX | − 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.670 | CTX | − 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.781 | ||
PINP | − 0.078 | 0.004 | 0.366 | PINP | − 0.062 | 0.003 | 0.495 | ||
ΔLS aBMD (R2 = 0.58) | Swimmers | 0.051 | 0.001 | 0.676 | ΔFN aBMD (R2 = 0.38) | Swimmers | − 0.336 | 0.033 |
0.042
|
Cyclists | − 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.706 | Cyclists | − 0.261 | 0.033 |
0.040
| ||
Maturity offset | − 0.197 | 0.005 | 0.350 | Maturity offset | 0.232 | 0.007 | 0.360 | ||
Stature | 0.355 | 0.013 | 0.111 | Stature | − 0.484 | 0.026 | 0.068 | ||
BMI | 0.051 | 0.001 | 0.737 | BMI | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.815 | ||
Trunk lean mass | 0.597 | 0.034 |
0.012
| Legs lean mass | 0.696 | 0.044 |
0.020
| ||
Trunk fat mass | 0.114 | 0.003 | 0.480 | Legs fat mass | 0.080 | 0.001 | 0.688 | ||
Vertical jump | 0.070 | 0.004 | 0.387 | Vertical jump | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.777 | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | − 0.081 | 0.005 | 0.331 | Cardiorespiratory fitness | 0.171 | 0.022 | 0.093 | ||
MVPA | 0.127 | 0.014 | 0.099 | MVPA | 0.138 | 0.017 | 0.144 | ||
Calcium | − 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.809 | Calcium | 0.050 | 0.002 | 0.637 | ||
25(OH)D | 0.113 | 0.011 | 0.155 | 25(OH)D | 0.065 | 0.003 | 0.506 | ||
CTX | − 0.099 | 0.007 | 0.253 | CTX | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.733 | ||
PINP | − 0.151 | 0.015 | 0.088 | PINP | − 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.947 |
ΔPredictors |
β
| sr2 |
P
| ΔPredictors |
β
| sr2 |
P
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STD | values | values | STD | values | values | ||||
ΔCSA | Swimmers | − 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.874 | ΔZ | Swimmers | − 0.171 | 0.010 | 0.248 |
(R2 = 0.36) | Cyclists | − 0.205 | 0.022 | 0.100 | (R2 = 0.41) | Cyclists | − 0.268 | 0.038 |
0.024
|
Maturity offset | − 0.370 | 0.016 | 0.162 | Maturity offset | 0.086 | 0.001 | 0.734 | ||
Stature | 0.450 | 0.018 | 0.130 | Stature | − 0.067 | 0.000 | 0.816 | ||
BMI | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.935 | BMI | − 0.194 | 0.008 | 0.305 | ||
Legs lean mass | 0.364 | 0.011 | 0.245 | Legs lean mass | 0.587 | 0.027 |
0.050
| ||
Legs fat mass | 0.182 | 0.006 | 0.371 | Legs fat mass | 0.313 | 0.019 | 0.112 | ||
Vertical jump | − 0.127 | 0.013 | 0.201 | Vertical jump | − 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.804 | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 0.253 | 0.049 |
0.015
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | 0.157 | 0.019 | 0.112 | ||
MVPA | 0.137 | 0.016 | 0.154 | MVPA | 0.098 | 0.008 | 0.292 | ||
Calcium | − 0.127 | 0.011 | 0.234 | Calcium | 0.096 | 0.006 | 0.348 | ||
25(OH)D | 0.064 | 0.003 | 0.509 | 25(OH)D | − 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.940 | ||
CTX | 0.099 | 0.007 | 0.333 | CTX | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.858 | ||
PINP | 0.051 | 0.002 | 0.638 | PINP | − 0.048 | 0.002 | 0.645 | ||
ΔCSMI | Swimmers | − 0.148 | 0.008 | 0.205 | ΔTBS | Swimmers | − 0.453 | 0.068 |
0.002
|
(R2 = 0.62) | Cyclists | − 0.174 | 0.016 |
0.047
| (R2 = 0.45) | Cyclists | − 0.347 | 0.056 |
0.005
|
Maturity offset | 0.158 | 0.003 | 0.430 | Maturity offset | 0.239 | 0.008 | 0.297 | ||
Stature | 0.222 | 0.005 | 0.313 | Stature | 0.720 | 0.069 |
0.002
| ||
BMI | − 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.791 | BMI | − 0.216 | 0.010 | 0.224 | ||
Legs lean mass | 0.279 | 0.007 | 0.241 | Trunk lean mass | 0.848 | 0.069 |
0.002
| ||
Legs fat mass | 0.176 | 0.006 | 0.261 | Trunk fat mass | 0.228 | 0.010 | 0.222 | ||
Vertical jump | − 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.493 | Vertical jump | − 0.049 | 0.002 | 0.590 | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 0.093 | 0.007 | 0.237 | Cardiorespiratory fitness | − 0.042 | 0.001 | 0.663 | ||
MVPA | 0.128 | 0.014 | 0.088 | MVPA | − 0.107 | 0.010 | 0.229 | ||
Calcium | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.699 | Calcium | − 0.041 | 0.001 | 0.680 | ||
25(OH)D | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.857 | 25(OH)D | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.991 | ||
CTX | − 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.943 | CTX | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.879 | ||
PINP | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.900 | PINP | − 0.126 | 0.011 | 0.216 |