Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 2/2013

01.06.2013 | Review

Cancer cachexia: impact, mechanisms and emerging treatments

verfasst von: Vanessa C. Vaughan, Peter Martin, Paul A. Lewandowski

Erschienen in: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Many forms of cancer present with a complex metabolic profile characterised by loss of lean body mass known as cancer cachexia. The physical impact of cachexia contributes to decreased patient quality of life, treatment success and survival due to gross alterations in protein metabolism, increased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. The psychological impact also contributes to decreased quality of life for both patients and their families. Combination therapies that target multiple pathways, such as eicosapentaenoic acid administered in combination with exercise, appetite stimulants, antioxidants or anti-inflammatories, have potential in the treatment of this complex syndrome and require further development.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon KCH, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:489–95.CrossRefPubMed Fearon KCH, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:489–95.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge DC, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793–9.CrossRefPubMed Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge DC, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793–9.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Congleton J. The pulmonary cachexia syndrome: aspects of energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:321–8.CrossRefPubMed Congleton J. The pulmonary cachexia syndrome: aspects of energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:321–8.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat von Haehling S, Lainscak M, Springer J, Anker SD. Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;121:227–52.CrossRef von Haehling S, Lainscak M, Springer J, Anker SD. Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;121:227–52.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Springer J, von Haehling S, Anker SD. The need for a standardized definition for cachexia in chronic illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metabol. 2006;2:416–7.CrossRef Springer J, von Haehling S, Anker SD. The need for a standardized definition for cachexia in chronic illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metabol. 2006;2:416–7.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lainscak M, Filippatos GS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, Anker SD. Cachexia: common, deadly, with an urgent need for precise definition and new therapies. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:8E–10E.CrossRefPubMed Lainscak M, Filippatos GS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, Anker SD. Cachexia: common, deadly, with an urgent need for precise definition and new therapies. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:8E–10E.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkinson JB, Wright DNM, McDonald JW, Corner JL. The prevalence of concern about weight loss and change in eating habits in people with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2006;32:322–31.CrossRef Hopkinson JB, Wright DNM, McDonald JW, Corner JL. The prevalence of concern about weight loss and change in eating habits in people with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2006;32:322–31.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:1–5.CrossRef von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:1–5.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Diffee GM, Kalfas K, Al-Majid S, McCarthy DO. Altered expression of skeletal muscle myosin isoforms in cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002;283:C1376–82.CrossRefPubMed Diffee GM, Kalfas K, Al-Majid S, McCarthy DO. Altered expression of skeletal muscle myosin isoforms in cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002;283:C1376–82.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Tijerina AJ. The biochemical basis of metabolism in cancer cachexia. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2004;23:237–43.CrossRefPubMed Tijerina AJ. The biochemical basis of metabolism in cancer cachexia. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2004;23:237–43.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Teunissen SCCM, Wesker W, Kruitwagen C, de Haes HCJM, Voest EE, de Graeff A. Symptom prevalence in patients with incurable cancer: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2007;34:94–104.CrossRef Teunissen SCCM, Wesker W, Kruitwagen C, de Haes HCJM, Voest EE, de Graeff A. Symptom prevalence in patients with incurable cancer: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2007;34:94–104.CrossRef
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Skipworth RJE, Stewart GD, Dejong CHC, Preston T, Fearon KCH. Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: much more than host–tumour interaction? Clin Nutr. 2007;26:667–76.CrossRefPubMed Skipworth RJE, Stewart GD, Dejong CHC, Preston T, Fearon KCH. Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: much more than host–tumour interaction? Clin Nutr. 2007;26:667–76.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Giordano A, Calvani M, Petillo O, Carteni M, Melone MRAB, Peluso G. Skeletal muscle metabolism in physiology and in cancer disease. J Cell Biochem. 2003;90:170–86.CrossRefPubMed Giordano A, Calvani M, Petillo O, Carteni M, Melone MRAB, Peluso G. Skeletal muscle metabolism in physiology and in cancer disease. J Cell Biochem. 2003;90:170–86.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tisdale MJ. Cancer cachexia: metabolic alterations and clinical manifestations. Nutrition. 1997;13:1–7.CrossRefPubMed Tisdale MJ. Cancer cachexia: metabolic alterations and clinical manifestations. Nutrition. 1997;13:1–7.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Fouladiun M, Körner U, Bosaeus I, Daneryd P, Hyltander A, Lundholm KG. Body composition and time course changes in regional distribution of fat and lean tissue in unselected cancer patients on palliative care—correlations with food intake, metabolism, exercise capacity, and hormones. Cancer. 2005;103:2189–98.CrossRefPubMed Fouladiun M, Körner U, Bosaeus I, Daneryd P, Hyltander A, Lundholm KG. Body composition and time course changes in regional distribution of fat and lean tissue in unselected cancer patients on palliative care—correlations with food intake, metabolism, exercise capacity, and hormones. Cancer. 2005;103:2189–98.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat DeWys WD, Begg C, Lavin P, Band P. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med. 1980;69:491–7.CrossRefPubMed DeWys WD, Begg C, Lavin P, Band P. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med. 1980;69:491–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon KCH, Voss AC, Hustead DS. Cancer Cachexia Study Group. Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1345–50.PubMed Fearon KCH, Voss AC, Hustead DS. Cancer Cachexia Study Group. Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1345–50.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachmann J, Heiligensetzer M, Krakowski-Roosen H, Büchler MW, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Cachexia worsens prognosis in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:1193–201.CrossRefPubMed Bachmann J, Heiligensetzer M, Krakowski-Roosen H, Büchler MW, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Cachexia worsens prognosis in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:1193–201.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Cancer: disease and nutrition are key determinants of patients’ quality of life. Support Care Canc. 2004;12:246–52.CrossRef Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Cancer: disease and nutrition are key determinants of patients’ quality of life. Support Care Canc. 2004;12:246–52.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Caissie A, Culleton S, Nguyen J, Zhang L. What QLQ-C15-PAL symptoms matter most for overall quality of life in patients with advanced cancer? World J Oncol. 2011;2:166–74. Caissie A, Culleton S, Nguyen J, Zhang L. What QLQ-C15-PAL symptoms matter most for overall quality of life in patients with advanced cancer? World J Oncol. 2011;2:166–74.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Fouladiun M, Körner U, Gunnebo L, Sixt-Ammilon P, Bosaeus I, Lundholm K. Daily physical-rest activities in relation to nutritional state, metabolism, and quality of life in cancer patients with progressive cachexia. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:6379–85.CrossRefPubMed Fouladiun M, Körner U, Gunnebo L, Sixt-Ammilon P, Bosaeus I, Lundholm K. Daily physical-rest activities in relation to nutritional state, metabolism, and quality of life in cancer patients with progressive cachexia. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:6379–85.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Aversa Z, Bellantone R, Rossi Fanelli F. Prevention and treatment of cancer cachexia: new insights into an old problem. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:31–41.CrossRefPubMed Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Aversa Z, Bellantone R, Rossi Fanelli F. Prevention and treatment of cancer cachexia: new insights into an old problem. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:31–41.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Prado CMM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, Mourtzakis M, Mulder KE, Reiman T, et al. Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:3264–8.CrossRefPubMed Prado CMM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, Mourtzakis M, Mulder KE, Reiman T, et al. Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:3264–8.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Prado CMM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Mourtzakis M, Tonkin K, et al. Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:2920–6.CrossRefPubMed Prado CMM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Mourtzakis M, Tonkin K, et al. Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:2920–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreyev HJ, Norman AR, Oates J, Cunningham D. Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies? Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:503–9.CrossRefPubMed Andreyev HJ, Norman AR, Oates J, Cunningham D. Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies? Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:503–9.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon KCH. Cancer cachexia: developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:1124–32.CrossRefPubMed Fearon KCH. Cancer cachexia: developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:1124–32.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lissoni P, Paolorossi F, Tancini G, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, Brivio F, et al. Is there a role for melatonin in the treatment of neoplastic cachexia? Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A:1340–3.CrossRefPubMed Lissoni P, Paolorossi F, Tancini G, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, Brivio F, et al. Is there a role for melatonin in the treatment of neoplastic cachexia? Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A:1340–3.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, Mailliard JA, O’Fallon JR, Krook JE, Ghosh C, et al. Pentoxifylline for treatment of cancer anorexia and cachexia? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2856–9.PubMed Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, Mailliard JA, O’Fallon JR, Krook JE, Ghosh C, et al. Pentoxifylline for treatment of cancer anorexia and cachexia? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2856–9.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat McClement S. Cancer anorexia–cachexia syndrome: psychological effect on the patient and family. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2005;32:264–8.CrossRefPubMed McClement S. Cancer anorexia–cachexia syndrome: psychological effect on the patient and family. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2005;32:264–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Illman J, Corringham R, Robinson Jr D, Davis HM, Rossi J, Cella D, et al. Are inflammatory cytokines the common link between cancer-associated cachexia and depression? J Support Oncol. 2005;3:37–50.PubMed Illman J, Corringham R, Robinson Jr D, Davis HM, Rossi J, Cella D, et al. Are inflammatory cytokines the common link between cancer-associated cachexia and depression? J Support Oncol. 2005;3:37–50.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Raison CL, Miller AH. Depression in cancer: new developments regarding diagnosis and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:283–94.CrossRefPubMed Raison CL, Miller AH. Depression in cancer: new developments regarding diagnosis and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:283–94.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Strasser F, Binswanger J, Cerny T, Kesselring A. Fighting a losing battle: eating-related distress of men with advanced cancer and their female partners. A mixed-methods study. Palliat Med. 2007;21:129–37.CrossRefPubMed Strasser F, Binswanger J, Cerny T, Kesselring A. Fighting a losing battle: eating-related distress of men with advanced cancer and their female partners. A mixed-methods study. Palliat Med. 2007;21:129–37.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid J, McKenna H, Fitzsimons D, McCance T. Fighting over food: patient and family understanding of cancer cachexia. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009;36:439–45.CrossRefPubMed Reid J, McKenna H, Fitzsimons D, McCance T. Fighting over food: patient and family understanding of cancer cachexia. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009;36:439–45.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid J, McKenna H, Fitzsimons D, McCance T. The experience of cancer cachexia: a qualitative study of advanced cancer patients and their family members. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46:606–16.CrossRefPubMed Reid J, McKenna H, Fitzsimons D, McCance T. The experience of cancer cachexia: a qualitative study of advanced cancer patients and their family members. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46:606–16.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes N, Neal RD. Adults with terminal illness: a literature review of their needs and wishes for food. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32:1101–7.CrossRefPubMed Hughes N, Neal RD. Adults with terminal illness: a literature review of their needs and wishes for food. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32:1101–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Feuz A, Rapin C-H. An observational study of the role of pain control and food adaptation of elderly patients with terminal cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:767–70.CrossRefPubMed Feuz A, Rapin C-H. An observational study of the role of pain control and food adaptation of elderly patients with terminal cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:767–70.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Shragge JE, Wismer WV, Olson KL, Baracos VE. Shifting to conscious control: psychosocial and dietary management of anorexia by patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med. 2007;21:227–33.CrossRefPubMed Shragge JE, Wismer WV, Olson KL, Baracos VE. Shifting to conscious control: psychosocial and dietary management of anorexia by patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med. 2007;21:227–33.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat McClement SE, Degner LF, Harlos M. Family responses to declining intake and weight loss in a terminally ill relative. Part 1: fighting back. J Palliat Care. 2004;20:93–100.PubMed McClement SE, Degner LF, Harlos M. Family responses to declining intake and weight loss in a terminally ill relative. Part 1: fighting back. J Palliat Care. 2004;20:93–100.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans WK, Makuch R, Clamon GH, Feld R, Weiner RS, Moran E, et al. Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1985;45:3347–53.PubMed Evans WK, Makuch R, Clamon GH, Feld R, Weiner RS, Moran E, et al. Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1985;45:3347–53.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Loprinzi CL, Schaid DJ, Dose AM, Burnham NL, Jensen MD. Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:152–4.PubMed Loprinzi CL, Schaid DJ, Dose AM, Burnham NL, Jensen MD. Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:152–4.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons JPFHA, Schols AMWJ, Hoefnagels JMJ, Westerterp KR, ten Velde GPM, Wouters EFM. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer. 1998;82:553–60.CrossRefPubMed Simons JPFHA, Schols AMWJ, Hoefnagels JMJ, Westerterp KR, ten Velde GPM, Wouters EFM. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer. 1998;82:553–60.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson M-MG. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:735–43.PubMed Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson M-MG. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:735–43.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans WK, Nixon DW, Daly JM, Ellenberg SS, Gardner L, Wolfe E, et al. A randomized study of oral nutritional support versus ad lib nutritional intake during chemotherapy for advanced colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:113–24.PubMed Evans WK, Nixon DW, Daly JM, Ellenberg SS, Gardner L, Wolfe E, et al. A randomized study of oral nutritional support versus ad lib nutritional intake during chemotherapy for advanced colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:113–24.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ovesen L, Allingstrup L, Hannibal J, Mortensen EL, Hansen OP. Effect of dietary counseling on food intake, body weight, response rate, survival, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:2043–9.PubMed Ovesen L, Allingstrup L, Hannibal J, Mortensen EL, Hansen OP. Effect of dietary counseling on food intake, body weight, response rate, survival, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:2043–9.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Laviano A, Meguid MM, Rossi Fanelli F. Improving food intake in anorectic cancer patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:421–6.PubMed Laviano A, Meguid MM, Rossi Fanelli F. Improving food intake in anorectic cancer patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:421–6.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Pascual López A, Roqué i Figuls M, Urrútia Cuchi G, Berenstein EG, Almenar Pasies B, Balcells Alegre M, et al. Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia–cachexia syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2004;27:360–9.CrossRef Pascual López A, Roqué i Figuls M, Urrútia Cuchi G, Berenstein EG, Almenar Pasies B, Balcells Alegre M, et al. Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia–cachexia syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2004;27:360–9.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Physicians, McGreer AJ, Detsky AS, O’Rourke K. Parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:734–6.CrossRef American College of Physicians, McGreer AJ, Detsky AS, O’Rourke K. Parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:734–6.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotler DP. Nutritional alterations associated with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25 Suppl 1:S81–7.PubMed Kotler DP. Nutritional alterations associated with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25 Suppl 1:S81–7.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD. Cancer cachexia and its treatment with fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplementation. Nutrition. 2001;17:751–5.CrossRefPubMed Barber MD. Cancer cachexia and its treatment with fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplementation. Nutrition. 2001;17:751–5.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Mariani L, Crippa F. Artificial nutrition in cancer patients: which route, what composition? World J Surg. 1999;23:577–83.CrossRefPubMed Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Mariani L, Crippa F. Artificial nutrition in cancer patients: which route, what composition? World J Surg. 1999;23:577–83.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruera E, Sweeney C. Cachexia and asthenia in cancer patients. Lancet Oncol. 2000;1:138–47.CrossRefPubMed Bruera E, Sweeney C. Cachexia and asthenia in cancer patients. Lancet Oncol. 2000;1:138–47.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Dietary counseling improves patient outcomes: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in colorectal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1431–8.CrossRefPubMed Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Dietary counseling improves patient outcomes: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in colorectal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1431–8.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscaritoli M, Molfino A, Gioia G, Laviano A, Rossi Fanelli F. The parallel pathway: a novel nutritional and metabolic approach to cancer patients. Int Emerg Med. 2011;6:105–12.CrossRef Muscaritoli M, Molfino A, Gioia G, Laviano A, Rossi Fanelli F. The parallel pathway: a novel nutritional and metabolic approach to cancer patients. Int Emerg Med. 2011;6:105–12.CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat DeWys WD, Walters K. Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients. Cancer. 1975;36:1888–96.CrossRefPubMed DeWys WD, Walters K. Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients. Cancer. 1975;36:1888–96.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen SS, Theologides A, Vickers ZM. Influence of food odors on food aversions and preferences in patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2253–61.PubMed Nielsen SS, Theologides A, Vickers ZM. Influence of food odors on food aversions and preferences in patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2253–61.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Ripamonti C, Zecca E, Brunelli C, Fulfaro F, Villa S, Balzarini A, et al. A randomized, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of zinc sulfate on cancer patients with taste alterations caused by head and neck irradiation. Cancer. 1998;82:1938–45.CrossRefPubMed Ripamonti C, Zecca E, Brunelli C, Fulfaro F, Villa S, Balzarini A, et al. A randomized, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of zinc sulfate on cancer patients with taste alterations caused by head and neck irradiation. Cancer. 1998;82:1938–45.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson FM. Alterations in taste sensation: a case presentation of a patient with end-stage pancreatic cancer. Canc Nurs. 2001;24:149–55.CrossRef Johnson FM. Alterations in taste sensation: a case presentation of a patient with end-stage pancreatic cancer. Canc Nurs. 2001;24:149–55.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravasco P. Aspects of taste and compliance in patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9 Suppl 2:S84–91.CrossRefPubMed Ravasco P. Aspects of taste and compliance in patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9 Suppl 2:S84–91.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Wickham RS, Rehwaldt M, Kefer C, Shott S, Abbas K, Glynn-Tucker E, et al. Taste changes experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999;26:697–706.PubMed Wickham RS, Rehwaldt M, Kefer C, Shott S, Abbas K, Glynn-Tucker E, et al. Taste changes experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999;26:697–706.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherry V. Taste alterations among patients with cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2002;6:1–5.CrossRef Sherry V. Taste alterations among patients with cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2002;6:1–5.CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright AL, King JC, Baer MT, Citron LJ. Experimental zinc depletion and altered taste perception for NaCl in young adult males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:848–52.PubMed Wright AL, King JC, Baer MT, Citron LJ. Experimental zinc depletion and altered taste perception for NaCl in young adult males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:848–52.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverman JE, Weber CW, Silverman S, Coulthard SL, Manning MR. Zinc supplementation and taste in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. J Oral Med. 1983;38:14–6.PubMed Silverman JE, Weber CW, Silverman S, Coulthard SL, Manning MR. Zinc supplementation and taste in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. J Oral Med. 1983;38:14–6.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Halyard MY, Jatoi A, Sloan JA, Bearden III JD, Vora SA, Atherton PJ, et al. Does zinc sulfate prevent therapy-induced taste alterations in head and neck cancer patients? Results of phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N01C4). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1318–22.CrossRefPubMed Halyard MY, Jatoi A, Sloan JA, Bearden III JD, Vora SA, Atherton PJ, et al. Does zinc sulfate prevent therapy-induced taste alterations in head and neck cancer patients? Results of phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N01C4). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1318–22.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Strasser F. The silent symptom early satiety: a forerunner of distinct phenotypes of anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Support Care Canc. 2006;14:689–92.CrossRef Strasser F. The silent symptom early satiety: a forerunner of distinct phenotypes of anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Support Care Canc. 2006;14:689–92.CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis MP, Walsh D, Lagman R, Yavuzsen T. Early satiety in cancer patients: a common and important but underrecognized symptom. Support Care Canc. 2006;14:693–8.CrossRef Davis MP, Walsh D, Lagman R, Yavuzsen T. Early satiety in cancer patients: a common and important but underrecognized symptom. Support Care Canc. 2006;14:693–8.CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Dworzak F, Ferrari P, Gavazzi C, Maiorana C, Bozzetti F. Effects of cachexia due to cancer on whole body and skeletal muscle protein turnover. Cancer. 1998;82:42–8.CrossRefPubMed Dworzak F, Ferrari P, Gavazzi C, Maiorana C, Bozzetti F. Effects of cachexia due to cancer on whole body and skeletal muscle protein turnover. Cancer. 1998;82:42–8.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Tisdale MJ. Loss of skeletal muscle in cancer: biochemical mechanisms. Front Biosci. 2001;6:D164–74.CrossRefPubMed Tisdale MJ. Loss of skeletal muscle in cancer: biochemical mechanisms. Front Biosci. 2001;6:D164–74.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Acharyya S, Ladner KJ, Nelsen LL, Damrauer J, Reiser PJ, Swoap S, et al. Cancer cachexia is regulated by selective targeting of skeletal muscle gene products. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:370–8.PubMed Acharyya S, Ladner KJ, Nelsen LL, Damrauer J, Reiser PJ, Swoap S, et al. Cancer cachexia is regulated by selective targeting of skeletal muscle gene products. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:370–8.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeevanandam M, Horowitz GD, Lowry SF, Brennan MF. Cancer cachexia and protein metabolism. Lancet. 1984;1:1423–6.CrossRefPubMed Jeevanandam M, Horowitz GD, Lowry SF, Brennan MF. Cancer cachexia and protein metabolism. Lancet. 1984;1:1423–6.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon KC, Hansell DT, Preston T, Plumb JA, Davies J, Shapiro D, et al. Influence of whole body protein turnover rate on resting energy expenditure in patients with cancer. Cancer Res. 1988;48:2590–5.PubMed Fearon KC, Hansell DT, Preston T, Plumb JA, Davies J, Shapiro D, et al. Influence of whole body protein turnover rate on resting energy expenditure in patients with cancer. Cancer Res. 1988;48:2590–5.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossi Fanelli F, Cangiano C, Muscaritoli M, Conversano L, Torelli GF, Cascino A. Tumor-induced changes in host metabolism: a possible marker of neoplastic disease. Nutrition. 1995;11:595–600.PubMed Rossi Fanelli F, Cangiano C, Muscaritoli M, Conversano L, Torelli GF, Cascino A. Tumor-induced changes in host metabolism: a possible marker of neoplastic disease. Nutrition. 1995;11:595–600.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Holroyde CP, Gabuzda TG, Putnam RC, Paul P, Reichard GA. Altered glucose metabolism in metastatic carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1975;35:3710–4.PubMed Holroyde CP, Gabuzda TG, Putnam RC, Paul P, Reichard GA. Altered glucose metabolism in metastatic carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1975;35:3710–4.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieffers JR, Mourtzakis M, Hall KD, McCargar LJ, Prado CMM, Baracos VE. A viscerally driven cachexia syndrome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: contributions of organ and tumor mass to whole-body energy demands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1173–9.CrossRefPubMed Lieffers JR, Mourtzakis M, Hall KD, McCargar LJ, Prado CMM, Baracos VE. A viscerally driven cachexia syndrome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: contributions of organ and tumor mass to whole-body energy demands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1173–9.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat van Norren K, Kegler D, Argilés JM, Luiking Y, Gorselink M, Laviano A, et al. Dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine, and fish oil improves muscle function and daily activity in tumour-bearing cachectic mice. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:713–22.CrossRefPubMed van Norren K, Kegler D, Argilés JM, Luiking Y, Gorselink M, Laviano A, et al. Dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine, and fish oil improves muscle function and daily activity in tumour-bearing cachectic mice. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:713–22.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Knox LS, Crosby LO, Feurer ID, Buzby GP, Miller CL, Mullen JL. Energy expenditure in malnourished cancer patients. Ann Surg. 1983;197:152–62.CrossRefPubMed Knox LS, Crosby LO, Feurer ID, Buzby GP, Miller CL, Mullen JL. Energy expenditure in malnourished cancer patients. Ann Surg. 1983;197:152–62.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Fredrix EW, Soeters PB, Wouters EF, Deerenberg IM, von Meyenfeldt MF, Saris WH. Effect of different tumor types on resting energy expenditure. Cancer Res. 1991;51:6138–41.PubMed Fredrix EW, Soeters PB, Wouters EF, Deerenberg IM, von Meyenfeldt MF, Saris WH. Effect of different tumor types on resting energy expenditure. Cancer Res. 1991;51:6138–41.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Dempsey DT, Knox LS, Mullen JL, Miller C, Feurer ID, Buzby GP. Energy expenditure in malnourished patients with colorectal cancer. Arch Surg. 1986;121:789–95.CrossRefPubMed Dempsey DT, Knox LS, Mullen JL, Miller C, Feurer ID, Buzby GP. Energy expenditure in malnourished patients with colorectal cancer. Arch Surg. 1986;121:789–95.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibney E, Elia M, Jebb S, Murgatroyd P, Jennings G. Total energy expenditure in patients with small-cell lung cancer: results of a validated study using the bicarbonate–urea method. Metabolism. 1997;46:1412–7.CrossRefPubMed Gibney E, Elia M, Jebb S, Murgatroyd P, Jennings G. Total energy expenditure in patients with small-cell lung cancer: results of a validated study using the bicarbonate–urea method. Metabolism. 1997;46:1412–7.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Falconer JS, Ross JA, Fearon KCH, Hawkins RA, O’Riordain MG, Carter DC. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and other fatty acids on the growth in vitro of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:826–32.CrossRefPubMed Falconer JS, Ross JA, Fearon KCH, Hawkins RA, O’Riordain MG, Carter DC. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and other fatty acids on the growth in vitro of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:826–32.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Zylicz Z, Schwantje O, Wagener DJ, Folgering HT. Metabolic response to enteral food in different phases of cancer cachexia in rats. Oncology. 1990;47:87–91.CrossRefPubMed Zylicz Z, Schwantje O, Wagener DJ, Folgering HT. Metabolic response to enteral food in different phases of cancer cachexia in rats. Oncology. 1990;47:87–91.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D-X, Wu G-H, Zhang B, Quan Y-J, Wei J, Jin H, et al. Resting energy expenditure and body composition in patients with newly detected cancer. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:72–7.CrossRefPubMed Cao D-X, Wu G-H, Zhang B, Quan Y-J, Wei J, Jin H, et al. Resting energy expenditure and body composition in patients with newly detected cancer. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:72–7.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon KCH, Barber MD, Falconer JS, McMillan DC, Ross JA, Preston T. Pancreatic cancer as a model: inflammatory mediators, acute-phase response, and cancer cachexia. World J Surg. 1999;23:584–8.CrossRefPubMed Fearon KCH, Barber MD, Falconer JS, McMillan DC, Ross JA, Preston T. Pancreatic cancer as a model: inflammatory mediators, acute-phase response, and cancer cachexia. World J Surg. 1999;23:584–8.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM, Tennent GA, Gallimore JR, Kahan MC, Bellotti V, et al. Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;440:1217–21.CrossRefPubMed Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM, Tennent GA, Gallimore JR, Kahan MC, Bellotti V, et al. Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;440:1217–21.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat den Brekel AJ S-v, Dentener MA, Schols AM, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. Increased resting energy expenditure and weight loss are related to a systemic inflammatory response in lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2600–5. den Brekel AJ S-v, Dentener MA, Schols AM, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. Increased resting energy expenditure and weight loss are related to a systemic inflammatory response in lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2600–5.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott HR, McMillan DC, Crilly A, McArdle CS, Milroy R. The relationship between weight loss and interleukin 6 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1560–2.CrossRefPubMed Scott HR, McMillan DC, Crilly A, McArdle CS, Milroy R. The relationship between weight loss and interleukin 6 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1560–2.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Blay JY, Negrier S, Combaret V, Attali S, Goillot E, Merrouche Y, et al. Serum level of interleukin 6 as a prognosis factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1992;52:3317–22.PubMed Blay JY, Negrier S, Combaret V, Attali S, Goillot E, Merrouche Y, et al. Serum level of interleukin 6 as a prognosis factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1992;52:3317–22.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Falconer JS, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Elton R, Wigmore SJ, Garden OJ, et al. Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 1995;75:2077–82.CrossRefPubMed Falconer JS, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Elton R, Wigmore SJ, Garden OJ, et al. Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 1995;75:2077–82.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Gorman P, McMillan D, McArdle C. Impact of weight loss, appetite, and the inflammatory response on quality of life in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Nutr Canc. 1998;32:76–80.CrossRef O’Gorman P, McMillan D, McArdle C. Impact of weight loss, appetite, and the inflammatory response on quality of life in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Nutr Canc. 1998;32:76–80.CrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Changes in nutritional, functional, and inflammatory markers in advanced pancreatic cancer. Nutr Canc. 1999;35:106–10.CrossRef Barber MD, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Changes in nutritional, functional, and inflammatory markers in advanced pancreatic cancer. Nutr Canc. 1999;35:106–10.CrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Reeds PJ, Fjeld CR, Jahoor F. Do the differences between the amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states? J Nutr. 1994;124:906–10.PubMed Reeds PJ, Fjeld CR, Jahoor F. Do the differences between the amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states? J Nutr. 1994;124:906–10.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, Fearon KC, McMillan DC, Slater C, Ross JA, Preston T. Liver export protein synthetic rates are increased by oral meal feeding in weight-losing cancer patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279:E707–14.PubMed Barber MD, Fearon KC, McMillan DC, Slater C, Ross JA, Preston T. Liver export protein synthetic rates are increased by oral meal feeding in weight-losing cancer patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279:E707–14.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Argilés JM, Busquets S, Toledo M, López-Soriano FJ. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009;3:263–8.CrossRefPubMed Argilés JM, Busquets S, Toledo M, López-Soriano FJ. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009;3:263–8.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat MacDonald N, Easson AM, Mazurak VC, Dunn GP, Baracos VE. Understanding and managing cancer cachexia. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197:143–61.CrossRefPubMed MacDonald N, Easson AM, Mazurak VC, Dunn GP, Baracos VE. Understanding and managing cancer cachexia. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197:143–61.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Eicosanoid-dependent cancer cachexia and wasting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:241–8.CrossRefPubMed Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Eicosanoid-dependent cancer cachexia and wasting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:241–8.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Tisdale MJ. The ‘cancer cachectic factor’. Support Care Canc. 2003;11:73–8. Tisdale MJ. The ‘cancer cachectic factor’. Support Care Canc. 2003;11:73–8.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17:177–92.CrossRefPubMed Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17:177–92.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Tisdale MJ. Biology of cachexia. J Natl Canc Inst. 1997;89:1763–73.CrossRef Tisdale MJ. Biology of cachexia. J Natl Canc Inst. 1997;89:1763–73.CrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, Fearon KCH, Tisdale MJ, McMillan DC, Ross JA. Effect of a fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement on metabolic mediators in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Nutr Canc. 2001;40:118–24.CrossRef Barber MD, Fearon KCH, Tisdale MJ, McMillan DC, Ross JA. Effect of a fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement on metabolic mediators in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Nutr Canc. 2001;40:118–24.CrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Socher SH, Martinez D, Craig JB, Kuhn JG, Oliff A. Tumor necrosis factor not detectable in patients with clinical cancer cachexia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:595–8.CrossRefPubMed Socher SH, Martinez D, Craig JB, Kuhn JG, Oliff A. Tumor necrosis factor not detectable in patients with clinical cancer cachexia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:595–8.CrossRefPubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Todorov PT, Cariuk P, McDevitt TM, Coles B, Fearon KCH, Tisdale MJ. Characterization of a cancer cachectic factor. Nature. 1996; Todorov PT, Cariuk P, McDevitt TM, Coles B, Fearon KCH, Tisdale MJ. Characterization of a cancer cachectic factor. Nature. 1996;
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Todorov PT, Deacon M, Tisdale MJ. Structural analysis of a tumor-produced sulfated glycoprotein capable of initiating muscle protein degradation. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:12279–88.CrossRefPubMed Todorov PT, Deacon M, Tisdale MJ. Structural analysis of a tumor-produced sulfated glycoprotein capable of initiating muscle protein degradation. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:12279–88.CrossRefPubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigmore SJ, Todorov PT, Barber MD, Ross JA, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KCH. Characteristics of patients with pancreatic cancer expressing a novel cancer cachectic factor. Br J Surg. 2000;87:53–8.CrossRefPubMed Wigmore SJ, Todorov PT, Barber MD, Ross JA, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KCH. Characteristics of patients with pancreatic cancer expressing a novel cancer cachectic factor. Br J Surg. 2000;87:53–8.CrossRefPubMed
106.
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorite MJ. Activation of ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle in vivo and murine myoblasts in vitro by a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF). Br J Cancer. 2001;85:297–302.CrossRefPubMed Lorite MJ. Activation of ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle in vivo and murine myoblasts in vitro by a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF). Br J Cancer. 2001;85:297–302.CrossRefPubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Cariuk P, Lorite MJ, Todorov PT, Field WN, Wigmore SJ, Tisdale MJ. Induction of cachexia in mice by a product isolated from the urine of cachectic cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:606–13.CrossRefPubMed Cariuk P, Lorite MJ, Todorov PT, Field WN, Wigmore SJ, Tisdale MJ. Induction of cachexia in mice by a product isolated from the urine of cachectic cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:606–13.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Watchorn TM, Waddell I, Dowidar N, Ross JA. Proteolysis-inducing factor regulates hepatic gene expression via the transcription factors NF-(kappa)B and STAT3. FASEB J. 2001;15:562–4.PubMed Watchorn TM, Waddell I, Dowidar N, Ross JA. Proteolysis-inducing factor regulates hepatic gene expression via the transcription factors NF-(kappa)B and STAT3. FASEB J. 2001;15:562–4.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Baracos VE. Reply to letter to the editor: a response to the letter of M. Tisdale. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2245–5.CrossRef Baracos VE. Reply to letter to the editor: a response to the letter of M. Tisdale. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2245–5.CrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Wieland BM, Stewart GD, Skipworth RJE, Sangster K, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, et al. Is there a human homologue to the murine proteolysis-inducing factor? Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:4984–92.CrossRefPubMed Wieland BM, Stewart GD, Skipworth RJE, Sangster K, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, et al. Is there a human homologue to the murine proteolysis-inducing factor? Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:4984–92.CrossRefPubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Monitto CL, Dong SM, Jen J, Sidransky D. Characterization of a human homologue of proteolysis-inducing factor and its role in cancer cachexia. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5862–9.CrossRefPubMed Monitto CL, Dong SM, Jen J, Sidransky D. Characterization of a human homologue of proteolysis-inducing factor and its role in cancer cachexia. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5862–9.CrossRefPubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Tada T, Ohkubo I, Niwa M, Sasaki M, Tateyama H, Eimoto T. Immunohistochemical localization of Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 1991;39:1221–6.CrossRefPubMed Tada T, Ohkubo I, Niwa M, Sasaki M, Tateyama H, Eimoto T. Immunohistochemical localization of Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 1991;39:1221–6.CrossRefPubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Hale LP, Price DT, Sanchez LM, Demark-Wahnefried W, Madden JF. Zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein is expressed by malignant prostatic epithelium and may serve as a potential serum marker for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:846–53.PubMed Hale LP, Price DT, Sanchez LM, Demark-Wahnefried W, Madden JF. Zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein is expressed by malignant prostatic epithelium and may serve as a potential serum marker for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:846–53.PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Díez-Itza I, Sánchez LM, Allende MT, Vizoso F, Ruibal A, López-Otín C. Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein levels in breast cancer cytosols and correlation with clinical, histological and biochemical parameters. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A:1256–60.CrossRefPubMed Díez-Itza I, Sánchez LM, Allende MT, Vizoso F, Ruibal A, López-Otín C. Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein levels in breast cancer cytosols and correlation with clinical, histological and biochemical parameters. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A:1256–60.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Rydén M, Agustsson T, Andersson J, Bolinder J, Toft E, Arner P. Adipose zinc-2-glycoprotein is a catabolic marker in cancer and noncancerous states. J Intern Med. 2012;271:414–20.CrossRefPubMed Rydén M, Agustsson T, Andersson J, Bolinder J, Toft E, Arner P. Adipose zinc-2-glycoprotein is a catabolic marker in cancer and noncancerous states. J Intern Med. 2012;271:414–20.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Islam-Ali BS, Tisdale MJ. Effect of a tumour-produced lipid-mobilizing factor on protein synthesis and degradation. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1648–55.CrossRefPubMed Islam-Ali BS, Tisdale MJ. Effect of a tumour-produced lipid-mobilizing factor on protein synthesis and degradation. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1648–55.CrossRefPubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol Rev. 2009;89:381–410. Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol Rev. 2009;89:381–410.
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandyopadhyay U, Das D, Banerjee RK. Reactive oxygen species: oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Curr Sci. 1999;77:658–66. Bandyopadhyay U, Das D, Banerjee RK. Reactive oxygen species: oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Curr Sci. 1999;77:658–66.
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Arthur PG, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Oxidative stress as a therapeutic target during muscle wasting: considering the complex interactions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:408–16.CrossRefPubMed Arthur PG, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Oxidative stress as a therapeutic target during muscle wasting: considering the complex interactions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:408–16.CrossRefPubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Barreiro E, de la Puente B, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ, Gea J, Argilés JM. Both oxidative and nitrosative stress are associated with muscle wasting in tumour-bearing rats. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:1646–52.CrossRefPubMed Barreiro E, de la Puente B, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ, Gea J, Argilés JM. Both oxidative and nitrosative stress are associated with muscle wasting in tumour-bearing rats. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:1646–52.CrossRefPubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell ST, Eley H, Tisdale MJ. Role of reactive oxygen species in protein degradation in murine myotubes induced by proteolysis-inducing factor and angiotensin II. Cell Signal. 2007;19:1797–806.CrossRefPubMed Russell ST, Eley H, Tisdale MJ. Role of reactive oxygen species in protein degradation in murine myotubes induced by proteolysis-inducing factor and angiotensin II. Cell Signal. 2007;19:1797–806.CrossRefPubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubin H. Cancer cachexia: its correlations and causes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:5384–9.CrossRefPubMed Rubin H. Cancer cachexia: its correlations and causes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:5384–9.CrossRefPubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84.CrossRefPubMed Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84.CrossRefPubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Sullivan-Gunn MJ, Campbell-O’Sullivan SP, Tisdale MJ, Lewandowski PA. Decreased NADPH oxidase expression and antioxidant activity in cachectic skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:181–8.CrossRefPubMed Sullivan-Gunn MJ, Campbell-O’Sullivan SP, Tisdale MJ, Lewandowski PA. Decreased NADPH oxidase expression and antioxidant activity in cachectic skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:181–8.CrossRefPubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauss KA, Nelson-Overton LK, Siemsen DW, Gao Y, DeLeo FR, Quinn MT. Role of NF-kappaB in transcriptional regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;82:729–41.CrossRefPubMed Gauss KA, Nelson-Overton LK, Siemsen DW, Gao Y, DeLeo FR, Quinn MT. Role of NF-kappaB in transcriptional regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;82:729–41.CrossRefPubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Groemping Y, Rittinger K. Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: a structural perspective. Biochem J. 2005;386:401–16.PubMed Groemping Y, Rittinger K. Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: a structural perspective. Biochem J. 2005;386:401–16.PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Frey RS, Ushio Fukai M, Malik AB. NADPH oxidase-dependent signaling in endothelial cells: role in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxidants & Redox Signal. 2009;11:791–810.CrossRef Frey RS, Ushio Fukai M, Malik AB. NADPH oxidase-dependent signaling in endothelial cells: role in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxidants & Redox Signal. 2009;11:791–810.CrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Meneshian A, Bulkley GB. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. Microcirculation. 2002;9:161–75.PubMed Meneshian A, Bulkley GB. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. Microcirculation. 2002;9:161–75.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Kono H, Chen C-J, Ontiveros F, Rock KL. Uric acid promotes an acute inflammatory response to sterile cell death in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1939–49.CrossRefPubMed Kono H, Chen C-J, Ontiveros F, Rock KL. Uric acid promotes an acute inflammatory response to sterile cell death in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1939–49.CrossRefPubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Florea VG, Sharma R, Bolger AP, Davos CH, et al. Uric acid in cachectic and noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure: relationship to leg vascular resistance. Am Hear J. 2001;141:792–9.CrossRef Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Florea VG, Sharma R, Bolger AP, Davos CH, et al. Uric acid in cachectic and noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure: relationship to leg vascular resistance. Am Hear J. 2001;141:792–9.CrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasupathi P, Ramachandran T, Sindhu P, Saravanan G, Bakthavathsalam G. Enhanced oxidative stress markers and antioxidant imbalance in HIV infection and AIDS patients. J Sci Res. 2009;1:370–80.CrossRef Pasupathi P, Ramachandran T, Sindhu P, Saravanan G, Bakthavathsalam G. Enhanced oxidative stress markers and antioxidant imbalance in HIV infection and AIDS patients. J Sci Res. 2009;1:370–80.CrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith JK, Carden DL, Korthuis RJ. Role of xanthine oxidase in postischemic microvascular injury in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:H1782–9.PubMed Smith JK, Carden DL, Korthuis RJ. Role of xanthine oxidase in postischemic microvascular injury in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:H1782–9.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaynar H, Meral M, Turhan H, Keles M, Celik G, Akcay F. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2005;227:133–9.CrossRefPubMed Kaynar H, Meral M, Turhan H, Keles M, Celik G, Akcay F. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2005;227:133–9.CrossRefPubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan MJ, Jackson JR, Hao Y, Leonard SS, Alway SE. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces oxidative stress and improves skeletal muscle function in response to electrically stimulated isometric contractions in aged mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51:38–52.CrossRefPubMed Ryan MJ, Jackson JR, Hao Y, Leonard SS, Alway SE. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces oxidative stress and improves skeletal muscle function in response to electrically stimulated isometric contractions in aged mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51:38–52.CrossRefPubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellsten Y, Frandsen U, Orthenblad N, Sjödin B, Richter EA. Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: a role in inflammation. J Physiol. 1997;498:239–48.PubMed Hellsten Y, Frandsen U, Orthenblad N, Sjödin B, Richter EA. Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: a role in inflammation. J Physiol. 1997;498:239–48.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Mura L, Gramignano G, Lusso MR, et al. Antioxidant agents are effective in inducing lymphocyte progression through cell cycle in advanced cancer patients: assessment of the most important laboratory indexes of cachexia and oxidative stress. J Mol Med. 2003;81:664–73.CrossRefPubMed Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Mura L, Gramignano G, Lusso MR, et al. Antioxidant agents are effective in inducing lymphocyte progression through cell cycle in advanced cancer patients: assessment of the most important laboratory indexes of cachexia and oxidative stress. J Mol Med. 2003;81:664–73.CrossRefPubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams A, Sun X, Fischer JE, Hasselgren PO. The expression of genes in the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway is increased in skeletal muscle from patients with cancer. Surgery. 1999;126:744–9. discussion 749–50.CrossRefPubMed Williams A, Sun X, Fischer JE, Hasselgren PO. The expression of genes in the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway is increased in skeletal muscle from patients with cancer. Surgery. 1999;126:744–9. discussion 749–50.CrossRefPubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Costelli P, Tullio RD, Baccino FM, Melloni E. Activation of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle and heart in cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:946–50.CrossRefPubMed Costelli P, Tullio RD, Baccino FM, Melloni E. Activation of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle and heart in cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:946–50.CrossRefPubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Costelli P, Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Grieco G. Anticytokine treatment prevents the increase in the activity of ATP-ubiquitin-and Ca2 + -dependent proteolytic systems in the muscle of tumour-bearing rats. Cytokine. 2002;19:1–5.CrossRefPubMed Costelli P, Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Grieco G. Anticytokine treatment prevents the increase in the activity of ATP-ubiquitin-and Ca2 + -dependent proteolytic systems in the muscle of tumour-bearing rats. Cytokine. 2002;19:1–5.CrossRefPubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhans W. Peripheral mechanisms involved with catabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:419–26.CrossRefPubMed Langhans W. Peripheral mechanisms involved with catabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:419–26.CrossRefPubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Costelli P, Baccino FM. Mechanisms of skeletal muscle depletion in wasting syndromes: role of ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:407–12.PubMed Costelli P, Baccino FM. Mechanisms of skeletal muscle depletion in wasting syndromes: role of ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:407–12.PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen S, Brault JJ, Gygi SP, Glass DJ, Valenzuela DM, Gartner C, et al. During muscle atrophy, thick, but not thin, filament components are degraded by MuRF1-dependent ubiquitylation. J Cell Biol. 2009;185:1083–95.CrossRefPubMed Cohen S, Brault JJ, Gygi SP, Glass DJ, Valenzuela DM, Gartner C, et al. During muscle atrophy, thick, but not thin, filament components are degraded by MuRF1-dependent ubiquitylation. J Cell Biol. 2009;185:1083–95.CrossRefPubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Myosin heavy chain is not selectively decreased in murine cancer cachexia. Int J Cancer. 2011;130:2722–7.CrossRefPubMed Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Myosin heavy chain is not selectively decreased in murine cancer cachexia. Int J Cancer. 2011;130:2722–7.CrossRefPubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cesari M, Vellas B, Pahor M, Grandjean H. Physical performance measures as predictors of mortality in a cohort of community-dwelling older French women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21:113–22.CrossRefPubMed Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cesari M, Vellas B, Pahor M, Grandjean H. Physical performance measures as predictors of mortality in a cohort of community-dwelling older French women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21:113–22.CrossRefPubMed
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Gale CR, Martyn CN, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Grip strength, body composition, and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:228–35.CrossRefPubMed Gale CR, Martyn CN, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Grip strength, body composition, and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:228–35.CrossRefPubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans WJ, Lambert CP. Physiological basis of fatigue. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86:S29–46.CrossRefPubMed Evans WJ, Lambert CP. Physiological basis of fatigue. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86:S29–46.CrossRefPubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Cella D, Lai J-S, Chang C-H, Peterman A, Slavin M. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population. Cancer. 2002;94:528–38.CrossRefPubMed Cella D, Lai J-S, Chang C-H, Peterman A, Slavin M. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population. Cancer. 2002;94:528–38.CrossRefPubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Anker SD, Swan JW, Volterrani M, Chua TP, Clark AL, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. The influence of muscle mass, strength, fatigability and blood flow on exercise capacity in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:259–69.CrossRefPubMed Anker SD, Swan JW, Volterrani M, Chua TP, Clark AL, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. The influence of muscle mass, strength, fatigability and blood flow on exercise capacity in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:259–69.CrossRefPubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan BHL, Birdsell LA, Martin L, Baracos VE, Fearon KCH. Sarcopenia in an overweight or obese patient is an adverse prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6973–9.CrossRefPubMed Tan BHL, Birdsell LA, Martin L, Baracos VE, Fearon KCH. Sarcopenia in an overweight or obese patient is an adverse prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6973–9.CrossRefPubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Costelli P, Grieco G, Bonelli G, Pacelli F, et al. Increased muscle proteasome activity correlates with disease severity in gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg. 2003;237:384–9.PubMed Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Costelli P, Grieco G, Bonelli G, Pacelli F, et al. Increased muscle proteasome activity correlates with disease severity in gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg. 2003;237:384–9.PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Khal J, Wyke SM, Russell ST, Hine AV, Tisdale MJ. Expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and muscle loss in experimental cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:774–80.CrossRefPubMed Khal J, Wyke SM, Russell ST, Hine AV, Tisdale MJ. Expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and muscle loss in experimental cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:774–80.CrossRefPubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Khal J, Hine AV, Fearon KCH, Dejong CHC, Tisdale MJ. Increased expression of proteasome subunits in skeletal muscle of cancer patients with weight loss. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37:2196–206.CrossRefPubMed Khal J, Hine AV, Fearon KCH, Dejong CHC, Tisdale MJ. Increased expression of proteasome subunits in skeletal muscle of cancer patients with weight loss. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37:2196–206.CrossRefPubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ. NF-kappaB mediates proteolysis-inducing factor induced protein degradation and expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in skeletal muscle. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:711–21.CrossRefPubMed Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ. NF-kappaB mediates proteolysis-inducing factor induced protein degradation and expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in skeletal muscle. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:711–21.CrossRefPubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Costelli P, Bellantone R, Pacelli F, Busquets S, et al. Increased muscle ubiquitin mRNA levels in gastric cancer patients. Am J Physiol Reg I. 2001;280:R1518–23. Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Costelli P, Bellantone R, Pacelli F, Busquets S, et al. Increased muscle ubiquitin mRNA levels in gastric cancer patients. Am J Physiol Reg I. 2001;280:R1518–23.
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Glickman MH, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev. 2002;82:373–428.PubMed Glickman MH, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev. 2002;82:373–428.PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Solomon V, Baracos V, Sarraf P, Goldberg AL. Rates of ubiquitin conjugation increase when muscles atrophy, largely through activation of the N-end rule pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:12602–7.CrossRefPubMed Solomon V, Baracos V, Sarraf P, Goldberg AL. Rates of ubiquitin conjugation increase when muscles atrophy, largely through activation of the N-end rule pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:12602–7.CrossRefPubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science. 2001;294:1704–8.CrossRefPubMed Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science. 2001;294:1704–8.CrossRefPubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, et al. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J. 2004;18:39–51.CrossRefPubMed Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, et al. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J. 2004;18:39–51.CrossRefPubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Doglietto GB, Fanelli FR. The ubiquitin/proteasome system in cancer cachexia. In: Mantovani G, Anker SD, et al., editors. Cachexia and wasting: a modern approach. Italy: Springer; 2006. Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Doglietto GB, Fanelli FR. The ubiquitin/proteasome system in cancer cachexia. In: Mantovani G, Anker SD, et al., editors. Cachexia and wasting: a modern approach. Italy: Springer; 2006.
161.
Zurück zum Zitat de Palma L, Marinelli M, Pavan M, Orazi A. Ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx in human skeletal muscle atrophy. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;75:53–7.CrossRefPubMed de Palma L, Marinelli M, Pavan M, Orazi A. Ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx in human skeletal muscle atrophy. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;75:53–7.CrossRefPubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer D. The gene expression of ubiquitin ligase E3α is upregulated in skeletal muscle during sepsis in rats—potential role of glucocorticoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;267:504–8.CrossRefPubMed Fischer D. The gene expression of ubiquitin ligase E3α is upregulated in skeletal muscle during sepsis in rats—potential role of glucocorticoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;267:504–8.CrossRefPubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Jatoi A, Alberts SR, Foster N, Morton R, Burch P, Block M, et al. Is bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, effective in treating cancer-associated weight loss? Preliminary results from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. Support Care Canc. 2005;13:381–6.CrossRef Jatoi A, Alberts SR, Foster N, Morton R, Burch P, Block M, et al. Is bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, effective in treating cancer-associated weight loss? Preliminary results from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. Support Care Canc. 2005;13:381–6.CrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiedenmann B, Malfertheiner P, Friess H, Ritch P, Arseneau J, Mantovani G, et al. A multicenter, phase II study of infliximab plus gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cachexia. J Support Oncol. 2008;6:18–25.PubMed Wiedenmann B, Malfertheiner P, Friess H, Ritch P, Arseneau J, Mantovani G, et al. A multicenter, phase II study of infliximab plus gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cachexia. J Support Oncol. 2008;6:18–25.PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Jatoi A, Ritter HL, Dueck A, Nguyen PL, Nikcevich DA, Luyun RF, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of infliximab for cancer-associated weight loss in elderly and/or poor performance non-small cell lung cancer patients (N01C9). Lung Cancer. 2010;68:234–9.CrossRefPubMed Jatoi A, Ritter HL, Dueck A, Nguyen PL, Nikcevich DA, Luyun RF, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of infliximab for cancer-associated weight loss in elderly and/or poor performance non-small cell lung cancer patients (N01C9). Lung Cancer. 2010;68:234–9.CrossRefPubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith IJ, Aversa Z, Hasselgren P, Pacelli F, Rosa F, Doglietto GB, et al. Calpain activity is increased in skeletal muscle from gastric cancer patients with no or minimal weight loss. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:410–4.CrossRefPubMed Smith IJ, Aversa Z, Hasselgren P, Pacelli F, Rosa F, Doglietto GB, et al. Calpain activity is increased in skeletal muscle from gastric cancer patients with no or minimal weight loss. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:410–4.CrossRefPubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Jagoe RT, Redfern CP, Roberts RG, Gibson GJ, Goodship TH. Skeletal muscle mRNA levels for cathepsin B, but not components of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, are increased in patients with lung cancer referred for thoracotomy. Clin Sci. 2002;102:353–61.CrossRefPubMed Jagoe RT, Redfern CP, Roberts RG, Gibson GJ, Goodship TH. Skeletal muscle mRNA levels for cathepsin B, but not components of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, are increased in patients with lung cancer referred for thoracotomy. Clin Sci. 2002;102:353–61.CrossRefPubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Op den Kamp CM, Langen RC, Minnaard R, Kelders MC, den CM OdK, et al. Pre-cachexia in patients with stages IIII non-small cell lung cancer: systemic inflammation and functional impairment without activation of skeletal muscle ubiquitin proteasome system. Lung Cancer. 2012;76:112–7.CrossRef Op den Kamp CM, Langen RC, Minnaard R, Kelders MC, den CM OdK, et al. Pre-cachexia in patients with stages IIII non-small cell lung cancer: systemic inflammation and functional impairment without activation of skeletal muscle ubiquitin proteasome system. Lung Cancer. 2012;76:112–7.CrossRef
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul PK, Gupta SK, Bhatnagar S, Panguluri SK, Darnay BG, Choi Y, et al. Targeted ablation of TRAF6 inhibits skeletal muscle wasting in mice. J Cell Biol. 2010;191:1395–411.CrossRefPubMed Paul PK, Gupta SK, Bhatnagar S, Panguluri SK, Darnay BG, Choi Y, et al. Targeted ablation of TRAF6 inhibits skeletal muscle wasting in mice. J Cell Biol. 2010;191:1395–411.CrossRefPubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Bellantone R, Fanelli FR. Therapy of muscle wasting in cancer: what is the future? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7:459–66.CrossRefPubMed Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Bellantone R, Fanelli FR. Therapy of muscle wasting in cancer: what is the future? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7:459–66.CrossRefPubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacheck JM, Ohtsuka A, McLary SC, Goldberg AL. IGF-I stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E591–601.CrossRefPubMed Sacheck JM, Ohtsuka A, McLary SC, Goldberg AL. IGF-I stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E591–601.CrossRefPubMed
173.
Zurück zum Zitat McMillan DC, O’Gorman P, Fearon KCH, McArdle CS. A pilot study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in the treatment of cachexia in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:788–90.CrossRefPubMed McMillan DC, O’Gorman P, Fearon KCH, McArdle CS. A pilot study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in the treatment of cachexia in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:788–90.CrossRefPubMed
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Preston T, Fearon KC, McMillan DC, Winstanley FP, Slater C, Shenkin A, et al. Effect of ibuprofen on the acute-phase response and protein metabolism in patients with cancer and weight loss. Br J Surg. 1995;82:229–34.CrossRefPubMed Preston T, Fearon KC, McMillan DC, Winstanley FP, Slater C, Shenkin A, et al. Effect of ibuprofen on the acute-phase response and protein metabolism in patients with cancer and weight loss. Br J Surg. 1995;82:229–34.CrossRefPubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat McMillan DC, Wigmore SJ, Fearon KCH, O’Gorman P, Wright CE, McArdle CS. A prospective randomized study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in gastrointestinal cancer patients with weight loss. Br J Cancer. 1999;79:495–500.CrossRefPubMed McMillan DC, Wigmore SJ, Fearon KCH, O’Gorman P, Wright CE, McArdle CS. A prospective randomized study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in gastrointestinal cancer patients with weight loss. Br J Cancer. 1999;79:495–500.CrossRefPubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundholm K, Gelin J, Hyltander A, Lönnroth C, Sandström R, Svaninger G, et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment may prolong survival in undernourished patients with metastatic solid tumors. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5602–6.PubMed Lundholm K, Gelin J, Hyltander A, Lönnroth C, Sandström R, Svaninger G, et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment may prolong survival in undernourished patients with metastatic solid tumors. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5602–6.PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigmore SJ, Falconer JS, Plester CE, Ross JA, Maingay JP, Carter DC, et al. Ibuprofen reduces energy expenditure and acute-phase protein production compared with placebo in pancreatic cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1995;72:185–8.CrossRefPubMed Wigmore SJ, Falconer JS, Plester CE, Ross JA, Maingay JP, Carter DC, et al. Ibuprofen reduces energy expenditure and acute-phase protein production compared with placebo in pancreatic cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1995;72:185–8.CrossRefPubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantovani G, Madeddu C. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and antioxidants in the treatment of cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008;2:275–81.CrossRefPubMed Mantovani G, Madeddu C. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and antioxidants in the treatment of cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008;2:275–81.CrossRefPubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Gramignano G, Lusso MR, Serpe R, et al. A phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress. Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1030–4.CrossRef Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Gramignano G, Lusso MR, Serpe R, et al. A phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress. Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1030–4.CrossRef
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Serpe R, Massa E, Dessi M, et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 332 patients with cancer cachexia. Oncologist. 2010;15:200–11.CrossRefPubMed Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Serpe R, Massa E, Dessi M, et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 332 patients with cancer cachexia. Oncologist. 2010;15:200–11.CrossRefPubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Maggiore RJ, Gross CP, Hurria A. Polypharmacy in older adults with cancer. Oncologist. 2010;15:507–22.CrossRefPubMed Maggiore RJ, Gross CP, Hurria A. Polypharmacy in older adults with cancer. Oncologist. 2010;15:507–22.CrossRefPubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Madeddu C, Dessì M, Panzone F, Serpe R, Antoni G, Cau MC, et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine + celecoxibmegestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:176–82.CrossRefPubMed Madeddu C, Dessì M, Panzone F, Serpe R, Antoni G, Cau MC, et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine + celecoxibmegestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:176–82.CrossRefPubMed
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon GH, Hars V, Wagner BA, Hohl RJ, et al. Phase I clinical study of fish oil fatty acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia: cancer and leukemia group B study 9473. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:3942–7.PubMed Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon GH, Hars V, Wagner BA, Hohl RJ, et al. Phase I clinical study of fish oil fatty acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia: cancer and leukemia group B study 9473. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:3942–7.PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, Fearon KC. Tolerance and incorporation of a high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid diester emulsion by patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Lipids. 2001;36:347–51.CrossRefPubMed Barber MD, Fearon KC. Tolerance and incorporation of a high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid diester emulsion by patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Lipids. 2001;36:347–51.CrossRefPubMed
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QSC, Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mazurak VC. Supplementation with fish oil increases first-line chemotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:3774–80.CrossRefPubMed Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QSC, Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mazurak VC. Supplementation with fish oil increases first-line chemotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:3774–80.CrossRefPubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigmore SJ, Ross JA, Falconer JS, Plester CE, Tisdale MJ, Carter DC, et al. The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the progress of cachexia in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutrition. 1996;12:S27–30.PubMed Wigmore SJ, Ross JA, Falconer JS, Plester CE, Tisdale MJ, Carter DC, et al. The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the progress of cachexia in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutrition. 1996;12:S27–30.PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigmore SJ, Fearon KCH, Maingay JP, Ross JA. Down-regulation of the acute-phase response in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia receiving oral eicosapentaenoic acid is mediated via suppression of interleukin-6. Clin Sci. 1997;92:215–21.PubMed Wigmore SJ, Fearon KCH, Maingay JP, Ross JA. Down-regulation of the acute-phase response in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia receiving oral eicosapentaenoic acid is mediated via suppression of interleukin-6. Clin Sci. 1997;92:215–21.PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:1–13.CrossRef Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:1–13.CrossRef
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith HJ, Tisdale MJ. Induction of apoptosis by a cachectic-factor in murine myotubes and inhibition by eicosapentaenoic acid. Apoptosis. 2003;8:161–9.CrossRefPubMed Smith HJ, Tisdale MJ. Induction of apoptosis by a cachectic-factor in murine myotubes and inhibition by eicosapentaenoic acid. Apoptosis. 2003;8:161–9.CrossRefPubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitehouse AS, Tisdale MJ. Increased expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1116–22.CrossRefPubMed Whitehouse AS, Tisdale MJ. Increased expression of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1116–22.CrossRefPubMed
191.
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitehouse AS, Smith HJ, Drake JL, Tisdale MJ. Mechanism of attenuation of skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer cachexia by eicosapentaenoic acid. Cancer Res. 2001;61:3604–9.PubMed Whitehouse AS, Smith HJ, Drake JL, Tisdale MJ. Mechanism of attenuation of skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer cachexia by eicosapentaenoic acid. Cancer Res. 2001;61:3604–9.PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigmore SJ, Barber MD, Ross JA, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KCH. Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutr Canc. 2000;36:177–84.CrossRef Wigmore SJ, Barber MD, Ross JA, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KCH. Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutr Canc. 2000;36:177–84.CrossRef
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Jatoi A, Rowland K, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Dakhll SR, MacDonald N, et al. An eicosapentaenoic acid supplement versus megestrol acetate versus both for patients with cancer-associated wasting: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group and National Cancer Institute of Canada collaborative effort. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2469–76.CrossRefPubMed Jatoi A, Rowland K, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Dakhll SR, MacDonald N, et al. An eicosapentaenoic acid supplement versus megestrol acetate versus both for patients with cancer-associated wasting: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group and National Cancer Institute of Canada collaborative effort. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2469–76.CrossRefPubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Li M, Zhu Q, Hu C, Giesy JP, Kong Z, Cui Y. Protective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on genotoxicity and oxidative stress of cyclophosphamide in mice. Environ Toxicol. 2011;26:217–23.CrossRefPubMed Li M, Zhu Q, Hu C, Giesy JP, Kong Z, Cui Y. Protective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on genotoxicity and oxidative stress of cyclophosphamide in mice. Environ Toxicol. 2011;26:217–23.CrossRefPubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell ST, Tisdale MJ. The role of glucocorticoids in the induction of zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein expression in adipose tissue in cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:876–81.CrossRefPubMed Russell ST, Tisdale MJ. The role of glucocorticoids in the induction of zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein expression in adipose tissue in cancer cachexia. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:876–81.CrossRefPubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, McMillan DC, Preston T, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement. Clin Sci. 2000;98:389–99.CrossRefPubMed Barber MD, McMillan DC, Preston T, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement. Clin Sci. 2000;98:389–99.CrossRefPubMed
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber MD, Ross JA, Preston T, Shenkin A, Fearon KCH. Fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement attenuates progression of the acute-phase response in weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Nutr. 1999;129:1120–5.PubMed Barber MD, Ross JA, Preston T, Shenkin A, Fearon KCH. Fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement attenuates progression of the acute-phase response in weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Nutr. 1999;129:1120–5.PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Rossi Fanelli F. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Cancer. 2005;103:651–2.CrossRefPubMed Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Rossi Fanelli F. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Cancer. 2005;103:651–2.CrossRefPubMed
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiryaki-Sönmez G, Schoenfeld B, Vatansever-Ozen S. Omega-3 fatty acids and exercise: a review of their combined effects on body composition and physical performance. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2011;3:23–9. Tiryaki-Sönmez G, Schoenfeld B, Vatansever-Ozen S. Omega-3 fatty acids and exercise: a review of their combined effects on body composition and physical performance. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2011;3:23–9.
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Penna F, Busquets S, Pin F, Toledo M, Baccino FM, López-Soriano FJ, et al. Combined approach to counteract experimental cancer cachexia: eicosapentaenoic acid and training exercise. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:95–104.CrossRefPubMed Penna F, Busquets S, Pin F, Toledo M, Baccino FM, López-Soriano FJ, et al. Combined approach to counteract experimental cancer cachexia: eicosapentaenoic acid and training exercise. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:95–104.CrossRefPubMed
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev. 2006;58:87–114.CrossRefPubMed Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev. 2006;58:87–114.CrossRefPubMed
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Springer J, Hartmann A, Palus S, Adams V, von Harsdorf R, Anker SD, et al. The xanthine oxidase inhibitors oxypurinol and allopurinol reduce wasting and improve cardiac function in experimental cancer cachexia. J Card Fail. 2009;15:S22–2.CrossRef Springer J, Hartmann A, Palus S, Adams V, von Harsdorf R, Anker SD, et al. The xanthine oxidase inhibitors oxypurinol and allopurinol reduce wasting and improve cardiac function in experimental cancer cachexia. J Card Fail. 2009;15:S22–2.CrossRef
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Day RO, Graham GG, Hicks M, McLachlan AJ, Stocker SL, Williams KM. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:623–44.CrossRefPubMed Day RO, Graham GG, Hicks M, McLachlan AJ, Stocker SL, Williams KM. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:623–44.CrossRefPubMed
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Deby C, Deby-Dupont G, Noël FX, Lavergne L. In vitro and in vivo arachidonic acid conversions into biologically active derivatives are enhanced by uric acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 1981;30:2243–9.CrossRefPubMed Deby C, Deby-Dupont G, Noël FX, Lavergne L. In vitro and in vivo arachidonic acid conversions into biologically active derivatives are enhanced by uric acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 1981;30:2243–9.CrossRefPubMed
206.
Zurück zum Zitat von Haehling S, Morley JE, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:7–8. von Haehling S, Morley JE, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:7–8.
Metadaten
Titel
Cancer cachexia: impact, mechanisms and emerging treatments
verfasst von
Vanessa C. Vaughan
Peter Martin
Paul A. Lewandowski
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 2190-5991
Elektronische ISSN: 2190-6009
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-012-0087-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 2/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Mehr Lebenszeit mit Abemaciclib bei fortgeschrittenem Brustkrebs?

24.05.2024 Mammakarzinom Nachrichten

In der MONARCHE-3-Studie lebten Frauen mit fortgeschrittenem Hormonrezeptor-positivem, HER2-negativem Brustkrebs länger, wenn sie zusätzlich zu einem nicht steroidalen Aromatasehemmer mit Abemaciclib behandelt wurden; allerdings verfehlte der numerische Zugewinn die statistische Signifikanz.

ADT zur Radiatio nach Prostatektomie: Wenn, dann wohl länger

24.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Welchen Nutzen es trägt, wenn die Strahlentherapie nach radikaler Prostatektomie um eine Androgendeprivation ergänzt wird, hat die RADICALS-HD-Studie untersucht. Nun liegen die Ergebnisse vor. Sie sprechen für länger dauernden Hormonentzug.

„Überwältigende“ Evidenz für Tripeltherapie beim metastasierten Prostata-Ca.

22.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Patienten mit metastasiertem hormonsensitivem Prostatakarzinom sollten nicht mehr mit einer alleinigen Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) behandelt werden, mahnt ein US-Team nach Sichtung der aktuellen Datenlage. Mit einer Tripeltherapie haben die Betroffenen offenbar die besten Überlebenschancen.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.