nach oben

Erschienen in:

12.05.2021 | Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in children

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of transplant organs — liver and kidney — in children

verfasst von: Doris Franke, Reza J. Daugherty, Damjana Ključevšek, Aikaterini Ntoulia, Vasileios Rafailidis, Marcelo S. Takahashi, Alvaro Torres, Bernarda Viteri, Frank M. Volberg

Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology | Ausgabe 12/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Ultrasound (US) is the first-line imaging tool for evaluating liver and kidney transplants during and after the surgical procedures. In most patients after organ transplantation, gray-scale US coupled with color/power and spectral Doppler techniques is used to evaluate the transplant organs, assess the patency of vascular structures, and identify potential complications. In technically difficult or inconclusive cases, however, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide prompt and accurate diagnostic information that is essential for management decisions. CEUS is indicated to evaluate for vascular complications including vascular stenosis or thrombosis, active bleeding, pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas. Parenchymal indications for CEUS include evaluation for perfusion defects and focal inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. When transplant rejection is suspected, CEUS can assist with prompt intervention by excluding potential underlying causes for organ dysfunction. Intracavitary CEUS applications can evaluate the biliary tract of a liver transplant (e.g., for biliary strictures, bile leak or intraductal stones) or the urinary tract of a renal transplant (e.g., for urinary obstruction, urine leak or vesicoureteral reflux) as well as the position and patency of hepatic, biliary and renal drains and catheters. The aim of this review is to present current experience regarding the use of CEUS to evaluate liver and renal transplants, focusing on the examination technique and interpretation of the main imaging findings, predominantly those related to vascular complications.

Piardi T, Lhuaire M, Bruno O et al (2016) Vascular complications following liver transplantation: a literature review of advances in 2015. World J Hepatol 8:36–57PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Nixon JN, Biyyam DR, Stanescu L et al (2013) Imaging of pediatric renal transplants and their complications: a pictorial review. Radiographics 33:1227–1251PubMedCrossRef

Friedewald SM, Molmenti EP, Friedewald JJ et al (2005) Vascular and nonvascular complications of renal transplants: sonographic evaluation and correlation with other imaging modalities, surgery, and pathology. J Clin Ultrasound 33:127–139PubMedCrossRef

Camacho JC, Coursey-Moreno C, Telleria JC et al (2015) Nonvascular post-liver transplantation complications: from US screening to cross-sectional and interventional imaging. Radiographics 35:87–104PubMedCrossRef

Kim N, Juarez R, Levy AD (2018) Imaging non-vascular complications of renal transplantation. Abdom Radiol 43:2555–2563CrossRef

Craig EV, Heller MT (2019) Complications of liver transplant. Abdom Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02340-5

Pham YH, Miloh T (2018) Liver transplantation in children. Clin Liver Dis 22:807–821PubMedCrossRef

Quiroga S, Sebastia MC, Margarit C et al (2001) Complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: spectrum of findings with helical CT. Radiographics 21:1085–1102PubMedCrossRef

Singh AK, Nachiappan AC, Verma HA et al (2010) Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 30:339–351PubMedCrossRef

10.

Cordinha C, Rodrigues L, Carmo C et al (2019) Pediatric kidney transplantation: experience of a center over 4 decades. Transplant Proc 51:1579–1584PubMedCrossRef

11.

Irtan S, Maisin A, Baudouin V et al (2010) Renal transplantation in children: critical analysis of age related surgical complications. Pediatr Transplant 14:512–519PubMedCrossRef

12.

Damasio MB, Ording Muller LS, Piaggio G et al (2017) Imaging in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 21

13.

Abdelaziz O, Attia H (2016) Doppler ultrasonography in living donor liver transplantation recipients: intra- and post-operative vascular complications. World J Gastroenterol 22:6145–6172PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

14.

Hom BK, Shrestha R, Palmer SL et al (2006) Prospective evaluation of vascular complications after liver transplantation: comparison of conventional and microbubble contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 241:267–274PubMedCrossRef

15.

Zeisbrich M, Kihm LP, Druschler F et al (2015) When is contrast-enhanced sonography preferable over conventional ultrasound combined with Doppler imaging in renal transplantation? Clin Kidney J 8:606–614PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

16.

Rubenthaler J, Paprottka KJ, Hameister E et al (2017) Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in monitoring vascular complications in patients after liver transplantation — diagnostic performance compared with histopathological results. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 66:311–316PubMedCrossRef

17.

Teegen EM, Denecke T, Eisele R et al (2016) Clinical application of modern ultrasound techniques after liver transplantation. Acta Radiol 57:1161–1170PubMedCrossRef

18.

Rübenthaler J, Paprottka KJ, Hameister E et al (2016) Vascular complications in liver transplantation: beneficial role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the postoperative phase. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 64:475–482PubMedCrossRef

19.

Ren J, Wu T, Zheng BW et al (2016) Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound after liver transplantation: current status and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 22:1607–1616PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

20.

Mueller-Peltzer K, Negrao de Figueiredo G, Fischereder M et al (2018) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a new technique to characterize suspected renal transplant malignancies in renal transplant patients in comparison to standard imaging modalities. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 69:69–75PubMedCrossRef

21.

Morgan TA, Jha P, Poder L, Weinstein S (2018) Advanced ultrasound applications in the assessment of renal transplants: contrast-enhanced ultrasound, elastography, and B-flow. Abdom Radiol 43:2604–2614CrossRef

22.

Mueller-Peltzer K, Rubenthaler J, Fischereder M et al (2017) The diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a new technique for imaging of vascular complications in renal transplants compared to standard imaging modalities. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 67:407–413PubMedCrossRef

23.

Alvarez Rodriguez S, Hevia Palacios V, Sanz Mayayo E et al (2017) The usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of early kidney transplant function and complications. Diagnostics 7:53PubMedCentralCrossRef

24.

Korda D, Deak PA, Kozma V et al (2016) Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the follow-up of kidney transplant patients. Transplant Proc 48:2544–2547PubMedCrossRef

25.

Kessner R, Nakamoto DA, Kondray V et al (2019) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound guidance for interventional procedures. J Ultrasound Med 38:2541–2557PubMedCrossRef

26.

Daneshi M, Yusuf GT, Fang C et al (2019) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) nephrostogram: utility and accuracy as an alternative to fluoroscopic imaging of the urinary tract. Clin Radiol 74:167.e9–167.e16

27.

Yusuf GT, Fang C, Huang DY et al (2018) Endocavitary contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): a novel problem solving technique. Insights Imaging 9:303–311PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

28.

Chopra SS, Eisele R, Stelter L et al (2012) Contrast enhanced ultrasound cholangiography via T-tube following liver transplantation. Ann Transplant 17:108–112PubMed

29.

Cai R, Tao L, Liang W et al (2020) Application of contrast-enhanced sonography on the diagnosis of acute and chronic rejection after renal transplantation. Ultrasound Q 36:59–63PubMedCrossRef

30.

Cuenca AG, Kim HB, Vakili K (2017) Pediatric liver transplantation. Semin Pediatr Surg 26:217–223PubMedCrossRef

31.

Kerkar N, Emre S (2007) Issues unique to pediatric liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 11:323–335PubMedCrossRef

32.

Hackl C, Schmidt KM, Susal C et al (2018) Split liver transplantation: current developments. World J Gastroenterol 24:5312–5321PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

33.

Muller SA, Schmied BM, Welsch T et al (2006) How to increase inflow in liver transplantation. Clin Transpl 20:85–92CrossRef

34.

Chan T, DeGirolamo K, Chartier-Plante S, Buczkowski AK (2017) Comparison of three caval reconstruction techniques in orthotopic liver transplantation: a retrospective review. Am J Surg 213:943–949PubMedCrossRef

35.

Itri JN, Heller MT, Tublin ME (2013) Hepatic transplantation: postoperative complications. Abdom Imaging 38:1300–1333PubMedCrossRef

36.

Broering DC, Schulte am Esch J, Fischer L, Rogiers X (2004) Split liver transplantation. HPB 6:76–82

37.

Liu CL, Lo CM, Fan ST (2005) What is the best technique for right hemiliver living donor liver transplantation? With or without the middle hepatic vein? Duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis or Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy? J Hepatol 43:17–22PubMedCrossRef

38.

Verghese PS (2017) Pediatric kidney transplantation: a historical review. Pediatr Res 81:259–264PubMedCrossRef

39.

Hebert SA, Swinford RD, Hall DR et al (2017) Special considerations in pediatric kidney transplantation. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 24:398–404PubMedCrossRef

40.

Wu F, Deng Z, Consigliere D, Tiong HY (2012) Synchronous nephrectomy with unilateral dual kidney transplantation: feasibility in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease. Singap Med J 53:e163–e165

41.

Roach JP, Bock ME, Goebel J (2017) Pediatric kidney transplantation. Semin Pediatr Surg 26:233–240PubMedCrossRef

42.

Baumgarten HD, Rasmussen SK (2018) Technical aspects of kidney transplant and salvage procedures for technical complications in the child. In: Dunn SP, Horslen S (eds) Solid organ transplantation in infants and children. Springer International, Cham, pp 375–382CrossRef

43.

Mwipatayi BP, Leong CW, Subramanian P, Picardo A (2013) En bloc kidney transplant from an 18-month-old donor to an adult recipient: case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 4:948–951PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

44.

Torres A, Koskinen SK, Gjertsen H, Fischler B (2018) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for identifying circulatory complications after liver transplants in children. Pediatr Transplant 23:e13327PubMedCrossRef

45.

Bonini G, Pezzotta G, Morzenti C et al (2007) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Ultrasound 10:99–106PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

46.

Putz FJ, Erlmeier A, Wiesinger I et al (2017) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in renal imaging at an interdisciplinary ultrasound centre: possibilities of dynamic microvascularisation and perfusion. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 66:293–302PubMedCrossRef

47.

Girometti R, Stocca T, Serena E et al (2017) Impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with renal function impairment. World J Radiol 9:10–16PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

48.

Eisenbrey JR, Daecher A, Kramer MR, Forsberg F (2015) Effects of needle and catheter size on commercially available ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med 34:1961–1968PubMedCrossRef

49.

Sidhu PS, Cantisani V, Dietrich CF et al (2018) The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in non-hepatic applications: update 2017 (long version). Ultraschall Med 39:e2–e44PubMedCrossRef

50.

Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI et al (2013) Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver — update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med 34:11–29PubMedCrossRef

51.

Jang HY, Kim KW, Kim SY et al (2018) Visibility of the graft hepatic artery using superb microvascular imaging in liver transplantation recipients: initial experience. Acta Radiol 59:1326–1335PubMedCrossRef

52.

Bekker J, Ploem S, de Jong KP (2009) Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors. Am J Transplant 9:746–757PubMedCrossRef

53.

Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R et al (2010) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc 42:2970–2972PubMedCrossRef

54.

Tan KC, Yandza T, de Hemptinne B et al (1988) Hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 23:927–930PubMedCrossRef

55.

Diamond IR, Fecteau A, Millis JM et al (2007) Impact of graft type on outcome in pediatric liver transplantation: a report from studies of pediatric liver transplantation (SPLIT). Ann Surg 246:301–310PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

56.

Sanyal R, Lall CG, Lamba R et al (2012) Orthotopic liver transplantation: reversible Doppler US findings in the immediate postoperative period. Radiographics 32:199–211PubMedCrossRef

57.

Marshall MM, Muiesan P, Srinivasan P et al (2001) Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation: incidence, presenting features and management. Clin Radiol 56:579–587PubMedCrossRef

58.

Ma L, Chen K, Lu Q et al (2016) Case report of hepatic artery dissection secondary to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after living donor liver transplantation. BMC Gastroenterol 16:44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

59.

Ren X, Luo Y, Gao N et al (2016) Common ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation. Exp Ther Med 12:1029–1033PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

60.

Glockner JF, Forauer AR (1999) Vascular or ischemic complications after liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1055–1059PubMedCrossRef

61.

Franke D, Riccabona M (2015) Doppler sonography of the liver in infants and children. In: Deeg K-H, Rupprecht T, Hofbeck M (eds) Doppler sonography in infancy and childhood. Springer, Cham, pp 311–377

62.

Liu X, Jang HJ, Khalili K et al (2018) Successful integration of contrast-enhanced US into routine abdominal imaging. Radiographics 38:1454–1477PubMedCrossRef

63.

Karakayali F, Kirnap M, Akdur A et al (2013) Biliary complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 45:3524–3527PubMedCrossRef

64.

Fontanilla T, Noblejas A, Cortes C et al (2013) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of liver lesions related to arterial thrombosis in adult liver transplantation. J Clin Ultrasound 41:493–500PubMedCrossRef

65.

Pan FS, Liu M, Luo J et al (2017) Transplant renal artery stenosis: evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Eur J Radiol 90:42–49PubMedCrossRef

66.

Yang C, Wu S, Yang P et al (2019) Prediction of renal allograft chronic rejection using a model based on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Microcirculation 26:e12544PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

67.

Deeg K-H (2015) Renal circulation. In: Deeg K-H, Rupprecht T, Hofbeck M (eds) Doppler sonography in infancy and childhood. Springer, Cham, pp 489–566

68.

Grabner A, Kentrup D, Pawelski H et al (2016) Renal contrast-enhanced sonography findings in a model of acute cellular allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 16:1612–1619PubMedCrossRef

69.

Mueller-Peltzer K, Negrao de Figueiredo G, Fischereder M et al (2018) Vascular rejection in renal transplant: diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) compared to biopsy. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 69:77–82PubMedCrossRef

70.

Grzelak P, Kurnatowska I, Nowicki M et al (2012) Standard B presentation vs. contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US-CE). A comparison of usefulness of different ultrasonographic techniques in the evaluation of the echo structure and size of haematomas in post-renal transplant patients: a preliminary report. Pol J Radiol 77:14–18

71.

Grzelak P, Kurnatowska I, Sapieha M et al (2011) Disturbances of kidney graft perfusion as indicators of acute renal vein thrombosis in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Transplant Proc 43:3018–3020PubMedCrossRef

72.

Fischer T, Muhler M, Kroncke TJ et al (2004) Early postoperative ultrasound of kidney transplants: evaluation of contrast medium dynamics using time-intensity curves. Rofo 176:472–477PubMedCrossRef

73.

Lebkowska U, Janica J, Lebkowski W et al (2009) Renal parenchyma perfusion spectrum and resistive index (RI) in ultrasound examinations with contrast medium in the early period after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 41:3024–3027PubMedCrossRef

74.

Benozzi L, Cappelli G, Granito M et al (2009) Contrast-enhanced sonography in early kidney graft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 41:1214–1215PubMedCrossRef

75.

Araújo NC, Suassuna JHR (2018) Time-intensity curve analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is unable to differentiate renal dysfunction in the early post-transplant period — a prospective study. BMC Nephrol 19:351PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

76.

Grzelak P, Szymczyk K, Strzelczyk J et al (2011) Perfusion of kidney graft pyramids and cortex in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the determination of the cause of delayed graft function. Ann Transplant 16:48–53PubMedCrossRef

77.

Schwenger V, Hankel V, Seckinger J et al (2014) Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the early period after kidney transplantation predicts long-term allograft function. Transplant Proc 46:3352–3357PubMedCrossRef

78.

Jin Y, Yang C, Wu S et al (2015) A novel simple noninvasive index to predict renal transplant acute rejection by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Transplantation 99:636–641PubMedCrossRef

79.

Wang X, Yu Z, Guo R et al (2015) Assessment of postoperative perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in kidney transplantation. Int J Clin Exp Med 8:18399–18405PubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Paudice N, Zanazzi M, Agostini S et al (2012) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound assessment of complex cystic lesions in renal transplant recipients with acquired cystic kidney disease: preliminary experience. Transplant Proc 44:1928–1929PubMedCrossRef

81.

Helck A, Sommer WH, Wessely M et al (2011) Benefit of contrast enhanced ultrasound for detection of ischaemic lesions and arterio venous fistulas in renal transplants — a feasibility study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 48:149–160PubMedCrossRef

82.

Grzelak P, Sapieha M, Kurnatowska I et al (2011) Contrast-enhanced sonography of postbiopsy arteriovenous fistulas in kidney grafts. J Clin Ultrasound 39:378–382PubMedCrossRef

83.

Granata A, Andrulli S, Fiorini F et al (2011) Diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in kidney transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26:715–720PubMedCrossRef

84.

Harvey CJ, Alsafi A, Kuzmich S et al (2015) Role of US contrast agents in the assessment of indeterminate solid and cystic lesions in native and transplant kidneys. Radiographics 35:1419–1430PubMedCrossRef

85.

Kljucevsek D, Riccabona M, Ording Muller LS et al (2020) Intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in children: review with procedural recommendations and clinical applications from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force. Pediatr Radiol 50:596–606PubMedCrossRef

86.

Hoeffel C, Azizi L, Lewin M et al (2006) Normal and pathologic features of the postoperative biliary tract at 3D MR cholangiopancreatography and MR imaging. Radiographics 26:1603–1620PubMedCrossRef

87.

Darge K (2010) Voiding urosonography with US contrast agent for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children: an update. Pediatr Radiol 40:956–962PubMedCrossRef

88.

Darge K (2008) Voiding urosonography with ultrasound contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children. I. Procedure. Pediatr Radiol 38:40–53PubMedCrossRef

89.

Huang DY, Yusuf GT, Daneshi M et al (2017) Contrast-enhanced US-guided interventions: improving success rate and avoiding complications using US contrast agents. Radiographics 37:652–664PubMedCrossRef

90.

Lu Q, Zhong XF, Huang ZX et al (2012) Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in decision support for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Eur J Radiol 81:e338–e343PubMedCrossRef

91.

Berstad AE, Brabrand K, Foss A (2009) Clinical utility of microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 22:954–960PubMedCrossRef

92.

Sidhu PS, Shaw AS, Ellis SM et al (2004) Microbubble ultrasound contrast in the assessment of hepatic artery patency following liver transplantation: role in reducing frequency of hepatic artery arteriography. Eur Radiol 14:21–30PubMedCrossRef

93.

Zheng RQ, Mao R, Ren J et al (2010) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation: potential role in changing the clinical algorithm. Liver Transpl 16:729–735PubMedCrossRef

94.

Park YS, Kim KW, Kim SY et (2012) Obstruction at middle hepatic venous tributaries in modified right lobe grafts after living-donor liver transplantation: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 265:617–626

95.

Rennert J, Dornia C, Georgieva M et al (2012) Identification of early complications following liver transplantation using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). First results J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 21:407–412PubMed

96.

Clevert DA, Stickel M, Minaifar N et al (2009) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplant: first results and potential for complications in the postoperative period. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 43:83–94PubMedCrossRef

97.

Rübenthaler J, Paprottka KJ, Hameister E et al (2016) Malignancies after liver transplantation: value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 64:467–473PubMedCrossRef

98.

Grzelak P, Kurnatowska I, Nowicki M et al (2013) Detection of transplant renal artery stenosis in the early postoperative period with analysis of parenchymal perfusion with ultrasound contrast agent. Ann Transplant 18:187–194PubMedCrossRef

99.

Stenberg B, Chandler C, Wyrley-Birch H, Elliott ST (2014) Post-operative 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) versus Tc99m-DTPA in the detection of post-surgical perfusion defects in kidney transplants — preliminary findings. Ultraschall Med 35:273–278PubMed

Titel: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of transplant organs — liver and kidney — in children
verfasst von: Doris Franke
Reza J. Daugherty
Damjana Ključevšek
Aikaterini Ntoulia
Vasileios Rafailidis
Marcelo S. Takahashi
Alvaro Torres
Bernarda Viteri
Frank M. Volberg
Publikationsdatum: 12.05.2021
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology / Ausgabe 12/2021
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04867-y

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of transplant organs — liver and kidney — in children

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

Update Radiologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2021

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of benign and malignant liver lesions in children

Pediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound: optimization of techniques and dosing

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenals in children

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in children: a first-of-its-kind comprehensive compendium!

Contrast-enhanced genitosonography and colosonography: emerging alternatives to fluoroscopy

Translational research in pediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

Update Radiologie