Introduction
Multiple myeloma, diagnosis and treatment
Multiple myeloma and imaging
Whole-body X-ray, MRI and low-dose CT scan
Target mechanism in nuclear imaging
Mechanism of action | Tracer | Target |
---|---|---|
Cell metabolism
| ||
Glucose
| [18 F]-FDG | Glucose uptake |
Amino acid
| [11C]-MET | Methionine |
[18 F]-FAMT | L-type aminoacid transporter 1 | |
Nucleotide
| [18 F]-FLT | Activity of thymidine kinase |
[11C] -4DST | Activity of thymidine kinase | |
Membrane metabolism
| [11C]-ACT | Acetate/fatty acid synthesis |
[11C]-choline | Choline | |
Receptor targeting
| ||
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
| [111In]-pentetreotide | Somatostatin receptor |
Chemokine receptor 4
| [68Ga]-Pentixafor | CXCR-4 receptor |
Very-late-antigen-4
| [64Cu]-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2 | VLA-4 |
Mitochondrial activity
| ||
[99mTc]-sestamibi | Mitochondria | |
[99mTc]-tetrofosmin | Mitochondria | |
Angiogenesis and hypoxia
| ||
Hypoxia
| [18 F]-FAZA | Hypoxia |
Angiogenesis
| [89Zr]-bevacizumab | Circulating VEGF |
Cell metabolism
Glucose
A
| ||||
Study
|
Tracer
|
n
|
MM
|
% pos [18 F]-FDG-PET
|
De Waal 2015
| [18 F]-FDG | 44 | R | 82 % |
Lapa 2014
| [18 F]-FDG | 37 | R | 76 % |
Zamagni 2011
| [18 F]-FDG | 192 | ND | 76 % |
McDonald 2016
| [18 F]-FDG | 192 | ND | 68 % |
B
| ||||
Study
|
Tracer
|
n
|
MM
|
pos scan vs pos [18 F]-FDG-PET (%)
|
Okasaki 2015
| [11C]-MET | 10 | R | 100 % vs 60 % |
Lapa 2016
| [11C]-MET | 43 | 32 R | 91 % vs 77 % |
Isoda 2012
| [18 F]-FAMT | 11 | R | 73 % vs 73 % |
Agool A 2006
| [18 F]-FLT | 2 | R | very low uptake |
Okasaki 2015
| 11C] -4DST | 10 | R | 80 % vs 60 % |
Lin C 2014
| [11C]-ACT | 15 | ND | 86 % vs 67 % |
Nanni C 2007
| 11C]-Choline | 4 | R | 100 % vs 100 % |
Cassou-Mounat 2016
| 11C]-Choline | 21 | R | 71 % vs 71 % |
De Waal 2012
| 111In]-Pentetreotide | 18 | R | 52 % vs 71 % |
Philipp-Abbrederis K 2015
| 68Ga]-Pentixafor | 14 | R | 71 % vs 64 % |
Fonti R 2015
| 99mTc]-Sestamibi | 27 | ND | 89 % vs 97 % |
De Waal 2015
| [18 F]-FAZA | 5 | R | negative scan |
De Waal, unpublised
| 89Zr]-Bevacizumab | 5 | R | neagtive scan |