Introduction
Materials and methods
Organization of the study
Methods
Statistical analysis
-
Chi-squared test to compare the prevalence of individual RSIs in measurements I and II and the prevalence of pain-related complaints in measurements I and II;
-
hierarchic logistic regression analysis to predict prevalence of RSIs and pain-related complaints in individual regions of the body on the basis of variables defining psychosocial factors of the working environment. Variables obtained in measurements I and II were the dependent variables. Predicting variables obtained in measurement II made it possible to a greater degree to draw conclusions on the cause and effect. The dependent variables in the logistic analysis were as follows:
-
complaints in nine regions of the body in the past 12 months,
-
at least one of the above mentioned RSIs.
-
Results
Subjects’ characteristics
Parameter | Total (SD) | Women (SD) | Men (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
Measurement I | 42.8 (9.9) | 42.5 (9.9) | 43.3 (10.3) |
Measurement II | 43.6 (10.1) | 43.6 (9.8) | 44.3 (10.3) |
Tenure on the job (years) | |||
Measurement I | 15.3 (11.2) | 14.5 (10.8) | 17.6 (12.1) |
Measurement II | 16.1 (11.2) | 15.5 (10.9) | 17.9 (11.9) |
Total tenure (years) | |||
Measurement I | 20.9 (10.5) | 20.1 (10.2) | 23.0 (11.1) |
Measurement II | 21.8 (10.6) | 21.7 (10.3) | 23.8 (11.2) |
Body mass (kg) | |||
Measurement I | 71.9 (14.3) | 67.5 (12.4) | 84.6 (11.7) |
Measurement II | 71.2 (14.1) | 67.3 (12.1) | 85.5 (11.7) |
Body height (cm) | |||
Measurement I | 167.6 (8.4) | 164.1 (5.8) | 177.5 (6.4) |
Measurement II | 167.2 (8.2) | 164.2 (5.8) | 177.9 (6.3) |
Body mass index | |||
Measurement I | 25.5 (4.2) | 25.1 (4.3) | 26.9 (3.7) |
Measurement II | 25.4 (4.1) | 24.9 (4.1) | 26.9 (3.6) |
MSCs
RSI
Parameter | Total (%) | Women (%) | Men (%) |
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Rotator cuff tendinitis | ||||
Measurement I | 22.5 | 23.4 | 19.8 | 0.52 |
Measurement II | 15.4 | 18.6 | 6.0 | 0.001 |
Lateral epicondylitis | ||||
Measurement I | 12.2 | 15.0 | 4.3 | 0.002 |
Measurement II | 7.6 | 9.0 | 3.4 | 0.05 |
Medial epicondylitis | ||||
Measurement I | 7.2 | 8.7 | 5.2 | 0.31 |
Measurement II | 5.3 | 6.0 | 3.4 | 0.34 |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | ||||
Measurement I | 49.2 | 55.0 | 32.8 | 0.000 |
Measurement II | 33.6 | 81.5 | 24.1 | 0.01 |
Guyon’s canal syndrome | ||||
Measurement I | 24.1 | 26.4 | 17.2 | 0.06 |
Measurement II | 13.4 | 12.9 | 14.7 | 0.63 |
Tendinitis of forearm–wrist extensors | ||||
Measurement I | 8.9 | 9.9 | 6.0 | 0.26 |
Measurement II | 7.8 | 9.0 | 4.3 | 0.11 |
Tendinitis of forearm–wrist flexors | ||||
Measurement I | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 0.86 |
Measurement II | 7.3 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 0.68 |
Predictors
Independent variable | Repetitive strain injury | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotator cuff tendinitis | Lateral epicondylitis | Medial epicondylitis | Carpal tunnel syndrome | Guyon’s canal syndrome | Tendinitis of forearm–wrist extensors | Tendinitis of forearm–wrist flexors | |
Age | |||||||
OR | 1.025 | 1.084 | 1.106 | 0.988 | 0.978 | 1.050 | 1.019 |
p
| 0.103 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.318 | 0.156 | 0.024 | 0.371 |
95 % CI | 0.995–1.056 | 1.035–1.136 | 1.043–1.172 | 0.966–1.011 | 0.948–1.009 | 1.007–1.095 | 0.978–1.061 |
Gender | |||||||
OR | 0.335 | 0.282 | 0.542 | 0.588 | 1.151 | 0.461 | 0.758 |
p
| 0.011 | 0.050 | 0.357 | 0.052 | 0.684 | 0.173 | 0.577 |
95 % CI | 0.144–0.777 | 0.079–0.998 | 0.148–1.994 | 0.344–1.004 | 0.585–2.263 | 0.152–1.403 | 0.287–2.005 |
Decision latitude | |||||||
OR | 0.986 | 1.015 | 0.978 | 0.974 | 1.025 | 0.983 | 1.010 |
p
| 0.386 | 0.537 | 0.417 | 0.037 | 0.167 | 0.451 | 0.666 |
95 % CI | 0.954–1.018 | 0.968–1.065 | 0.926–1.033 | 0.950–0.998 | 0.990–1.060 | 0.940–1.028 | 0.965–1.057 |
Mental job demands | |||||||
OR | 1.050 | 1.102 | 1.103 | 1.001 | 0.996 | 1.073 | 1.103 |
p
| 0.092 | 0.017 | 0.038 | 0.961 | 0.893 | 0.069 | 0.013 |
95 % CI | 0.992–1.110 | 1.017–1.194 | 1.005–1.209 | 0.957–1.047 | 0.935–1.060 | 0.995–1.158 | 1.021–1.192 |
Job insecurity | |||||||
OR | 1.122 | 0.922 | 0.963 | 0.988 | 1.183 | 1.194 | 1.215 |
p
| 0.233 | 0.595 | 0.828 | 0.873 | 0.095 | 0.173 | 0.129 |
95 % CI | 0.929–1.355 | 0.685–1.242 | 0.687–1.350 | 0.847–1.151 | 0.971–1.442 | 0.925–1.541 | 0.945–1.564 |
Social support | |||||||
OR | 1.003 | 1.053 | 1.084 | 1.038 | 1.003 | 1.121 | 1.060 |
p
| 0.952 | 0.441 | 0.304 | 0.341 | 0.957 | 0.101 | 0.395 |
95 % CI | 0.911–1.104 | 0.923–1.203 | 0.929–1.266 | 0.962–1.120 | 0.903–1.114 | 0.978–1.285 | 0.927–1.212 |
Physical job demands | |||||||
OR | 1.232 | 1.007 | 0.744 | 1.307 | 0.735 | 0.893 | 0.837 |
p
| 0.211 | 0.974 | 0.268 | 0.036 | 0.074 | 0.595 | 0.427 |
95 % CI | 0.889–1.707 | 0.666–1.523 | 0.441–1.255 | 1.018–1.677 | 0.524–1.030 | 0.588–1.356 | 0.540–1.298 |
Independent variable | Subjective complaints in the past 7 days | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neck | Shoulders | Elbows | Wrists/hands | Upper back | Lower back | One/both thighs/hips | One/both knees | One/both ankles/feet | |
Age | |||||||||
OR | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.05 |
p
| 0.58 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
95 % CI | 0.98–1.03 | 0.99–1.04 | 1.00–1.08 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 1.02–1.09 | 1.00–1.06 | 1.01–1.09 |
Gender | |||||||||
OR | 0.45 | 0.71 | 1.30 | 0.84 | 0.48 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 1.22 | 1.43 |
p
| 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.35 |
95 % CI | 0.26–0.80 | 0.39–1.31 | 0.59–2.84 | 0.47–1.48 | 0.26–0.88 | 0.49–1.38 | 0.36–1.61 | 0.69–2.16 | 0.67–3.07 |
Decision latitude | |||||||||
OR | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
p
| 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.99 | 0.28 |
95 % CI | 0.98–1.03 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.93–0.98 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.94–1.02 |
Mental job demands | |||||||||
OR | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.10 |
p
| 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.92 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
95 % CI | 0.97–1.07 | 1.02–1.13 | 1.01–1.16 | 1.06–1.17 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.98–1.09 | 1.03–1.17 |
Job insecurity | |||||||||
OR | 0.99 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.04 |
p
| 0.87 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.74 |
95 % CI | 0.85–1.15 | 0.94–1.30 | 1.00–1.53 | 1.01–1.38 | 0.87–1.20 | 0.84–1.13 | 0.80–1.21 | 0.80–1.13 | 0.84–1.29 |
Social support | |||||||||
OR | 0.97 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
p
| 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.76 | 0.71 |
95 % CI | 0.89–1.04 | 0.97–1.15 | 0.97–1.22 | 0.99–1.17 | 0.89–1.05 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.84–1.03 | 0.90–1.07 | 0.87–1.09 |
Physical job demands | |||||||||
OR | 0.98 | 1.29 | 1.46 | 1.56 | 1.36 | 1.12 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 1.44 |
p
| 0.92 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.93 | 0.05 |
95 % CI | 0.77–1.27 | 0.98–1.69 | 0.99–2.13 | 1.20–2.02 | 1.04–1.77 | 0.88–1.44 | 0.61–1.21 | 0.74–1.31 | 1.00–2.06 |
Independent variable | Subjective complaints in the past 12 months | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neck | Shoulders | Elbows | Wrists/hands | Upper back | Lower back | One/both thighs/hips | One/both knees | One/both ankles/feet | |
Age | |||||||||
OR | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.03 |
p
| 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
95 % CI | 1.00–1.05 | 0.99–1.05 | 1.01–1.09 | 0.98–1.04 | 1.00–1.05 | 1.00–1.05 | 1.01–1.08 | 1.01–1.07 | 1.00–1.07 |
Gender | |||||||||
OR | 0.33 | 0.46 | 1.08 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.88 | 1.36 |
p
| 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 0.40 |
95 % CI | 0.16–0.67 | 0.21–1.01 | 0.45–2.60 | 0.21–0.88 | 0.28–1.13 | 0.45–1.38 | 0.14–1.02 | 0.46–1.69 | 0.65–2.84 |
Decision latitude | |||||||||
OR | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
p
| 0.88 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.34 |
95 % CI | 0.97–1.03 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.93–0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.94–1.02 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.95–1.02 |
Mental job demands | |||||||||
OR | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.08 |
p
| 0.91 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
95 % CI | 0.97–1.03 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.99–1.15 | 1.03–1.14 | 0.98–1.09 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.97–1.10 | 0.99–1.11 | 1.02–1.16 |
Job insecurity | |||||||||
OR | 0.94 | 0.14 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.77 | 1.00 |
p
| 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.92 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.01 | 0.95 |
95 % CI | 0.79–1.12 | 0.95–1.37 | 0.79–1.29 | 0.91–1.28 | 0.82–1.16 | 0.83–1.36 | 0.84–1.30 | 0.63–0.95 | 0.82–1.23 |
Social support | |||||||||
OR | 0.90 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.87 |
p
| 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 0.01 |
95 % CI | 0.82–0.99 | 0.92–1.12 | 0.87–1.13 | 0.86–1.04 | 0.88–1.06 | 0.89–1.05 | 0.83–1.04 | 0.88–1.06 | 0.77–0.97 |
Physical job demands | |||||||||
OR | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.57 | 1.40 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.15 |
p
| 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.41 |
95 % CI | 0.93–1.64 | 0.88–1.66 | 0.74–1.68 | 1.18–2.09 | 1.04–1.87 | 0.79–1.33 | 0.75–1.53 | 0.65–1.18 | 0.82–1.61 |