Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica 6/2007

01.06.2007 | Review

Different networks, common growth factors: shared growth factors and receptors of the vascular and the nervous system

verfasst von: Sabine Raab, Karl H. Plate

Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica | Ausgabe 6/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Growth factors and their respective receptors are key regulators during development and for homeostasis of the nervous system. In addition, changes in growth factor function, availability or downstream signaling is involved in many neuropathological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and brain tumours. Research of the recent years revealed that some growth factors, initially discovered as neural growth factors are also affecting blood vessels [e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Likewise, vascular growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was previously described as an endothelial cell specific mitogen, also affect neural cells. The discovery of shared growth factors affecting the vascular and the nervous system is of relevance for potential therapies of vascular and neurological diseases. This review aims to give an overview about the growing field of common growth factors and receptors within the two different networks.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Aase K, Lymboussaki A, Kaipainen A, Olofsson B, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1999) Localization of VEGF-B in the mouse embryo suggests a paracrine role of the growth factor in the developing vasculature. Dev Dyn 215:12–25PubMed Aase K, Lymboussaki A, Kaipainen A, Olofsson B, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1999) Localization of VEGF-B in the mouse embryo suggests a paracrine role of the growth factor in the developing vasculature. Dev Dyn 215:12–25PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Aase K, von Euler G, Li X, Ponten A, Thoren P, Cao R, Cao Y, Olofsson B, Gebre-Medhin S, Pekny M, Alitalo K, Betsholtz C, Eriksson U (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice display an atrial conduction defect. Circulation 104:358–364PubMed Aase K, von Euler G, Li X, Ponten A, Thoren P, Cao R, Cao Y, Olofsson B, Gebre-Medhin S, Pekny M, Alitalo K, Betsholtz C, Eriksson U (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice display an atrial conduction defect. Circulation 104:358–364PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams RH (2002) Vascular patterning by Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 13:55–60PubMed Adams RH (2002) Vascular patterning by Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 13:55–60PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams RH, Wilkinson GA, Weiss C, Diella F, Gale NW, Deutsch U, Risau W, Klein R (1999) Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis. Genes Dev 13:295–306PubMed Adams RH, Wilkinson GA, Weiss C, Diella F, Gale NW, Deutsch U, Risau W, Klein R (1999) Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis. Genes Dev 13:295–306PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen SJ, Dawbarn D (2006) Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 110:175–191CrossRef Allen SJ, Dawbarn D (2006) Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 110:175–191CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Alon T, Hemo I, Itin A, Pe’er J, Stone J, Keshet E (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nat Med 1:1024–1028PubMed Alon T, Hemo I, Itin A, Pe’er J, Stone J, Keshet E (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nat Med 1:1024–1028PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Altman J (1969) Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 137:433–457PubMed Altman J (1969) Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 137:433–457PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM (2002) Neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 22:629–634PubMed Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM (2002) Neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 22:629–634PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Aoki M, Yamashita T, Tohyama M (2004) EphA receptors direct the differentiation of mammalian neural precursor cells through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 279:32643–32650PubMed Aoki M, Yamashita T, Tohyama M (2004) EphA receptors direct the differentiation of mammalian neural precursor cells through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 279:32643–32650PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Auguste P, Javerzat S, Bikfalvi A (2003) Regulation of vascular development by fibroblast growth factors. Cell Tissue Res 314:157–166PubMed Auguste P, Javerzat S, Bikfalvi A (2003) Regulation of vascular development by fibroblast growth factors. Cell Tissue Res 314:157–166PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Azzouz M, Ralph GS, Storkebaum E, Walmsley LE, Mitrophanous KA, Kingsman SM, Carmeliet P, Mazarakis ND (2004) VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model. Nature 429:413–417PubMed Azzouz M, Ralph GS, Storkebaum E, Walmsley LE, Mitrophanous KA, Kingsman SM, Carmeliet P, Mazarakis ND (2004) VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model. Nature 429:413–417PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bagnard D, Vaillant C, Khuth ST, Dufay N, Lohrum M, Puschel AW, Belin MF, Bolz J, Thomasset N (2001) Semaphorin 3A-vascular endothelial growth factor-165 balance mediates migration and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells by the recruitment of shared receptor. J Neurosci 21:3332–3341PubMed Bagnard D, Vaillant C, Khuth ST, Dufay N, Lohrum M, Puschel AW, Belin MF, Bolz J, Thomasset N (2001) Semaphorin 3A-vascular endothelial growth factor-165 balance mediates migration and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells by the recruitment of shared receptor. J Neurosci 21:3332–3341PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Barallobre MJ, Pascual M, Del Rio JA, Soriano E (2005) The Netrin family of guidance factors: emphasis on Netrin-1 signaling. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 49:22–47PubMed Barallobre MJ, Pascual M, Del Rio JA, Soriano E (2005) The Netrin family of guidance factors: emphasis on Netrin-1 signaling. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 49:22–47PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck H, Acker T, Puschel AW, Fujisawa H, Carmeliet P, Plate KH (2002) Cell type-specific expression of neuropilins in an MCA-occlusion model in mice suggests a potential role in post-ischemic brain remodeling. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:339–350PubMed Beck H, Acker T, Puschel AW, Fujisawa H, Carmeliet P, Plate KH (2002) Cell type-specific expression of neuropilins in an MCA-occlusion model in mice suggests a potential role in post-ischemic brain remodeling. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:339–350PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bedell VM, Yeo SY, Park KW, Chung J, Seth P, Shivalingappa V, Zhao J, Obara T, Sukhatme VP, Drummond IA, Li DY, Ramchandran R (2005) roundabout4 is essential for angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6373–6378PubMed Bedell VM, Yeo SY, Park KW, Chung J, Seth P, Shivalingappa V, Zhao J, Obara T, Sukhatme VP, Drummond IA, Li DY, Ramchandran R (2005) roundabout4 is essential for angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6373–6378PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo D, Headrick JP, Silins GU, Paterson CA, Thomas PS, Gartside M, Mould A, Cahill MM, Tonks ID, Grimmond SM, Townson S, Wells C, Little M, Cummings MC, Hayward NK, Kay GF (2000) Mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene (Vegfb) have smaller hearts, dysfunctional coronary vasculature, and impaired recovery from cardiac ischemia. Circ Res 86:E29–E35PubMed Bellomo D, Headrick JP, Silins GU, Paterson CA, Thomas PS, Gartside M, Mould A, Cahill MM, Tonks ID, Grimmond SM, Townson S, Wells C, Little M, Cummings MC, Hayward NK, Kay GF (2000) Mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene (Vegfb) have smaller hearts, dysfunctional coronary vasculature, and impaired recovery from cardiac ischemia. Circ Res 86:E29–E35PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Betarbet R, Zigova T, Bakay RA, Luskin MB (1996) Dopaminergic and GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone. Int J Dev Neurosci 14:921–930PubMed Betarbet R, Zigova T, Bakay RA, Luskin MB (1996) Dopaminergic and GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone. Int J Dev Neurosci 14:921–930PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Betsholtz C (2004) Insight into the physiological functions of PDGF through genetic studies in mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15:215–228PubMed Betsholtz C (2004) Insight into the physiological functions of PDGF through genetic studies in mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15:215–228PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Biebl M, Cooper CM, Winkler J, Kuhn HG (2000) Analysis of neurogenesis and programmed cell death reveals a self-renewing capacity in the adult rat brain. Neurosci Lett 291:17–20PubMed Biebl M, Cooper CM, Winkler J, Kuhn HG (2000) Analysis of neurogenesis and programmed cell death reveals a self-renewing capacity in the adult rat brain. Neurosci Lett 291:17–20PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Binder DK, Scharfman HE (2004) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Growth Factors 22:123–131PubMed Binder DK, Scharfman HE (2004) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Growth Factors 22:123–131PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Bordey A (2006) Adult neurogenesis: basic concepts of signaling. Cell Cycle 5:722–728PubMed Bordey A (2006) Adult neurogenesis: basic concepts of signaling. Cell Cycle 5:722–728PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Breier G, Albrecht U, Sterrer S, Risau W (1992) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Development 114:521–532PubMed Breier G, Albrecht U, Sterrer S, Risau W (1992) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Development 114:521–532PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Breier G, Clauss M, Risau W (1995) Coordinate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (flt-1) and its ligand suggests a paracrine regulation of murine vascular development. Dev Dyn 204:228–239PubMed Breier G, Clauss M, Risau W (1995) Coordinate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (flt-1) and its ligand suggests a paracrine regulation of murine vascular development. Dev Dyn 204:228–239PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown J, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Kempermann G, Van Praag H, Winkler J, Gage FH, Kuhn HG (2003) Enriched environment and physical activity stimulate hippocampal but not olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 17:2042–2046PubMed Brown J, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Kempermann G, Van Praag H, Winkler J, Gage FH, Kuhn HG (2003) Enriched environment and physical activity stimulate hippocampal but not olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 17:2042–2046PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantarella G, Lempereur L, Presta M, Ribatti D, Lombardo G, Lazarovici P, Zappala G, Pafumi C, Bernardini R (2002) Nerve growth factor-endothelial cell interaction leads to angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Faseb J 16:1307–1309PubMed Cantarella G, Lempereur L, Presta M, Ribatti D, Lombardo G, Lazarovici P, Zappala G, Pafumi C, Bernardini R (2002) Nerve growth factor-endothelial cell interaction leads to angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Faseb J 16:1307–1309PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao L, Jiao X, Zuzga DS, Liu Y, Fong DM, Young D, During MJ (2004) VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nat Genet 36:827–835PubMed Cao L, Jiao X, Zuzga DS, Liu Y, Fong DM, Young D, During MJ (2004) VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nat Genet 36:827–835PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmeliet P (2003) Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med 9:653–660PubMed Carmeliet P (2003) Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med 9:653–660PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, Pollefeyt S, Kieckens L, Gertsenstein M, Fahrig M, Vandenhoeck A, Harpal K, Eberhardt C, Declercq C, Pawling J, Moons L, Collen D, Risau W, Nagy A (1996) Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 380:435–439PubMed Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, Pollefeyt S, Kieckens L, Gertsenstein M, Fahrig M, Vandenhoeck A, Harpal K, Eberhardt C, Declercq C, Pawling J, Moons L, Collen D, Risau W, Nagy A (1996) Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 380:435–439PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmeliet P, Storkebaum E (2002) Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 13:39–53PubMed Carmeliet P, Storkebaum E (2002) Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 13:39–53PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M (2005) Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring. Nature 436:193–200PubMed Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M (2005) Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring. Nature 436:193–200PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen KS, Nishimura MC, Armanini MP, Crowley C, Spencer SD, Phillips HS (1997) Disruption of a single allele of the nerve growth factor gene results in atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and memory deficits. J Neurosci 17:7288–7296PubMed Chen KS, Nishimura MC, Armanini MP, Crowley C, Spencer SD, Phillips HS (1997) Disruption of a single allele of the nerve growth factor gene results in atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and memory deficits. J Neurosci 17:7288–7296PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Conover JC, Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD, Alvarez-Buylla A (2000) Disruption of Eph/ephrin signaling affects migration and proliferation in the adult subventricular zone. Nat Neurosci 3:1091–1097PubMed Conover JC, Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD, Alvarez-Buylla A (2000) Disruption of Eph/ephrin signaling affects migration and proliferation in the adult subventricular zone. Nat Neurosci 3:1091–1097PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowan CA, Yokoyama N, Saxena A, Chumley MJ, Silvany RE, Baker LA, Srivastava D, Henkemeyer M (2004) Ephrin-B2 reverse signaling is required for axon pathfinding and cardiac valve formation but not early vascular development. Dev Biol 271:263–271PubMed Cowan CA, Yokoyama N, Saxena A, Chumley MJ, Silvany RE, Baker LA, Srivastava D, Henkemeyer M (2004) Ephrin-B2 reverse signaling is required for axon pathfinding and cardiac valve formation but not early vascular development. Dev Biol 271:263–271PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Depaepe V, Suarez-Gonzalez N, Dufour A, Passante L, Gorski JA, Jones KR, Ledent C, Vanderhaeghen P (2005) Ephrin signaling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors. Nature 435:1244–1250PubMed Depaepe V, Suarez-Gonzalez N, Dufour A, Passante L, Gorski JA, Jones KR, Ledent C, Vanderhaeghen P (2005) Ephrin signaling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors. Nature 435:1244–1250PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodelet VC, Pasquale EB (2000) Eph receptors and ephrin ligands: embryogenesis to tumorigenesis. Oncogene 19:5614–5619PubMed Dodelet VC, Pasquale EB (2000) Eph receptors and ephrin ligands: embryogenesis to tumorigenesis. Oncogene 19:5614–5619PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Doetsch F (2003) The glial identity of neural stem cells. Nat Neurosci 6:1127–1134PubMed Doetsch F (2003) The glial identity of neural stem cells. Nat Neurosci 6:1127–1134PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (1999) Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97:703–716PubMed Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (1999) Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97:703–716PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolle JP, Rezvan A, Allen FD, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI (2005) Nerve growth factor-induced migration of endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:1220–1227PubMed Dolle JP, Rezvan A, Allen FD, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI (2005) Nerve growth factor-induced migration of endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:1220–1227PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Donovan MJ, Lin MI, Wiegn P, Ringstedt T, Kraemer R, Hahn R, Wang S, Ibanez CF, Rafii S, Hempstead BL (2000) Brain derived neurotrophic factor is an endothelial cell survival factor required for intramyocardial vessel stabilization. Development 127:4531–4540PubMed Donovan MJ, Lin MI, Wiegn P, Ringstedt T, Kraemer R, Hahn R, Wang S, Ibanez CF, Rafii S, Hempstead BL (2000) Brain derived neurotrophic factor is an endothelial cell survival factor required for intramyocardial vessel stabilization. Development 127:4531–4540PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichmann A, Le Noble F, Autiero M, Carmeliet P (2005) Guidance of vascular and neural network formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:108–115PubMed Eichmann A, Le Noble F, Autiero M, Carmeliet P (2005) Guidance of vascular and neural network formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:108–115PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Emanueli C, Salis MB, Pinna A, Graiani G, Manni L, Madeddu P (2002) Nerve growth factor promotes angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in ischemic hindlimbs. Circulation 106:2257–2262PubMed Emanueli C, Salis MB, Pinna A, Graiani G, Manni L, Madeddu P (2002) Nerve growth factor promotes angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in ischemic hindlimbs. Circulation 106:2257–2262PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Eremina V, Sood M, Haigh J, Nagy A, Lajoie G, Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Kikkawa Y, Miner JH, Quaggin SE (2003) Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest 111:707–716PubMed Eremina V, Sood M, Haigh J, Nagy A, Lajoie G, Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Kikkawa Y, Miner JH, Quaggin SE (2003) Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest 111:707–716PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Erlandsson A, Enarsson M, Forsberg-Nilsson K (2001) Immature neurons from CNS stem cells proliferate in response to platelet-derived growth factor. J Neurosci 21:3483–3491PubMed Erlandsson A, Enarsson M, Forsberg-Nilsson K (2001) Immature neurons from CNS stem cells proliferate in response to platelet-derived growth factor. J Neurosci 21:3483–3491PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Esser S, Wolburg K, Wolburg H, Breier G, Kurzchalia T, Risau W (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces endothelial fenestrations in vitro. J Cell Biol 140:947–959PubMed Esser S, Wolburg K, Wolburg H, Breier G, Kurzchalia T, Risau W (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces endothelial fenestrations in vitro. J Cell Biol 140:947–959PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B, Kaufer D, Baiker A, Simmons N, Kuo CJ, Palmer TD (2003) VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 18:2803–2812PubMed Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B, Kaufer D, Baiker A, Simmons N, Kuo CJ, Palmer TD (2003) VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 18:2803–2812PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Fazeli A, Dickinson SL, Hermiston ML, Tighe RV, Steen RG, Small CG, Stoeckli ET, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Rayburn H, Simons J, Bronson RT, Gordon JI, Tessier-Lavigne M, Weinberg RA (1997) Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. Nature 386:796–804PubMed Fazeli A, Dickinson SL, Hermiston ML, Tighe RV, Steen RG, Small CG, Stoeckli ET, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Rayburn H, Simons J, Bronson RT, Gordon JI, Tessier-Lavigne M, Weinberg RA (1997) Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. Nature 386:796–804PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrara N (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 25:581–611PubMed Ferrara N (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 25:581–611PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrara N (2005) VEGF as a therapeutic target in cancer. Oncology 69(Suppl 3):11–16PubMed Ferrara N (2005) VEGF as a therapeutic target in cancer. Oncology 69(Suppl 3):11–16PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, Dowd M, Lu L, O’Shea KS, Powell-Braxton L, Hillan KJ, Moore MW (1996) Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380:439–442PubMed Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, Dowd M, Lu L, O’Shea KS, Powell-Braxton L, Hillan KJ, Moore MW (1996) Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380:439–442PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Forstreuter F, Lucius R, Mentlein R (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces chemotaxis and proliferation of microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 132:93–98PubMed Forstreuter F, Lucius R, Mentlein R (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces chemotaxis and proliferation of microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 132:93–98PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Fruttiger M, Calver AR, Kruger WH, Mudhar HS, Michalovich D, Takakura N, Nishikawa S, Richardson WD (1996) PDGF mediates a neuron-astrocyte interaction in the developing retina. Neuron 17:1117–1131PubMed Fruttiger M, Calver AR, Kruger WH, Mudhar HS, Michalovich D, Takakura N, Nishikawa S, Richardson WD (1996) PDGF mediates a neuron-astrocyte interaction in the developing retina. Neuron 17:1117–1131PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujisawa H, Kitsukawa T, Kawakami A, Takagi S, Shimizu M, Hirata T (1997) Roles of a neuronal cell-surface molecule, neuropilin, in nerve fiber fasciculation and guidance. Cell Tissue Res 290:465–470PubMed Fujisawa H, Kitsukawa T, Kawakami A, Takagi S, Shimizu M, Hirata T (1997) Roles of a neuronal cell-surface molecule, neuropilin, in nerve fiber fasciculation and guidance. Cell Tissue Res 290:465–470PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerber HP, Hillan KJ, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Keller GA, Rangell L, Wright BD, Radtke F, Aguet M, Ferrara N (1999) VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. Development 126:1149–1159PubMed Gerber HP, Hillan KJ, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Keller GA, Rangell L, Wright BD, Radtke F, Aguet M, Ferrara N (1999) VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. Development 126:1149–1159PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerety SS, Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (1999) Symmetrical mutant phenotypes of the receptor EphB4 and its specific transmembrane ligand ephrin-B2 in cardiovascular development. Mol Cell 4:403–414PubMed Gerety SS, Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (1999) Symmetrical mutant phenotypes of the receptor EphB4 and its specific transmembrane ligand ephrin-B2 in cardiovascular development. Mol Cell 4:403–414PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerhardt H, Betsholtz C (2005) How do endothelial cells orientate? Exs 94:3–15PubMed Gerhardt H, Betsholtz C (2005) How do endothelial cells orientate? Exs 94:3–15PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerhardt H, Golding M, Fruttiger M, Ruhrberg C, Lundkvist A, Abramsson A, Jeltsch M, Mitchell C, Alitalo K, Shima D, Betsholtz C (2003) VEGF guides angiogenic sprouting utilizing endothelial tip cell filopodia. J Cell Biol 161:1163–1177PubMed Gerhardt H, Golding M, Fruttiger M, Ruhrberg C, Lundkvist A, Abramsson A, Jeltsch M, Mitchell C, Alitalo K, Shima D, Betsholtz C (2003) VEGF guides angiogenic sprouting utilizing endothelial tip cell filopodia. J Cell Biol 161:1163–1177PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman JE (1995) Lineage, migration, and fate determination of postnatal subventricular zone cells in the mammalian CNS. J Neurooncol 24:61–64PubMed Goldman JE (1995) Lineage, migration, and fate determination of postnatal subventricular zone cells in the mammalian CNS. J Neurooncol 24:61–64PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimmond S, Lagercrantz J, Drinkwater C, Silins G, Townson S, Pollock P, Gotley D, Carson E, Rakar S, Nordenskjold M, Ward L, Hayward N, Weber G (1996) Cloning and characterization of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor. Genome Res 6:124–131PubMed Grimmond S, Lagercrantz J, Drinkwater C, Silins G, Townson S, Pollock P, Gotley D, Carson E, Rakar S, Nordenskjold M, Ward L, Hayward N, Weber G (1996) Cloning and characterization of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor. Genome Res 6:124–131PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Gross CG (2000) Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:67–73PubMed Gross CG (2000) Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:67–73PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu C, Rodriguez ER, Reimert DV, Shu T, Fritzsch B, Richards LJ, Kolodkin AL, Ginty DD (2003) Neuropilin-1 conveys semaphorin and VEGF signaling during neural and cardiovascular development. Dev Cell 5:45–57PubMed Gu C, Rodriguez ER, Reimert DV, Shu T, Fritzsch B, Richards LJ, Kolodkin AL, Ginty DD (2003) Neuropilin-1 conveys semaphorin and VEGF signaling during neural and cardiovascular development. Dev Cell 5:45–57PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Haigh JJ, Morelli PI, Gerhardt H, Haigh K, Tsien J, Damert A, Miquerol L, Muhlner U, Klein R, Ferrara N, Wagner EF, Betsholtz C, Nagy A (2003) Cortical and retinal defects caused by dosage-dependent reductions in VEGF-A paracrine signaling. Dev Biol 262:225–241PubMed Haigh JJ, Morelli PI, Gerhardt H, Haigh K, Tsien J, Damert A, Miquerol L, Muhlner U, Klein R, Ferrara N, Wagner EF, Betsholtz C, Nagy A (2003) Cortical and retinal defects caused by dosage-dependent reductions in VEGF-A paracrine signaling. Dev Biol 262:225–241PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashimoto T, Zhang XM, Chen BY, Yang XJ (2006) VEGF activates divergent intracellular signaling components to regulate retinal progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Development 133:2201–2210PubMed Hashimoto T, Zhang XM, Chen BY, Yang XJ (2006) VEGF activates divergent intracellular signaling components to regulate retinal progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Development 133:2201–2210PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayashi T, Abe K, Suzuki H, Itoyama Y (1997) Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 28:2039–2044PubMed Hayashi T, Abe K, Suzuki H, Itoyama Y (1997) Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 28:2039–2044PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Helbling PM, Saulnier DM, Brandli AW (2000) The receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 and ephrin-B ligands restrict angiogenic growth of embryonic veins in Xenopus laevis. Development 127:269–278PubMed Helbling PM, Saulnier DM, Brandli AW (2000) The receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 and ephrin-B ligands restrict angiogenic growth of embryonic veins in Xenopus laevis. Development 127:269–278PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiratsuka S, Minowa O, Kuno J, Noda T, Shibuya M (1998) Flt-1 lacking the tyrosine kinase domain is sufficient for normal development and angiogenesis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9349–9354PubMed Hiratsuka S, Minowa O, Kuno J, Noda T, Shibuya M (1998) Flt-1 lacking the tyrosine kinase domain is sufficient for normal development and angiogenesis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9349–9354PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoch RV, Soriano P (2003) Roles of PDGF in animal development. Development 130:4769–4784PubMed Hoch RV, Soriano P (2003) Roles of PDGF in animal development. Development 130:4769–4784PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmberg J, Armulik A, Senti KA, Edoff K, Spalding K, Momma S, Cassidy R, Flanagan JG, Frisen J (2005) Ephrin-A2 reverse signaling negatively regulates neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. Genes Dev 19:462–471PubMed Holmberg J, Armulik A, Senti KA, Edoff K, Spalding K, Momma S, Cassidy R, Flanagan JG, Frisen J (2005) Ephrin-A2 reverse signaling negatively regulates neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. Genes Dev 19:462–471PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001) Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:677–736PubMed Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001) Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:677–736PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Huminiecki L, Gorn M, Suchting S, Poulsom R, Bicknell R (2002) Magic roundabout is a new member of the roundabout receptor family that is endothelial specific and expressed at sites of active angiogenesis. Genomics 79:547–552PubMed Huminiecki L, Gorn M, Suchting S, Poulsom R, Bicknell R (2002) Magic roundabout is a new member of the roundabout receptor family that is endothelial specific and expressed at sites of active angiogenesis. Genomics 79:547–552PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin K, Mao XO, Batteur SP, McEachron E, Leahy A, Greenberg DA (2001) Caspase-3 and the regulation of hypoxic neuronal death by vascular endothelial growth factor. Neuroscience 108:351–358PubMed Jin K, Mao XO, Batteur SP, McEachron E, Leahy A, Greenberg DA (2001) Caspase-3 and the regulation of hypoxic neuronal death by vascular endothelial growth factor. Neuroscience 108:351–358PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11946–11950PubMed Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11946–11950PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin KL, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor: direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10242–10247PubMed Jin KL, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor: direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10242–10247PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin KL, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues HN33 neural cells from death induced by serum withdrawal. J Mol Neurosci 14:197–203PubMed Jin KL, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues HN33 neural cells from death induced by serum withdrawal. J Mol Neurosci 14:197–203PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999) Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell 96:25–34PubMed Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999) Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell 96:25–34PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K (1996) A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. Embo J 15:1751PubMed Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K (1996) A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. Embo J 15:1751PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamba T, Tam BY, Hashizume H, Haskell A, Sennino B, Mancuso MR, Norberg SM, O’Brien SM, Davis RB, Gowen LC, Anderson KD, Thurston G, Joho S, Springer ML, Kuo CJ, McDonald DM (2006) VEGF-dependent plasticity of fenestrated capillaries in the normal adult microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290:H560–H576PubMed Kamba T, Tam BY, Hashizume H, Haskell A, Sennino B, Mancuso MR, Norberg SM, O’Brien SM, Davis RB, Gowen LC, Anderson KD, Thurston G, Joho S, Springer ML, Kuo CJ, McDonald DM (2006) VEGF-dependent plasticity of fenestrated capillaries in the normal adult microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290:H560–H576PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan MS (2001) Environment complexity stimulates visual cortex neurogenesis: death of a dogma and a research career. Trends Neurosci 24:617–620PubMed Kaplan MS (2001) Environment complexity stimulates visual cortex neurogenesis: death of a dogma and a research career. Trends Neurosci 24:617–620PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan MS, McNelly NA, Hinds JW (1985) Population dynamics of adult-formed granule neurons of the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 239:117–125PubMed Kaplan MS, McNelly NA, Hinds JW (1985) Population dynamics of adult-formed granule neurons of the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 239:117–125PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Karkkainen MJ, Haiko P, Sainio K, Partanen J, Taipale J, Petrova TV, Jeltsch M, Jackson DG, Talikka M, Rauvala H, Betsholtz C, Alitalo K (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat Immunol 5:74–80PubMed Karkkainen MJ, Haiko P, Sainio K, Partanen J, Taipale J, Petrova TV, Jeltsch M, Jackson DG, Talikka M, Rauvala H, Betsholtz C, Alitalo K (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat Immunol 5:74–80PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Karkkainen MJ, Saaristo A, Jussila L, Karila KA, Lawrence EC, Pajusola K, Bueler H, Eichmann A, Kauppinen R, Kettunen MI, Yla-Herttuala S, Finegold DN, Ferrell RE, Alitalo K (2001) A model for gene therapy of human hereditary lymphedema. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12677–12682PubMed Karkkainen MJ, Saaristo A, Jussila L, Karila KA, Lawrence EC, Pajusola K, Bueler H, Eichmann A, Kauppinen R, Kettunen MI, Yla-Herttuala S, Finegold DN, Ferrell RE, Alitalo K (2001) A model for gene therapy of human hereditary lymphedema. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12677–12682PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Katakowski M, Zhang Z, Decarvalho AC, Chopp M (2005) EphB2 induces proliferation and promotes a neuronal fate in adult subventricular neural precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 385:204–209PubMed Katakowski M, Zhang Z, Decarvalho AC, Chopp M (2005) EphB2 induces proliferation and promotes a neuronal fate in adult subventricular neural precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 385:204–209PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawasaki T, Kitsukawa T, Bekku Y, Matsuda Y, Sanbo M, Yagi T, Fujisawa H (1999) A requirement for neuropilin-1 in embryonic vessel formation. Development 126:4895–4902PubMed Kawasaki T, Kitsukawa T, Bekku Y, Matsuda Y, Sanbo M, Yagi T, Fujisawa H (1999) A requirement for neuropilin-1 in embryonic vessel formation. Development 126:4895–4902PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim H, Li Q, Hempstead BL, Madri JA (2004) Paracrine and autocrine functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain-derived endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 279:33538–33546PubMed Kim H, Li Q, Hempstead BL, Madri JA (2004) Paracrine and autocrine functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain-derived endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 279:33538–33546PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitsukawa T, Shimono A, Kawakami A, Kondoh H, Fujisawa H (1995) Overexpression of a membrane protein, neuropilin, in chimeric mice causes anomalies in the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs. Development 121:4309–4318PubMed Kitsukawa T, Shimono A, Kawakami A, Kondoh H, Fujisawa H (1995) Overexpression of a membrane protein, neuropilin, in chimeric mice causes anomalies in the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs. Development 121:4309–4318PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Klagsbrun M, Eichmann A (2005) A role for axon guidance receptors and ligands in blood vessel development and tumor angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16:535–548PubMed Klagsbrun M, Eichmann A (2005) A role for axon guidance receptors and ligands in blood vessel development and tumor angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16:535–548PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein R (2004) Eph/ephrin signaling in morphogenesis, neural development and plasticity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:580–589PubMed Klein R (2004) Eph/ephrin signaling in morphogenesis, neural development and plasticity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:580–589PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch M, Murrell JR, Hunter DD, Olson PF, Jin W, Keene DR, Brunken WJ, Burgeson RE (2000) A novel member of the netrin family, beta-netrin, shares homology with the beta chain of laminin: identification, expression, and functional characterization. J Cell Biol 151:221–234PubMed Koch M, Murrell JR, Hunter DD, Olson PF, Jin W, Keene DR, Brunken WJ, Burgeson RE (2000) A novel member of the netrin family, beta-netrin, shares homology with the beta chain of laminin: identification, expression, and functional characterization. J Cell Biol 151:221–234PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Kosacka J, Figiel M, Engele J, Hilbig H, Majewski M, Spanel-Borowski K (2005) Angiopoietin-1 promotes neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion cells positive for Tie-2 receptor. Cell Tissue Res 320:11–19PubMed Kosacka J, Figiel M, Engele J, Hilbig H, Majewski M, Spanel-Borowski K (2005) Angiopoietin-1 promotes neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion cells positive for Tie-2 receptor. Cell Tissue Res 320:11–19PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraemer R, Hempstead BL (2003) Neurotrophins: novel mediators of angiogenesis. Front Biosci 8:s1181–s1186PubMed Kraemer R, Hempstead BL (2003) Neurotrophins: novel mediators of angiogenesis. Front Biosci 8:s1181–s1186PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Krum JM, Khaibullina A (2003) Inhibition of endogenous VEGF impedes revascularization and astroglial proliferation: roles for VEGF in brain repair. Exp Neurol 181:241–257PubMed Krum JM, Khaibullina A (2003) Inhibition of endogenous VEGF impedes revascularization and astroglial proliferation: roles for VEGF in brain repair. Exp Neurol 181:241–257PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Krum JM, Mani N, Rosenstein JM (2002) Angiogenic and astroglial responses to vascular endothelial growth factor administration in adult rat brain. Neuroscience 110:589–604PubMed Krum JM, Mani N, Rosenstein JM (2002) Angiogenic and astroglial responses to vascular endothelial growth factor administration in adult rat brain. Neuroscience 110:589–604PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Lagercrantz J, Farnebo F, Larsson C, Tvrdik T, Weber G, Piehl F (1998) A comparative study of the expression patterns for vegf, vegf-b/vrf and vegf-c in the developing and adult mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 1398:157–163PubMed Lagercrantz J, Farnebo F, Larsson C, Tvrdik T, Weber G, Piehl F (1998) A comparative study of the expression patterns for vegf, vegf-b/vrf and vegf-c in the developing and adult mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 1398:157–163PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Lai K, Kaspar BK, Gage FH, Schaffer DV (2003) Sonic hedgehog regulates adult neural progenitor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Nat Neurosci 6:21–27PubMed Lai K, Kaspar BK, Gage FH, Schaffer DV (2003) Sonic hedgehog regulates adult neural progenitor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Nat Neurosci 6:21–27PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Lambrechts D, Storkebaum E, Morimoto M, Del-Favero J, Desmet F, Marklund SL, Wyns S, Thijs V, Andersson J, van Marion I, Al-Chalabi A, Bornes S, Musson R, Hansen V, Beckman L, Adolfsson R, Pall HS, Prats H, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Katayama S, Awata T, Leigh N, Lang-Lazdunski L, Dewerchin M, Shaw C, Moons L, Vlietinck R, Morrison KE, Robberecht W, Van Broeckhoven C, Collen D, Andersen PM, Carmeliet P (2003) VEGF is a modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and humans and protects motoneurons against ischemic death. Nat Genet 34:383–394PubMed Lambrechts D, Storkebaum E, Morimoto M, Del-Favero J, Desmet F, Marklund SL, Wyns S, Thijs V, Andersson J, van Marion I, Al-Chalabi A, Bornes S, Musson R, Hansen V, Beckman L, Adolfsson R, Pall HS, Prats H, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Katayama S, Awata T, Leigh N, Lang-Lazdunski L, Dewerchin M, Shaw C, Moons L, Vlietinck R, Morrison KE, Robberecht W, Van Broeckhoven C, Collen D, Andersen PM, Carmeliet P (2003) VEGF is a modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and humans and protects motoneurons against ischemic death. Nat Genet 34:383–394PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI (2006) Cross talk between the cardiovascular and nervous systems: neurotrophic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenic effects of nerve growth factor (NGF)-implications in drug development. Curr Pharm Des 12:2609–2622PubMed Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI (2006) Cross talk between the cardiovascular and nervous systems: neurotrophic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenic effects of nerve growth factor (NGF)-implications in drug development. Curr Pharm Des 12:2609–2622PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Bras B, Barallobre MJ, Homman-Ludiye J, Ny A, Wyns S, Tammela T, Haiko P, Karkkainen MJ, Yuan L, Muriel MP, Chatzopoulou E, Breant C, Zalc B, Carmeliet P, Alitalo K, Eichmann A, Thomas JL (2006) VEGF-C is a trophic factor for neural progenitors in the vertebrate embryonic brain. Nat Neurosci 9:340–348PubMed Le Bras B, Barallobre MJ, Homman-Ludiye J, Ny A, Wyns S, Tammela T, Haiko P, Karkkainen MJ, Yuan L, Muriel MP, Chatzopoulou E, Breant C, Zalc B, Carmeliet P, Alitalo K, Eichmann A, Thomas JL (2006) VEGF-C is a trophic factor for neural progenitors in the vertebrate embryonic brain. Nat Neurosci 9:340–348PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP (2002) Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem 82:1367–1375PubMed Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP (2002) Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem 82:1367–1375PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee J, Gray A, Yuan J, Luoh SM, Avraham H, Wood WI (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: a ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1988–1992PubMed Lee J, Gray A, Yuan J, Luoh SM, Avraham H, Wood WI (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: a ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1988–1992PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Lennmyr F, Ata KA, Funa K, Olsson Y, Terent A (1998) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) following permanent and transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57:874–882PubMedCrossRef Lennmyr F, Ata KA, Funa K, Olsson Y, Terent A (1998) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) following permanent and transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57:874–882PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Levi-Montalcini R (1987) The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237:1154–1162PubMed Levi-Montalcini R (1987) The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237:1154–1162PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu W, Ahmad SA, Jung YD, Reinmuth N, Fan F, Bucana CD, Ellis LM (2002) Coexpression of ephrin-Bs and their receptors in colon carcinoma. Cancer 94:934–939PubMed Liu W, Ahmad SA, Jung YD, Reinmuth N, Fan F, Bucana CD, Ellis LM (2002) Coexpression of ephrin-Bs and their receptors in colon carcinoma. Cancer 94:934–939PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Lois C, Alvarez-Buylla A (1993) Proliferating subventricular zone cells in the adult mammalian forebrain can differentiate into neurons and glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2074–2077PubMed Lois C, Alvarez-Buylla A (1993) Proliferating subventricular zone cells in the adult mammalian forebrain can differentiate into neurons and glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2074–2077PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Louissaint A Jr, Rao S, Leventhal C, Goldman SA (2002) Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain. Neuron 34:945–960PubMed Louissaint A Jr, Rao S, Leventhal C, Goldman SA (2002) Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain. Neuron 34:945–960PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu X, Le Noble F, Yuan L, Jiang Q, De Lafarge B, Sugiyama D, Breant C, Claes F, De Smet F, Thomas JL, Autiero M, Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Eichmann A (2004) The netrin receptor UNC5B mediates guidance events controling morphogenesis of the vascular system. Nature 432:179–186PubMed Lu X, Le Noble F, Yuan L, Jiang Q, De Lafarge B, Sugiyama D, Breant C, Claes F, De Smet F, Thomas JL, Autiero M, Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Eichmann A (2004) The netrin receptor UNC5B mediates guidance events controling morphogenesis of the vascular system. Nature 432:179–186PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Luskin MB (1993) Restricted proliferation and migration of postnatally generated neurons derived from the forebrain subventricular zone. Neuron 11:173–189PubMed Luskin MB (1993) Restricted proliferation and migration of postnatally generated neurons derived from the forebrain subventricular zone. Neuron 11:173–189PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Machein MR, Plate KH (2004) Role of VEGF in developmental angiogenesis and in tumor angiogenesis in the brain. Cancer Treat Res 117:191–218PubMed Machein MR, Plate KH (2004) Role of VEGF in developmental angiogenesis and in tumor angiogenesis in the brain. Cancer Treat Res 117:191–218PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Makinen T, Adams RH, Bailey J, Lu Q, Ziemiecki A, Alitalo K, Klein R, Wilkinson GA (2005) PDZ interaction site in ephrinB2 is required for the remodeling of lymphatic vasculature. Genes Dev 19:397–410PubMed Makinen T, Adams RH, Bailey J, Lu Q, Ziemiecki A, Alitalo K, Klein R, Wilkinson GA (2005) PDZ interaction site in ephrinB2 is required for the remodeling of lymphatic vasculature. Genes Dev 19:397–410PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, Hellman U, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K (1999) Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem 274:21217–21222PubMed Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, Hellman U, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K (1999) Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem 274:21217–21222PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Mani N, Khaibullina A, Krum JM, Rosenstein JM (2005) Astrocyte growth effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) application to perinatal neocortical explants: receptor mediation and signal transduction pathways. Exp Neurol 192:394–406PubMed Mani N, Khaibullina A, Krum JM, Rosenstein JM (2005) Astrocyte growth effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) application to perinatal neocortical explants: receptor mediation and signal transduction pathways. Exp Neurol 192:394–406PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Martiny-Baron G, Korff T, Schaffner F, Esser N, Eggstein S, Marme D, Augustin HG (2004) Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by soluble EphB4. Neoplasia 6:248–257PubMed Martiny-Baron G, Korff T, Schaffner F, Esser N, Eggstein S, Marme D, Augustin HG (2004) Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by soluble EphB4. Neoplasia 6:248–257PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuzaki H, Tamatani M, Yamaguchi A, Namikawa K, Kiyama H, Vitek MP, Mitsuda N, Tohyama M (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced toxicity: signal transduction cascades. Faseb J 15:1218–1220PubMed Matsuzaki H, Tamatani M, Yamaguchi A, Namikawa K, Kiyama H, Vitek MP, Mitsuda N, Tohyama M (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced toxicity: signal transduction cascades. Faseb J 15:1218–1220PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Maurer MH, Tripps WK, Feldmann RE Jr, Kuschinsky W (2003) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in rat neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 344:165–168PubMed Maurer MH, Tripps WK, Feldmann RE Jr, Kuschinsky W (2003) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in rat neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 344:165–168PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Meng H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Liu X, Wang L, Robin AM, Chopp M (2006) Biphasic effects of exogenous VEGF on VEGF expression of adult neural progenitors. Neurosci Lett 393:97–101PubMed Meng H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Liu X, Wang L, Robin AM, Chopp M (2006) Biphasic effects of exogenous VEGF on VEGF expression of adult neural progenitors. Neurosci Lett 393:97–101PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Ming GL, Song H (2005) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:223–250PubMed Ming GL, Song H (2005) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:223–250PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohapel P, Frielingsdorf H, Haggblad J, Zachrisson O, Brundin P (2005) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induce striatal neurogenesis in adult rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neuroscience 132:767–776PubMed Mohapel P, Frielingsdorf H, Haggblad J, Zachrisson O, Brundin P (2005) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induce striatal neurogenesis in adult rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neuroscience 132:767–776PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukouyama YS, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Gu C, Anderson DJ (2005) Peripheral nerve-derived VEGF promotes arterial differentiation via neuropilin 1-mediated positive feedback. Development 132:941–952PubMed Mukouyama YS, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Gu C, Anderson DJ (2005) Peripheral nerve-derived VEGF promotes arterial differentiation via neuropilin 1-mediated positive feedback. Development 132:941–952PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukouyama YS, Shin D, Britsch S, Taniguchi M, Anderson DJ (2002) Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell 109:693–705PubMed Mukouyama YS, Shin D, Britsch S, Taniguchi M, Anderson DJ (2002) Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell 109:693–705PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Murase S, Horwitz AF (2002) Deleted in colorectal carcinoma and differentially expressed integrins mediate the directional migration of neural precursors in the rostral migratory stream. J Neurosci 22:3568–3579PubMed Murase S, Horwitz AF (2002) Deleted in colorectal carcinoma and differentially expressed integrins mediate the directional migration of neural precursors in the rostral migratory stream. J Neurosci 22:3568–3579PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Nag S, Eskandarian MR, Davis J, Eubanks JH (2002) Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-B after brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:778–788PubMed Nag S, Eskandarian MR, Davis J, Eubanks JH (2002) Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-B after brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:778–788PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagase T, Nagase M, Yoshimura K, Fujita T, Koshima I (2005) Angiogenesis within the developing mouse neural tube is dependent on sonic hedgehog signaling: possible roles of motor neurons. Genes Cells 10:595–604PubMed Nagase T, Nagase M, Yoshimura K, Fujita T, Koshima I (2005) Angiogenesis within the developing mouse neural tube is dependent on sonic hedgehog signaling: possible roles of motor neurons. Genes Cells 10:595–604PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura F, Tanaka M, Takahashi T, Kalb RG, Strittmatter SM (1998) Neuropilin-1 extracellular domains mediate semaphorin D/III-induced growth cone collapse. Neuron 21:1093–1100PubMed Nakamura F, Tanaka M, Takahashi T, Kalb RG, Strittmatter SM (1998) Neuropilin-1 extracellular domains mediate semaphorin D/III-induced growth cone collapse. Neuron 21:1093–1100PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Neufeld G, Cohen T, Shraga N, Lange T, Kessler O, Herzog Y (2002) The neuropilins: multifunctional semaphorin and VEGF receptors that modulate axon guidance and angiogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 12:13–19PubMed Neufeld G, Cohen T, Shraga N, Lange T, Kessler O, Herzog Y (2002) The neuropilins: multifunctional semaphorin and VEGF receptors that modulate axon guidance and angiogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 12:13–19PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT, Picard-Riera N, Tessier-Lavigne M, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Sotelo C, Chedotal A (2004) Multiple roles for slits in the control of cell migration in the rostral migratory stream. J Neurosci 24:1497–1506PubMed Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT, Picard-Riera N, Tessier-Lavigne M, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Sotelo C, Chedotal A (2004) Multiple roles for slits in the control of cell migration in the rostral migratory stream. J Neurosci 24:1497–1506PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Noren NK, Lu M, Freeman AL, Koolpe M, Pasquale EB (2004) Interplay between EphB4 on tumor cells and vascular ephrin-B2 regulates tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5583–5588PubMed Noren NK, Lu M, Freeman AL, Koolpe M, Pasquale EB (2004) Interplay between EphB4 on tumor cells and vascular ephrin-B2 regulates tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5583–5588PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogawa K, Pasqualini R, Lindberg RA, Kain R, Freeman AL, Pasquale EB (2000) The ephrin-A1 ligand and its receptor, EphA2, are expressed during tumor neovascularization. Oncogene 19:6043–6052PubMed Ogawa K, Pasqualini R, Lindberg RA, Kain R, Freeman AL, Pasquale EB (2000) The ephrin-A1 ligand and its receptor, EphA2, are expressed during tumor neovascularization. Oncogene 19:6043–6052PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogunshola OO, Antic A, Donoghue MJ, Fan SY, Kim H, Stewart WB, Madri JA, Ment LR (2002) Paracrine and autocrine functions of neuronal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the central nervous system. J Biol Chem 277:11410–11415PubMed Ogunshola OO, Antic A, Donoghue MJ, Fan SY, Kim H, Stewart WB, Madri JA, Ment LR (2002) Paracrine and autocrine functions of neuronal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the central nervous system. J Biol Chem 277:11410–11415PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh S, Huang X, Chiang C (2005) Specific requirements of sonic hedgehog signaling during oligodendrocyte development. Dev Dyn 234:489–496PubMed Oh S, Huang X, Chiang C (2005) Specific requirements of sonic hedgehog signaling during oligodendrocyte development. Dev Dyn 234:489–496PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Ojima T, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Oh H, Suzuma I, Ohashi H, Watanabe D, Suganami E, Murakami T, Kurimoto M, Honda Y, Yoshimura N (2006) EphrinA1 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced intracellular signaling and suppresses retinal neovascularization and blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Am J Pathol 168:331–339PubMed Ojima T, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Oh H, Suzuma I, Ohashi H, Watanabe D, Suganami E, Murakami T, Kurimoto M, Honda Y, Yoshimura N (2006) EphrinA1 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced intracellular signaling and suppresses retinal neovascularization and blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Am J Pathol 168:331–339PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11709–11714PubMed Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11709–11714PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela O, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2576–2581PubMed Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela O, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2576–2581PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Olofsson B, Pajusola K, von Euler G, Chilov D, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1996) Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterization of a second splice isoform. J Biol Chem 271:19310–19317PubMed Olofsson B, Pajusola K, von Euler G, Chilov D, Alitalo K, Eriksson U (1996) Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterization of a second splice isoform. J Biol Chem 271:19310–19317PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Oosthuyse B, Moons L, Storkebaum E, Beck H, Nuyens D, Brusselmans K, Van Dorpe J, Helings P, Gorselink M, Heymans S, Theilmeier G, Dewerchin M, Laudenbach V, Vermylen P, Raat H, Acker T, Vleminckx V, Van Den Bosch L, Cashman N, Fujisawa H, Drost MR, Sciot R, Bruyninckx F, Hicklin DJ, Ince C, Gressens P, Lupu F, Plate KH, Robberecht W, Herbert JM, Collen D, Carmeliet P (2001) Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter causes motor neuron degeneration. Nat Genet 28:131–138PubMed Oosthuyse B, Moons L, Storkebaum E, Beck H, Nuyens D, Brusselmans K, Van Dorpe J, Helings P, Gorselink M, Heymans S, Theilmeier G, Dewerchin M, Laudenbach V, Vermylen P, Raat H, Acker T, Vleminckx V, Van Den Bosch L, Cashman N, Fujisawa H, Drost MR, Sciot R, Bruyninckx F, Hicklin DJ, Ince C, Gressens P, Lupu F, Plate KH, Robberecht W, Herbert JM, Collen D, Carmeliet P (2001) Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter causes motor neuron degeneration. Nat Genet 28:131–138PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Palma V, Lim DA, Dahmane N, Sanchez P, Brionne TC, Herzberg CD, Gitton Y, Carleton A, Alvarez-Buylla A, Ruiz i Altaba A (2005) Sonic hedgehog controls stem cell behavior in the postnatal and adult brain. Development 132:335–344PubMed Palma V, Lim DA, Dahmane N, Sanchez P, Brionne TC, Herzberg CD, Gitton Y, Carleton A, Alvarez-Buylla A, Ruiz i Altaba A (2005) Sonic hedgehog controls stem cell behavior in the postnatal and adult brain. Development 132:335–344PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer A, Klein R (2003) Multiple roles of ephrins in morphogenesis, neuronal networking, and brain function. Genes Dev 17:1429–1450PubMed Palmer A, Klein R (2003) Multiple roles of ephrins in morphogenesis, neuronal networking, and brain function. Genes Dev 17:1429–1450PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer TD, Willhoite AR, Gage FH (2000) Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 425:479–494PubMed Palmer TD, Willhoite AR, Gage FH (2000) Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 425:479–494PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Parati EA, Bez A, Ponti D, de Grazia U, Corsini E, Cova L, Sala S, Colombo A, Alessandri G, Pagano SF (2002) Human neural stem cells express extra-neural markers. Brain Res 925:213–221PubMed Parati EA, Bez A, Ponti D, de Grazia U, Corsini E, Cova L, Sala S, Colombo A, Alessandri G, Pagano SF (2002) Human neural stem cells express extra-neural markers. Brain Res 925:213–221PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Park KW, Crouse D, Lee M, Karnik SK, Sorensen LK, Murphy KJ, Kuo CJ, Li DY (2004) The axonal attractant Netrin-1 is an angiogenic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:16210–16215PubMed Park KW, Crouse D, Lee M, Karnik SK, Sorensen LK, Murphy KJ, Kuo CJ, Li DY (2004) The axonal attractant Netrin-1 is an angiogenic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:16210–16215PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Park KW, Morrison CM, Sorensen LK, Jones CA, Rao Y, Chien CB, Wu JY, Urness LD, Li DY (2003) Robo4 is a vascular-specific receptor that inhibits endothelial migration. Dev Biol 261:251–267PubMed Park KW, Morrison CM, Sorensen LK, Jones CA, Rao Y, Chien CB, Wu JY, Urness LD, Li DY (2003) Robo4 is a vascular-specific receptor that inhibits endothelial migration. Dev Biol 261:251–267PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Plate KH, Beck H, Danner S, Allegrini PR, Wiessner C (1999) Cell type specific upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in an MCA-occlusion model of cerebral infarct. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:654–666PubMed Plate KH, Beck H, Danner S, Allegrini PR, Wiessner C (1999) Cell type specific upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in an MCA-occlusion model of cerebral infarct. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:654–666PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Plump AS, Erskine L, Sabatier C, Brose K, Epstein CJ, Goodman CS, Mason CA, Tessier-Lavigne M (2002) Slit1 and Slit2 cooperate to prevent premature midline crossing of retinal axons in the mouse visual system. Neuron 33:219–232PubMed Plump AS, Erskine L, Sabatier C, Brose K, Epstein CJ, Goodman CS, Mason CA, Tessier-Lavigne M (2002) Slit1 and Slit2 cooperate to prevent premature midline crossing of retinal axons in the mouse visual system. Neuron 33:219–232PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Pola R, Ling LE, Silver M, Corbley MJ, Kearney M, Blake Pepinsky R, Shapiro R, Taylor FR, Baker DP, Asahara T, Isner JM (2001) The morphogen Sonic hedgehog is an indirect angiogenic agent upregulating two families of angiogenic growth factors. Nat Med 7:706–711PubMed Pola R, Ling LE, Silver M, Corbley MJ, Kearney M, Blake Pepinsky R, Shapiro R, Taylor FR, Baker DP, Asahara T, Isner JM (2001) The morphogen Sonic hedgehog is an indirect angiogenic agent upregulating two families of angiogenic growth factors. Nat Med 7:706–711PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Poole TJ, Finkelstein EB, Cox CM (2001) The role of FGF and VEGF in angioblast induction and migration during vascular development. Dev Dyn 220:1–17PubMed Poole TJ, Finkelstein EB, Cox CM (2001) The role of FGF and VEGF in angioblast induction and migration during vascular development. Dev Dyn 220:1–17PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Qiu MH, Zhang R, Sun FY (2003) Enhancement of ischemia-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.2 by vascular endothelial growth factor via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Neurochem 87:1509–1517PubMedCrossRef Qiu MH, Zhang R, Sun FY (2003) Enhancement of ischemia-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.2 by vascular endothelial growth factor via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Neurochem 87:1509–1517PubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Raab S, Beck H, Gaumann A, Yuce A, Gerber HP, Plate K, Hammes HP, Ferrara N, Breier G (2004) Impaired brain angiogenesis and neuronal apoptosis induced by conditional homozygous inactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Thromb Haemost 91:595–605PubMed Raab S, Beck H, Gaumann A, Yuce A, Gerber HP, Plate K, Hammes HP, Ferrara N, Breier G (2004) Impaired brain angiogenesis and neuronal apoptosis induced by conditional homozygous inactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Thromb Haemost 91:595–605PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiss Y, Machein MR, Plate KH (2005) The role of angiopoietins during angiogenesis in gliomas. Brain Pathol 15:311–317PubMedCrossRef Reiss Y, Machein MR, Plate KH (2005) The role of angiopoietins during angiogenesis in gliomas. Brain Pathol 15:311–317PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Reuss B, von Bohlen und Halbach O (2003) Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 313:139–157PubMed Reuss B, von Bohlen und Halbach O (2003) Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 313:139–157PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Ricard J, Salinas J, Garcia L, Liebl DJ (2006) EphrinB3 regulates cell proliferation and survival in adult neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 31:713–722PubMed Ricard J, Salinas J, Garcia L, Liebl DJ (2006) EphrinB3 regulates cell proliferation and survival in adult neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 31:713–722PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Risau W (1997) Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386:671–674PubMed Risau W (1997) Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386:671–674PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Risau W, Drexler H, Mironov V, Smits A, Siegbahn A, Funa K, Heldin CH (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor is angiogenic in vivo. Growth Factors 7:261–266PubMed Risau W, Drexler H, Mironov V, Smits A, Siegbahn A, Funa K, Heldin CH (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor is angiogenic in vivo. Growth Factors 7:261–266PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Risau W, Flamme I (1995) Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11:73–91PubMed Risau W, Flamme I (1995) Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11:73–91PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson GS, Ju M, Shih SC, Xu X, McMahon G, Caldwell RB, Smith LE (2001) Nonvascular role for VEGF: VEGFR-1, 2 activity is critical for neural retinal development. Faseb J 15:1215–1217PubMed Robinson GS, Ju M, Shih SC, Xu X, McMahon G, Caldwell RB, Smith LE (2001) Nonvascular role for VEGF: VEGFR-1, 2 activity is critical for neural retinal development. Faseb J 15:1215–1217PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowland LP, Shneider NA (2001) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 344:1688–1700PubMed Rowland LP, Shneider NA (2001) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 344:1688–1700PubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruhrberg C, Gerhardt H, Golding M, Watson R, Ioannidou S, Fujisawa H, Betsholtz C, Shima DT (2002) Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis. Genes Dev 16:2684–2698PubMed Ruhrberg C, Gerhardt H, Golding M, Watson R, Ioannidou S, Fujisawa H, Betsholtz C, Shima DT (2002) Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis. Genes Dev 16:2684–2698PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz i Altaba A, Palma V, Dahmane N (2002) Hedgehog-Gli signaling and the growth of the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:24–33PubMed Ruiz i Altaba A, Palma V, Dahmane N (2002) Hedgehog-Gli signaling and the growth of the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:24–33PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Schanzer A, Wachs FP, Wilhelm D, Acker T, Cooper-Kuhn C, Beck H, Winkler J, Aigner L, Plate KH, Kuhn HG (2004) Direct stimulation of adult neural stem cells in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo by vascular endothelial growth factor. Brain Pathol 14:237–248PubMedCrossRef Schanzer A, Wachs FP, Wilhelm D, Acker T, Cooper-Kuhn C, Beck H, Winkler J, Aigner L, Plate KH, Kuhn HG (2004) Direct stimulation of adult neural stem cells in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo by vascular endothelial growth factor. Brain Pathol 14:237–248PubMedCrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Schratzberger P, Schratzberger G, Silver M, Curry C, Kearney M, Magner M, Alroy J, Adelman LS, Weinberg DH, Ropper AH, Isner JM (2000) Favorable effect of VEGF gene transfer on ischemic peripheral neuropathy. Nat Med 6:405–413PubMed Schratzberger P, Schratzberger G, Silver M, Curry C, Kearney M, Magner M, Alroy J, Adelman LS, Weinberg DH, Ropper AH, Isner JM (2000) Favorable effect of VEGF gene transfer on ischemic peripheral neuropathy. Nat Med 6:405–413PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz Q, Gu C, Fujisawa H, Sabelko K, Gertsenstein M, Nagy A, Taniguchi M, Kolodkin AL, Ginty DD, Shima DT, Ruhrberg C (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor controls neuronal migration and cooperates with Sema3A to pattern distinct compartments of the facial nerve. Genes Dev 18:2822–2834PubMed Schwarz Q, Gu C, Fujisawa H, Sabelko K, Gertsenstein M, Nagy A, Taniguchi M, Kolodkin AL, Ginty DD, Shima DT, Ruhrberg C (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor controls neuronal migration and cooperates with Sema3A to pattern distinct compartments of the facial nerve. Genes Dev 18:2822–2834PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS, Dvorak HF (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219:983–985PubMed Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS, Dvorak HF (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219:983–985PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Serafini T, Colamarino SA, Leonardo ED, Wang H, Beddington R, Skarnes WC, Tessier-Lavigne M (1996) Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Cell 87:1001–1014PubMed Serafini T, Colamarino SA, Leonardo ED, Wang H, Beddington R, Skarnes WC, Tessier-Lavigne M (1996) Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Cell 87:1001–1014PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Shen Q, Goderie SK, Jin L, Karanth N, Sun Y, Abramova N, Vincent P, Pumiglia K, Temple S (2004) Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells. Science 304:1338–1340PubMed Shen Q, Goderie SK, Jin L, Karanth N, Sun Y, Abramova N, Vincent P, Pumiglia K, Temple S (2004) Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells. Science 304:1338–1340PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverman WF, Krum JM, Mani N, Rosenstein JM (1999) Vascular, glial and neuronal effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in mesencephalic explant cultures. Neuroscience 90:1529–1541PubMed Silverman WF, Krum JM, Mani N, Rosenstein JM (1999) Vascular, glial and neuronal effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in mesencephalic explant cultures. Neuroscience 90:1529–1541PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Silvestre JS, Tamarat R, Ebrahimian TG, Le-Roux A, Clergue M, Emmanuel F, Duriez M, Schwartz B, Branellec D, Levy BI (2003) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B promotes in vivo angiogenesis. Circ Res 93:114–123PubMed Silvestre JS, Tamarat R, Ebrahimian TG, Le-Roux A, Clergue M, Emmanuel F, Duriez M, Schwartz B, Branellec D, Levy BI (2003) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B promotes in vivo angiogenesis. Circ Res 93:114–123PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M (1998) Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92:735–745PubMed Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M (1998) Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92:735–745PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 19:5731–5740PubMed Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 19:5731–5740PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates Schwann cell invasion and neovascularization of acellular nerve grafts. Brain Res 846:219–228PubMed Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates Schwann cell invasion and neovascularization of acellular nerve grafts. Brain Res 846:219–228PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Sondell M, Sundler F, Kanje M (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a neurotrophic factor which stimulates axonal outgrowth through the flk-1 receptor. Eur J Neurosci 12:4243–4254PubMed Sondell M, Sundler F, Kanje M (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a neurotrophic factor which stimulates axonal outgrowth through the flk-1 receptor. Eur J Neurosci 12:4243–4254PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Storkebaum E, Lambrechts D, Carmeliet P (2004) VEGF: once regarded as a specific angiogenic factor, now implicated in neuroprotection. Bioessays 26:943–954PubMed Storkebaum E, Lambrechts D, Carmeliet P (2004) VEGF: once regarded as a specific angiogenic factor, now implicated in neuroprotection. Bioessays 26:943–954PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Storkebaum E, Lambrechts D, Dewerchin M, Moreno-Murciano MP, Appelmans S, Oh H, Van Damme P, Rutten B, Man WY, De Mol M, Wyns S, Manka D, Vermeulen K, Van Den Bosch L, Mertens N, Schmitz C, Robberecht W, Conway EM, Collen D, Moons L, Carmeliet P (2005) Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS. Nat Neurosci 8:85–92PubMed Storkebaum E, Lambrechts D, Dewerchin M, Moreno-Murciano MP, Appelmans S, Oh H, Van Damme P, Rutten B, Man WY, De Mol M, Wyns S, Manka D, Vermeulen K, Van Den Bosch L, Mertens N, Schmitz C, Robberecht W, Conway EM, Collen D, Moons L, Carmeliet P (2005) Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS. Nat Neurosci 8:85–92PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Suchting S, Bicknell R, Eichmann A (2006) Neuronal clues to vascular guidance. Exp Cell Res 312:668–675PubMed Suchting S, Bicknell R, Eichmann A (2006) Neuronal clues to vascular guidance. Exp Cell Res 312:668–675PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Suchting S, Heal P, Tahtis K, Stewart LM, Bicknell R (2005) Soluble Robo4 receptor inhibits in vivo angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. Faseb J 19:121–123PubMed Suchting S, Heal P, Tahtis K, Stewart LM, Bicknell R (2005) Soluble Robo4 receptor inhibits in vivo angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. Faseb J 19:121–123PubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2004) Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:1146–1152PubMed Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2004) Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:1146–1152PubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2006) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGFB) stimulates neurogenesis: evidence from knockout mice and growth factor administration. Dev Biol 289:329–335PubMed Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (2006) Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGFB) stimulates neurogenesis: evidence from knockout mice and growth factor administration. Dev Biol 289:329–335PubMed
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun Y, Jin K, Xie L, Childs J, Mao XO, Logvinova A, Greenberg DA (2003) VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Clin Invest 111:1843–1851PubMed Sun Y, Jin K, Xie L, Childs J, Mao XO, Logvinova A, Greenberg DA (2003) VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Clin Invest 111:1843–1851PubMed
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Svensson B, Peters M, Konig HG, Poppe M, Levkau B, Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Kogel D, Prehn JH (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against hypoxic injury via an antiexcitotoxic, caspase-independent mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:1170–1175PubMed Svensson B, Peters M, Konig HG, Poppe M, Levkau B, Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Kogel D, Prehn JH (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against hypoxic injury via an antiexcitotoxic, caspase-independent mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:1170–1175PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Valable S, Bellail A, Lesne S, Liot G, Mackenzie ET, Vivien D, Bernaudin M, Petit E (2003) Angiopoietin-1-induced PI3-kinase activation prevents neuronal apoptosis. Faseb J 17:443–445PubMed Valable S, Bellail A, Lesne S, Liot G, Mackenzie ET, Vivien D, Bernaudin M, Petit E (2003) Angiopoietin-1-induced PI3-kinase activation prevents neuronal apoptosis. Faseb J 17:443–445PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat van Bruggen N, Thibodeaux H, Palmer JT, Lee WP, Fu L, Cairns B, Tumas D, Gerlai R, Williams SP, van Lookeren Campagne M, Ferrara N (1999) VEGF antagonism reduces edema formation and tissue damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse brain. J Clin Invest 104:1613–1620PubMedCrossRef van Bruggen N, Thibodeaux H, Palmer JT, Lee WP, Fu L, Cairns B, Tumas D, Gerlai R, Williams SP, van Lookeren Campagne M, Ferrara N (1999) VEGF antagonism reduces edema formation and tissue damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse brain. J Clin Invest 104:1613–1620PubMedCrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13427–13431PubMed van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13427–13431PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Vokes SA, Yatskievych TA, Heimark RL, McMahon J, McMahon AP, Antin PB, Krieg PA (2004) Hedgehog signaling is essential for endothelial tube formation during vasculogenesis. Development 131:4371–4380PubMed Vokes SA, Yatskievych TA, Heimark RL, McMahon J, McMahon AP, Antin PB, Krieg PA (2004) Hedgehog signaling is essential for endothelial tube formation during vasculogenesis. Development 131:4371–4380PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang B, Xiao Y, Ding BB, Zhang N, Yuan X, Gui L, Qian KX, Duan S, Chen Z, Rao Y, Geng JG (2003) Induction of tumor angiogenesis by Slit-Robo signaling and inhibition of cancer growth by blocking Robo activity. Cancer Cell 4:19–29PubMed Wang B, Xiao Y, Ding BB, Zhang N, Yuan X, Gui L, Qian KX, Duan S, Chen Z, Rao Y, Geng JG (2003) Induction of tumor angiogenesis by Slit-Robo signaling and inhibition of cancer growth by blocking Robo activity. Cancer Cell 4:19–29PubMed
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (1998) Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4. Cell 93:741–753PubMed Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (1998) Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4. Cell 93:741–753PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang WY, Dong JH, Liu X, Wang Y, Ying GX, Ni ZM, Zhou CF (2005) Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flk-1 are expressed in the hippocampus following entorhinal deafferentation. Neuroscience 134:1167–1178PubMed Wang WY, Dong JH, Liu X, Wang Y, Ying GX, Ni ZM, Zhou CF (2005) Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flk-1 are expressed in the hippocampus following entorhinal deafferentation. Neuroscience 134:1167–1178PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Kilic E, Kilic U, Weber B, Bassetti CL, Marti HH, Hermann DM (2005) VEGF overexpression induces post-ischaemic neuroprotection, but facilitates haemodynamic steal phenomena. Brain 128:52–63PubMed Wang Y, Kilic E, Kilic U, Weber B, Bassetti CL, Marti HH, Hermann DM (2005) VEGF overexpression induces post-ischaemic neuroprotection, but facilitates haemodynamic steal phenomena. Brain 128:52–63PubMed
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward NL, Putoczki T, Mearow K, Ivanco TL, Dumont DJ (2005) Vascular-specific growth factor angiopoietin 1 is involved in the organization of neuronal processes. J Comp Neurol 482:244–256PubMed Ward NL, Putoczki T, Mearow K, Ivanco TL, Dumont DJ (2005) Vascular-specific growth factor angiopoietin 1 is involved in the organization of neuronal processes. J Comp Neurol 482:244–256PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitaker GB, Limberg BJ, Rosenbaum JS (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the differential signaling potency of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121). J Biol Chem 276:25520–25531PubMed Whitaker GB, Limberg BJ, Rosenbaum JS (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the differential signaling potency of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121). J Biol Chem 276:25520–25531PubMed
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Wick A, Wick W, Waltenberger J, Weller M, Dichgans J, Schulz JB (2002) Neuroprotection by hypoxic preconditioning requires sequential activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and Akt. J Neurosci 22:6401–6407PubMed Wick A, Wick W, Waltenberger J, Weller M, Dichgans J, Schulz JB (2002) Neuroprotection by hypoxic preconditioning requires sequential activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and Akt. J Neurosci 22:6401–6407PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams BP, Park JK, Alberta JA, Muhlebach SG, Hwang GY, Roberts TM, Stiles CD (1997) A PDGF-regulated immediate early gene response initiates neuronal differentiation in ventricular zone progenitor cells. Neuron 18:553–562PubMed Williams BP, Park JK, Alberta JA, Muhlebach SG, Hwang GY, Roberts TM, Stiles CD (1997) A PDGF-regulated immediate early gene response initiates neuronal differentiation in ventricular zone progenitor cells. Neuron 18:553–562PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Winner B, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Aigner R, Winkler J, Kuhn HG (2002) Long-term survival and cell death of newly generated neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 16:1681–1689PubMed Winner B, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Aigner R, Winkler J, Kuhn HG (2002) Long-term survival and cell death of newly generated neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 16:1681–1689PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu JY, Zheng P, Shen DH, Yang SZ, Zhang LM, Huang YL, Sun FY (2003) Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits outward delayed-rectifier potassium currents in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 118:59–67PubMed Xu JY, Zheng P, Shen DH, Yang SZ, Zhang LM, Huang YL, Sun FY (2003) Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits outward delayed-rectifier potassium currents in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 118:59–67PubMed
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Holash J (2000) Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 407:242–248PubMed Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Holash J (2000) Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 407:242–248PubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang K, Cepko CL (1996) Flk-1, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is expressed by retinal progenitor cells. J Neurosci 16:6089–6099PubMed Yang K, Cepko CL (1996) Flk-1, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is expressed by retinal progenitor cells. J Neurosci 16:6089–6099PubMed
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang SZ, Zhang LM, Huang YL, Sun FY (2003) Distribution of Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors in neonatal and adult rat brains. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 274:851–856PubMed Yang SZ, Zhang LM, Huang YL, Sun FY (2003) Distribution of Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors in neonatal and adult rat brains. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 274:851–856PubMed
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Muraoka K, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I (2004) Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 19:1494–1504PubMed Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Muraoka K, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I (2004) Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 19:1494–1504PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Agari T, Wen Ji Y, Hayase H, Hamada H, Borlongan CV, Date I (2005) Neurorescue effects of VEGF on a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 1053:10–18PubMed Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Agari T, Wen Ji Y, Hayase H, Hamada H, Borlongan CV, Date I (2005) Neurorescue effects of VEGF on a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 1053:10–18PubMed
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, wen Ji Y, Kameda M, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Nishio S, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I (2005) The differences between high and low-dose administration of VEGF to dopaminergic neurons of in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s disease model. Brain Res 1038:1–10PubMed Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, wen Ji Y, Kameda M, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Nishio S, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I (2005) The differences between high and low-dose administration of VEGF to dopaminergic neurons of in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s disease model. Brain Res 1038:1–10PubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeo W, Gautier J (2004) Early neural cell death: dying to become neurons. Dev Biol 274:233–244PubMed Yeo W, Gautier J (2004) Early neural cell death: dying to become neurons. Dev Biol 274:233–244PubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Yourey PA, Gohari S, Su JL, Alderson RF (2000) Vascular endothelial cell growth factors promote the in vitro development of rat photoreceptor cells. J Neurosci 20:6781–6788PubMed Yourey PA, Gohari S, Su JL, Alderson RF (2000) Vascular endothelial cell growth factors promote the in vitro development of rat photoreceptor cells. J Neurosci 20:6781–6788PubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Zammaretti P, Zisch AH (2005) Adult ‘endothelial progenitor cells’. Renewing vasculature. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:493–503PubMed Zammaretti P, Zisch AH (2005) Adult ‘endothelial progenitor cells’. Renewing vasculature. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:493–503PubMed
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang H, Vutskits L, Pepper MS, Kiss JZ (2003) VEGF is a chemoattractant for FGF-2-stimulated neural progenitors. J Cell Biol 163:1375–1384PubMed Zhang H, Vutskits L, Pepper MS, Kiss JZ (2003) VEGF is a chemoattractant for FGF-2-stimulated neural progenitors. J Cell Biol 163:1375–1384PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Davies K, Powers C, Bruggen N, Chopp M (2000) VEGF enhances angiogenesis and promotes blood-brain barrier leakage in the ischemic brain. J Clin Invest 106:829–838PubMed Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Davies K, Powers C, Bruggen N, Chopp M (2000) VEGF enhances angiogenesis and promotes blood-brain barrier leakage in the ischemic brain. J Clin Invest 106:829–838PubMed
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Zigova T, Pencea V, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB (1998) Intraventricular administration of BDNF increases the number of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 11:234–245PubMed Zigova T, Pencea V, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB (1998) Intraventricular administration of BDNF increases the number of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 11:234–245PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Different networks, common growth factors: shared growth factors and receptors of the vascular and the nervous system
verfasst von
Sabine Raab
Karl H. Plate
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2007
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Acta Neuropathologica / Ausgabe 6/2007
Print ISSN: 0001-6322
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0533
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-007-0228-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2007

Acta Neuropathologica 6/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.