nach oben

Lung

Erschienen in:

01.08.2007 | Book Review

Interstitial Lung Disease in Systemic Sclerosis

verfasst von: Predrag Ostojic, Marco Matucci Cerinic, Richard Silver, Kristin Highland, Nemanja Damjanov

Erschienen in: Lung | Ausgabe 4/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

We reviewed the literature concerning pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). ILD is detectable in approximately 70% of patients at autopsy. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is the most common pathologic finding. The earliest phase of ILD in SSc is characterized by microvascular injury and alveolitis. Endothelial lesions, activation of coagulation proteases, especially thrombin, fibroblast proliferation, and differentiation of normal lung fibroblasts to a myofibroblasts phenotype are hallmarks of ILD in SSc. Diagnostic procedures used to detect ILD are chest X-ray, high-resolution computed tomography, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung function tests, and sometimes thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Novel and potentially useful methods to diagnose ILD in SSc are induced sputum and technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (^99mTC-DTPA) clearance time. Cyclophosphamide seems to be relatively effective to treat ILD in the earliest phase, but the effects of other immunosuppressive drugs on the lungs are less convincing.

Simeon CP, Armadans L, Fonollosa V, Vilardell M, Candell J, Tolosa C, Mearin F, Rodrigo MJ, Solans R, Lima J, Sampol G (1997) Survival prognostic factors and markers of morbidity in Spanish patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 56:723–728PubMed

Hesselstrand R, Scheja A, Akesson A (1998) Mortality and causes of death in a Swedish series of systemic sclerosis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 57:682–686PubMed

Cossio M, Menon Y, Wilson W, deBoisblanc BP (2002) Life-threatening complications of systemic sclerosis. Crit Care Clin 18(4):819–839PubMed

D’Angelo WA, Fries JF, Masi AT, Shulman LE (1969) Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): a study of 58 autopsy cases and 58 matched controls. Am J Med 46:428–440PubMed

Norton WL, Nardo JM (1970) Vascular disease in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Ann Intern Med 73:317–324PubMed

Harrison NK, Myers AR, Corrin B, Soosay G, Dewar A, Black CM, Du Bois RM, Rurner-Warwick M (1991) Structural features of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:706–713PubMed

Rossi GA, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG (1985) Evidence for chronic inflammation as a component of the interstitial lung disease associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:612–617PubMed

American Thoracic Society (2000) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International Consensus Statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:646–664

Katzenstein A, Fiorelli RF (1994) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histological features and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 18:136–147PubMed

10.

Fujita J, Yoshinouchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Tokuda M, Yang Y, Yamadori I, Bandoh S, Ishida T, Takahara J, Ueda R (2001) Non-specific interstitial pneumonia as pulmonary involvement of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 60:281–283PubMed

11.

Bouros D, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, Colby TV, Polychronopoulos V, Pantelidis P, Haslam PL, Vassilakis DA, Black CM, du Bois RM (2002) Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their pelationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:1581–1586PubMed

12.

Ohba T, McDonald JK, Silver RM, Strange C, LeRoy EC, Ludwicka A (1994) Scleroderma bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contains thrombin, a mediator of human lung fibroblast proliferation via induction of the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10:405–412PubMed

13.

Campbell PM, Le Roy EC (1975) Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a vascular hypothesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 4:351–368PubMed

14.

Kahleh MB (1990) Vascular disease in scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 16:53–57

15.

Bachhuber BG, Sarembock IJ, Gimple LW, Owens GK (1997) α-Thrombin induces transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA and protein in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells via proteolytically activated receptor. J Vasc Res 34:41–48PubMed

16.

Chambers RC, Leoni P, Blanc-Brude OP, Wembridge DE, Laurent GJ (2000) Thrombin is a potent inducer of connective tissue growth factor production via proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-1. J Biol Chem 275:35584–35591PubMed

17.

Ludwicka-Bradley A, Tourkina E, Suzuki S, Tyson E, Bonner M, Fenton JW 2nd, Hoffman S, Silver RM (2000) Thrombin upregulates interleukin-8 in lung fibroblasts via cleavage of proteolytically activated receptor-1 and protein kinase C-γ activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22:235–243PubMed

18.

Bogatkevich GS, Tourkina E, Silver RM, Ludwicka-Bradley A (2001) Thrombin differentiates normal lung fibroblasts to myofibroblast phenotype via the proteolytically activated receptor-1 and a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 276:45184–45192PubMed

19.

Ludwicka A, Trohanowska M, Smith EA, Bauman M, Strange C, Korn JH, Smith T, Le Roy EC, Silver RM (1992) Growth and characterization of fibroblasts obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with scleroderma. J Rheumatol 19:1716–1723PubMed

20.

Le Roy EC (1974) Increased collagen synthesis by scleroderma skin fibroblasts in vitro. A possible defect in the regulation or activation of the scleroderma fibroblast. J Clin Invest 54:880–889

21.

Buckingham RB, Prince RK, Rodnan GP, Taylor F (1978) Increased collagen accumulation in dermal fibroblast cultures from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Lab Clin Med 92:5–21PubMed

22.

Kahleh MB (1991) Endothelin, an endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor in scleroderma. Enhanced production and profibrotic action. Arthritis Rheum 34:978–983

23.

Shi-Wen X, Chen Y, Denton CP, Eastwood M, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, Pearson JD, Daashwood M, du Bois RM, Black CM, Leask A, Abraham DJ (2004) Endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast induction through the ETA receptor via a rac/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway and is essential for the enhanced contractile phenotype of fibrotic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 15:2707–2709PubMed

24.

Distler JHW, Kladen JR, Gray S, Distler O (2004) Vascular changes in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Z Rheumatol 63:446–450; [in German]PubMed

25.

Stratton RJ, Coghlan JG, Pearson JD, Burns A, Sweny P, Abraham DJ, Black CM (1998) Different patterns of endothelial cell activation in renal and pulmonary vascular disease in scleroderma. QJM 91:561–566PubMed

26.

Silver RM, Miller KS, Kinsella MB, Smith EA, Schabel SI (1990) Evaluation and management of scleroderma lung disease using bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Med 88:470–476PubMed

27.

Behr J, Vogelmeier C, Beinert T, Meurer M, Krombach F, Konig G, Fruhmann G (1996) Bronchoalveloar lavage for evaluation and management of scleroderma disease of the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:400–406PubMed

28.

Wells AU, Hansell DM, Haslam PL, Rubens MB, Cailes J, Black CM, du Bois RM (1998) Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity: lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis compared with the fibrosing alveolitis of systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(5 Pt 1):1474–1482PubMed

29.

Domagala-Kulawik J, Hoser G, Doboszynska A (1998) Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: comparison of BALF lymphocyte phenotype and DLCO impairment. Respir Med 92(11):1295–1301PubMed

30.

Car BD, Meloni F, Luisetti M, Semenzato G, Gialdroni-Grassi G, Walz A (1994) Elevated IL-8 and MCP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:655–659PubMed

31.

Southcott AM, Jones KP, Li D, Majumdar S, Cambrey AD, Pantelidis P, Black CM, Laurent GJ, Davies BH, Jeffery PK (1995) Interleukin-8. Differential expression in lone fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151(5):1604–1612PubMed

32.

Cailes JB, O’Connor C, Pantelidis P, Southcott AM, Fitzgerald MX, Black CM, du Bois RM (1996) Neutrophil activation in fibrosing alveolitis: a comparison of lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir J 9:992–999PubMed

33.

Kowal-Bielecka O, Distler O, Kowal K (2003) Elevated levels of leukotriene B4 and leukotriene E4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with scleroderma lung disease. Arthritis Rheum 48(6):1639–1646PubMed

34.

Crestani B, Seta N, de Bandt M, Soler P, Rolland C, Dehoux M, Boutten A, Dombret MC, Palazzo E, Kahn MF, et al. (1994) Interleukin-6 secretion by monocytes and alveolar macrophages in systemic sclerosis and lung involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149(5):1260–1265 PubMed

35.

Meloni F, Caporali R, Marone Bianco A, Paschetto E, Morosini M, Fietta AM, Patrizio V, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Pozzi E, Montecucco C (2004) BAL cytokine profile in different interstitial lung diseases: a focus on systemic sclerosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 21(2):111–118PubMed

36.

Atamas SP, White B (2003) Cytokine regulation of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14(6):537–550PubMed

37.

Uitto J, Bauer E. Eisen A (1979) Increased biosynthesis of triple helical type I and type III procollagens associated with unaltered expression of collagenase by skin fibroblasts in culture. J Clin Invest 64:921–930PubMed

38.

Nishijima C, Hayakawa I, Matsushita T, Komura K, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S (2004) Autoantibody against matrix metalloproteinase-3 in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 138:357–363PubMed

39.

Ostojic P, Damjanov N (2006) Different clinical features in patients with limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 25:453–457PubMed

40.

Mahler DA, Weinberg DH, Wells CK, Feinstein AR (1984) The measurement of dyspnea. Contents, interobserver agreement and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. Chest 85:751–758PubMed

41.

Seibold JR (2005) Scleroderma. In: Harris ED, et al. (eds) Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology, VIIth ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, pp 1279–1308

42.

Black CM, Stephens C (1993) Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and related disorders. In: Maddison PJ, et al. (eds) Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 771–789

43.

Akesson A, Wollheim FA (1989) Organ manifestations in 100 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: a comparison between the CREST syndrome and diffuse scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 28(4):281–286PubMed

44.

Morelli S, Barbieri C, Sgreccia A, Ferrante L, Pittoni V, Conti F, Gualdi G, Polettini E, Carlesimo OA, Calvieri S (1997) Relationship between cutaneous and pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 24(1):81–85PubMed

45.

Matucci Cerinic M, D’Angelo S, Denton CP, Vlachoyiannopoulos P, Silver R (2003) Assessment of lung involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21 (Suppl 29):S19–S23PubMed

46.

Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, Hansell DM, Nikolakopolou A, Goh NS, Nicholson AG, Colby TV, Denton CP, Black CM, du Bois RM, Wells AU (2004) CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 232:560–567PubMed

47.

Warrick JH, Bhalla M, Schabel SI, Silver RM (1991) High resolution computer tomography in early lung disease. J Rheumatol 18:1520–1528PubMed

48.

Wells AU, Hansell DM, Corrin B, Harrison NK, Goldstraw P, Black CM, du Bois RM (1992) High resolution computer tomography as predictor of lung histology in systemic sclerosis. Thorax 11:465–472

49.

Witt C, Borges AC, John M (1999) Pulmonary involvement in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: bronchoalveolar fluid granulocytosis predicts progression of fibrosing alveolitis. Ann Rheum Dis 58(10):635–640PubMed

50.

Clements PJ, Goldin JG, Kleerup EC, Furst DE, Elashoff RM, Tashkin DP, Roth MD (2004) Regional differences in bronchoalveolar lavage and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography results in dyspneic patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 50:1909–1917PubMed

51.

Yoo Y, Koh YY, Kang H, Yu J, Nah KM, Kim CK (2004) Sputum eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein levels in cough-variant and in classic asthma, and their relationship to airway hypersensitivity or maximal airway response to methacholin. Allergy 59(10):1055–1062PubMed

52.

Beier J, Beeh KM, Semmler D, Beike N, Buhl R (2004) Increased concentrations of glutathione in induced sputum of patients with mild or moderate allergic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 92(4):459–463PubMed

53.

Taha R, Hamid Q, Olivenstein R (2004) Fractional analysis of Th2-type cytokines in sequential samples of induced sputum. Can Respir J 11(2):146–150PubMed

54.

Beeh KM, Beier J, Koppenhoefer N, Buhl R (2004) Increased glutathione disulfide and nitrosothiols in sputum supernatant of patients with stable COPD. Chest 126(4):1116–1122PubMed

55.

D’Ippolito R, Foresi A, Chetta A, Casalini A, Castagnaro A, Leone C, Olivieri D (1999) Induced sputum in patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. Chest 115:1611–1615PubMed

56.

Lerman Y, Schwarz Y, Kaufman G, Ganor E, Fireman E (2003) Case series: use of induced sputum in the evaluation of occupational lung diseases. Arch Environ Health 58(5): 284–289PubMed

57.

Ostojic P, Kaloudi O, Alari S, Cinelli M, Guiducci S, Del Rosso A, Stanflin N, Camiciottoli G, Orsi S, Porta F, Meoni E, Pistolesi M, Damjanov N, Matucci Cerinic M (2005) Induced sputum is an evaluation of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Arthritis Rheum 52 (9 Suppl):S165

58.

Fanti S, De Fabritiis A, Aloisi D, Dondi M, Marengo M, Compagnone G, Fallani F, Cavalli A, Monetti N (1994) Early pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by technetium-99m-DTPA clearance rate. J Nucl Med 35(12):1933–1936PubMed

59.

Matucci-Cerinic M, Pignone A, Iannone F, Lotti T, Pesciullesi E, Spillantani G, Falcini F, Cagnoni M (1990) Clinical correlations of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study of plasma ACE level, endothelial injury and lung involvement. Respir Med 84(4):283–287PubMed

60.

Wells AU, Hansell DM, Harrison NK, Lawrence R, Black CM, du Bois RM (1993) Clearance of inhaled ^99mTc-DTPA predicts the clinical course of fibrosing alveolitis. Eur Respir J 6(6):797–802PubMed

61.

Kon OM, Daniil Z, Black CM, du Bois RM (1999) Clearance of inhaled technetium-99m-DTPA as a clinical index of pulmonary vascular disease in systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir J 13:133–136PubMed

62.

Fukaya S, Oshima H, Kato K, Komatsu Y, Matsumura H, Ishii K, Miyama H, Nagai T, Tanaka I, Mizutani A, Katayama M, Yoshida S, Torikai K (2000) KL-6 as a novel marker of activities of the interstitial pneumonia in connective tissue diseases. Rheumatol Int 19: 223–225PubMed

63.

Takahashi H, Kuroki Y, Tanaka H, Saito T, Kurokawa K, Chiba H, Sagawa A, Nagae H, Abe S (2000) Serum levels of surfactant proteins A and D are useful biomarkers for interstitial lung disease in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:258–263PubMed

64.

Scheja A, Wildt M, Wollheim FA, Akesson A, Saxne T (2000) Circulating collagen metabolites in systemic sclerosis. Differences between limited and diffuse form and relationship with pulmonary involvement. Rheumatology 39:1110–1113PubMed

65.

Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Loukides S, Pantelidis P, du Bois RM, Barnes PJ (1999) Exhaled nitric oxide is increased in active fibrosing alveolitis. Chest 115:1352–1356PubMed

66.

Daniil ZD, Gilchrist FC, Nicholson AG, Hansell DM, Harris J, Colby TV, du Bois RM (1999) A histologic pattern of non-specific interstitial pneumonia is associated with better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:899–905PubMed

67.

Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, Schroeder DR, Offord KP (1998) Prognostic significance of the histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:199–203PubMed

68.

Nicholson AG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU (2000) The prognostic significance of the histological pattern of interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with the clinical entity of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2213–2217PubMed

69.

Douglas WW, Tazelaar HD, Hartman TE, Hartman RP, Decker PA, Schroeder DR, Ryu JH (2001) Polymyositis-dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1182–1185PubMed

70.

Fathi M, Dastmalchi M, Rasmussen E, Lundberg IE, Tomling G (2004) Interstitial lung disease, a common manifestation of newly diagnosed polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 63:297–301PubMed

71.

Arakawa H, Yamada H, Kurihara Y, Nakajima Y, Takeda A, Fukushima Y, Fujioka M (2003) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: serial high-resolution CT findings and functional correlation. Chest 123:1096–1103PubMed

72.

Kubo M, Ihn H, Yamane K, Kikuchi K, Yazawa N, Soma Y, Tamaki K (2000) Serum KL-6 in adult patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39:632–636

73.

Ihn H, Asano Y, Kubo M, Yamane K, Jinnin M, Yazawa N, Fukimoto M, Tamaki K (2002) Clinical significance of serum surfactant protein D (SP-D) in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis: correlation with interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41:1268–1272

74.

Hakala M (1988) Poor prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis hospitalized for interstitial fibrosis. Chest 93:114–118PubMed

75.

Bilgici A, Ulusoy H, Kuru O, Celenk C, Unsal M, Danaci M (2005) Pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 25:429–435PubMed

76.

Yoshinouchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Fujita J, Yamadori I, Badoh S, Ishida T, Ueda R (2005) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern as pulmonary involvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 26:121–125PubMed

77.

Terasaki H, Fujimoto K, Hayabuchi N, Ogoh Y, Fukuda T, Muller NL (2004) Respiratory symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis: relation between high resolution CT findings and functional impairment. Radiat Med 22(3):179–185PubMed

78.

Ito I, Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Nicholson AG, Johkoh T, Noma S, Kim DS, Handa T, Izumi T, Mishma M (2005) Pulmonary manifestations of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:632–638PubMed

79.

Hatron PY, Wallaert B, Gosset D, Tonnel AB, Gosselin B, Voisin C, Devulder B (1987) Subclinical lung inflammation in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 30:1226–1231PubMed

80.

Dalavanga YA, Constantopoulos SH, Galanopoulou V, Zerva L, Moutsopoulos HM (1991) Alveolitis correlates with clinical pulmonary involvement in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Chest 99:1394–1397PubMed

81.

Dalavanga YA, Voulgari PV, Georgiadis AN, Leontaridi C, Katsenos S, Vassiliou M, Drosos AA, Constantopoulos SA (2005) Lymphocytic alveolitis: a surprising index of poor prognosis in patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Rheumatol Int 26:799–804PubMed

82.

Lamblin C, Bergoin C, Saelens T, Wallaert B (2001) Interstitial lung diseases in collagen vascular diseases. Eur Respir J 32:69s–80s

83.

Diot E, Giraudeau B, Diot P, Degenne D, Ritz L, Guilmot JL, Lemarie E (1999) Is anti-topoisomerase I a serum marker of pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis? Chest 116:715–720PubMed

84.

Wallaert B, Hatron PY, Grosbois JM, Tonnel AB, Devulder B, Voisin C (1986) Subclinical pulmonary involvement in collagen vascular diseases assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Relationship etween alveolitis and subsequent changes in lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:574–580PubMed

85.

86.

Davas EM, Peppas C, Maragou M, Alvanou E, Hondros D, Dantis PC (1999) Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for the treatment of lung disease associated with scleroderma. Clin Rheumatol 18(6):455–461PubMed

87.

Giacomelli R, Valentini G, Salsano F, Cipriani P, Sambo P, Conforti ML, Fulminis A, De Luca A, Farina G, Candela M, Generini S, De Francisci A, Tirri E, Proietti M, Bombardieri S, Gabrielli A, Tonietti G, Cerinic MM (2003) Cyclophosphamide pulse regime in the treatment of alveolitis in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 30(5):1121–1122

88.

Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, et al. (2006) Scleroderma Lung Study Research Group Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Engl J Med 354(25):2655–2666PubMed

89.

Dass S, Fernandes C, Griffiths B, Emery P. (2005) Safety and efficacy of prolonged treatment of fibrosing alveolitis in scleroderma with cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 52 (9 Suppl):S165

90.

Pakas I, Ioannidis JP, Malagari K, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulis HM, Vlachoyiannopoulos PC (2002) Cyclophosphamide with low or high dose prednisolone for systemic sclerosis lung disease. J Rheumatol 29(2):298–304PubMed

91.

Steen VD, Mayes MD, Merkel PA (2003) Assessment of kidney involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21(Suppl 29):S29–S31PubMed

92.

Dheda K, Lalloo UG, Cassim B, Mody GM (2004) Experience with azathioprine in systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 23(4):306–309PubMed

93.

Nadashkevich O, Davis P, Fritzler M, Kovalenko W (2006) A randomized unblinded trial of cyclophosphamide versus azathioprine in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 25:205–212PubMed

94.

Pope JE, Bellamy N, Seibold JR, Baron M, Ellman M, Carette S, Smith CD, Chalmers IM, Hong P, O’Hanlon D, Kaminska E, Markland J, Sibley J, Catoggio L, Furst DE (2001) A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate vesus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 44(6):1351–1358PubMed

95.

Clements PJ, Lachenbruch PA, Sterz M, Danovitch G, Hawkins R, Ippoliti A, Paulus HE (1993) Cyclosporine in systemic sclerosis. Results of a forty-eight-week open safety study in ten patients. Arthritis Rheum 36:75–83PubMed

96.

Fujisawa T, Yagi T, Kobayashi J, Suganuma H, Saito T, Takashima Y, Nakamura Y, Suda T, Chida K, Nakamura H (2003) [Successful treatment with cyclosporine in a case of progressive interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic sclerosis.] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 41(7):480–485PubMed

97.

Denton CP, Sweny P, Abdulla A, Black CM (1994) Acute renal failure occurring in scleroderma treated with cyclosporine A: a report of three cases. Br J Rheumatol 33(1):90–92PubMed

98.

Morton SJ, Powell RJ (2000) Cyclosporin and tacrolimus: their use in a routine clinical setting for scleroderma. Rheumatology 39:865–869PubMed

99.

Jinnin M, Ihn H, Asano Y, Yamane K, Yazawa N, Tamaki K (2003) Effect of D-penicillamine on pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 62(10):1019–1020PubMed

100.

Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M (2003) Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3(7):1041–1049PubMed

101.

Binks M, Passweg JR, Furst D, McSweeney P, Sullivan K, Besenthal C, Finke J, Peter HH, van Laar K, Breedveld FC, Fibbe WE, Farge D, Gluckman E, Locatelli F, Martini A, van den Hoogen F, van de Putte L, Schattenberg AV, Arnold R, Bacon PA, Emery P, Espigado I, Hertenstein B, Hiepe F, Kashyap A, Kotter I, Marmont A, Martinez A, Pascual MJ, Grawohl A, Prentice HG, Black C, Tyndall A (2001) Phase I/II trial of autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic sclerosis: procedure related mortality and impact on skin disease. Ann Rheum Dis 60:577–584PubMed

Titel: Interstitial Lung Disease in Systemic Sclerosis
verfasst von: Predrag Ostojic
Marco Matucci Cerinic
Richard Silver
Kristin Highland
Nemanja Damjanov
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2007
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Lung / Ausgabe 4/2007
Print ISSN: 0341-2040
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1750
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-007-9012-3

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren.

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Die „Zehn Gebote“ des Endokarditis-Managements

30.04.2024 Endokarditis Leitlinie kompakt

Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2007

Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: Current Concepts

The Impact of Housestaff Fatigue on Occupational and Patient Safety

Short-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure Predisposes the Lung to Secondary Injury

Do the Benefits Gained Using a Short-Term Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program Remain in COPD Patients After Participation?