Background
Criteria for considering studies for this review
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Types of outcome measures
Search methods for identification of studies
Methods of the review
Study selection
Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
Data extraction
Data analysis and statistical analysis
Quality of evidence
Results
Description of studies
Risk of bias assessment
Reference | Randomization adequate? | Allocation concealed? | Groups similar at baseline? | Patient blinded? | Care provider blinded? | Outcome assessor blinded? | Co-interventions avoided or similar? | Compliance acceptable? | Drop-out rate described and acceptable? | Timing outcome assessment similar? | Intention-to-treat analysis? | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise | ||||||||||||
Alexandre et al. [14] | ? | + | + | − | − | ? | ? | ? | + | + | + | 5 |
Bendix et al. [15] | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | 7 |
Chatzitheodorou et al. [16]a
| + | ? | + | − | − | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | 3 |
Chown et al. [47] | + | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | − | − | + | − | 3 |
Critchley et al. [17]a
| + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | − | + | + | 5 |
Deyo et al. [18] | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | 8 |
Donzelli et al. [19]a
| ? | ? | ? | + | − | + | ? | − | ? | + | ? | 3 |
Elnaggar et al. [20] | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | 6 |
Ferreira et al. [21]a
| + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 8 |
Frost et al. [106] (1998) | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | + | + | 8 |
Galantino et al. [23] | + | ? | ? | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | + | − | 2 |
Gladwell et al. [24]a
| ? | ? | − | − | − | + | ? | + | − | + | − | 3 |
Goldby et al. [25]a
| + | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | − | + | + | ? | 4 |
Gudavalli et al. [26]a
| + | + | + | − | − | + | ? | ? | − | + | + | 6 |
Gur et al. [27] | ? | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | + | 4 |
Harts et al. [48] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | + | − | + | + | 6 |
Hildebrandt et al. [28] | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | 6 |
Johannsen et al. [29] | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 1 |
Kankaanpaa et al. [30] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | + | + | + | − | 6 |
Koldas et al. [49] | + | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | ? | 3 |
Lewis et al. [31]a
| + | ? | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 |
Machado et al. [32]a
| + | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | − | − | + | + | 5 |
Mannion et al. [33] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 11 |
Marshall and Murphy [34]a
| ? | ? | + | − | − | ? | ? | ? | + | + | − | 3 |
+ | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 8 | |
Risch et al. [36] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 4 |
Rittweger et al. [37] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | − | 5 |
Roche et al. [38]a
| + | ? | + | ? | − | ? | ? | ? | + | + | ? | 4 |
Sherman et al. [39]a
| + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | 8 |
Sjögren et al. [40]a
| ? | ? | ? | ? | − | ? | + | + | + | + | ? | 4 |
+ | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | |
Tekur et al. [50] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | 4 |
Tritilanunt and Wajanavisit [42] | + | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | − | 4 |
Turner et al. [43] | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 4 |
Williams et al. [44]a
| + | ? | + | − | − | ? | + | ? | − | + | ? | 4 |
Yelland et al. [45] | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 8 |
Yozbatiran et al. [46] | ? | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | + | + | + | + | 5 |
Back schools | ||||||||||||
Donzelli et al. [19]a, c
| ? | ? | ? | + | − | + | ? | − | ? | + | ? | 3 |
Hurri [51] | ? | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 4 |
Keijsers et al. [52] | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | ? | 1 |
Klaber Moffet et al. [53] | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | 7 |
Ribeiro et al. [55] | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | 6 |
Tavafian et al. [54]a
| ? | − | + | − | − | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | 5 |
TENS | ||||||||||||
Deyo et al. [18]c
| + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | 8 |
Ghoname et al. [56]b
| + | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | 3 |
Grant et al. [57]b
| + | ? | − | − | − | − | + | ? | + | + | ? | 4 |
Jarzem et al. [58]a
| + | ? | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | 4 |
Jarzem et al. [58]a
| + | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | + | + | + | ? | 6 |
Topuz et al. [61] | + | + | + | + | ? | + | + | + | − | + | − | 8 |
Yokoyama et al. [60]b
| ? | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | + | ? | 3 |
Low-level laser | ||||||||||||
Djavid et al. [62] | + | + | + | + | + | + | ? | + | + | + | + | 10 |
Gur et al. [27]c
| ? | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | + | 4 |
Klein and Eek [63] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 11 |
Soriano and Rios [64] | ? | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | 6 |
Patient education | ||||||||||||
Goldby et al. [25]c
| + | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | − | + | + | ? | 5 |
Hurri [51]c
| − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 4 |
Moseley et al. [89] | ? | ? | + | + | + | ? | ? | ? | − | + | + | 5 |
Sherman et al. [39]c
| + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | 9 |
Massage | ||||||||||||
Field et al. [65]a
| ? | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | 1 |
Franke et al. [66] | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | 5 |
Hernandez-Reif et al. [67] | + | ? | + | − | ? | ? | ? | + | − | + | ? | 4 |
Behavioural treatment | ||||||||||||
Altmaier et al. [68] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | 3 |
Buhrman et al. [69]a
| ? | ? | + | − | − | − | + | ? | + | + | − | 4 |
Bush et al. [70] | ? | ? | + | + | − | + | ? | ? | + | + | − | 5 |
Donaldson et al. [71] | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | + | + | + | ? | 3 |
Haas et al. [72]a
| ? | ? | + | − | − | − | − | ? | + | + | + | 4 |
Johnson et al. [73]a
| + | − | + | − | − | − | ? | − | + | + | + | 5 |
Kole-Snijders [74] | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | 8 |
Leeuw et al. [86] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | − | + | + | + | 6 |
Magnusson et al. [87] | ? | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | ? | + | − | 2 |
McCauley et al. [75] | ? | ? | + | − | − | − | ? | − | ? | + | − | 2 |
Newton-John et al. [76] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | 4 |
Nicholas et al. [77] | ? | ? | − | ? | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | 3 |
Nicholas et al. [78] | ? | ? | − | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | + | − | 3 |
Nouwen [79] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 6 |
Van der Roer et al. [88] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | + | 6 |
Rose et al. 4780] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 2 |
Stuckey et al. [82] | ? | ? | − | + | − | − | ? | ? | − | + | − | 2 |
Schweikert et al. [81]a
| + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | - | + | ? | 4 |
Smeets et al. [41]a, c
| + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 8 |
Turner [83] | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | ? | − | 2 |
Turner and Clancy [84] | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | - | 5 |
Turner et al. [43]c
| + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 4 |
Turner and Jensen [85] | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | 4 |
Traction | ||||||||||||
Borman et al. [90] | ? | ? | + | − | ? | − | + | − | + | + | − | 4 |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | ||||||||||||
Alaranta et al. [91] | ? | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | 5 |
Bendix et al. [15]c
| + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | 7 |
Bendix et al. [92] | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | 5 |
Harkapaa et al. [96] | ? | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | 4 |
Jäckel et al. [93] | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 1 |
Kaapa et al. [94] | + | + | + | − | − | − | ? | ? | + | + | + | 6 |
Vollenbroek-Hutten et al. [95] | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | ? | + | + | + | 7 |