O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant, dynamic, and inducible posttranslational modification in which single β-N-acetylglucosamine residues are attached by O-glycosidic linkage to serine or treonine residues. It is suggested that abnormally regulated O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to the pathology of cancer. Cycling of O-GlcNAc residues on intracellular proteins is controlled by two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferease (OGT), which catalyses the addition of O-GlcNAc residues and nucleocytoplasmic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase; encoded by MGEA5 gene), an enzyme involved in the removal of O-GlcNAc. In this study, relationship between the mRNA expressions of genes coding O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes in breast ductal carcinomas and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The results showed that poorly differentiated tumors (grade II and III) had significantly higher OGT expression than grade I tumors. Contrary, MGEA5 transcript levels were significantly lower in grade II and III in comparison with grade I tumors. The Spearman rank correlation showed the expressions of OGT and MGEA5 in breast cancer was negatively correlated (r = −0.430, P = 0.0002). Lymph node metastasis status was significantly associated with decreased MGEA5 mRNA expression. This result suggests that elevation in O-GlcNAc modification of proteins may be implicated in breast tumor progression and metastasis.
Introduction
Multiple nucleocytoplasmic proteins, including transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins, oncogenes, and kinases, are modified with β-N-acetylglucosamine residues attached by O-β-glycosidic linkage (O-GlcNAc) [1‐3]. O-GlcNAc is a dynamic and inducible posttranslational modification involved in protein regulation in a manner similar to phosphorylation. O-GlcNAc level on many proteins rapidly changes in response to different physiological stimuli, such as hormones, growth factors, and mitogens [4]. There is a relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. All O-GlcNAc modified proteins are also phosphoproteins, and sometimes O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate moieties can compete for a binding site or alternatively O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation can compete via steric hindrance when the substrate modification sites are within 10 aminoacids from each other [5]. O-GlcNAc can modulate protein function by regulating protein activity, protein–protein interaction, localization, and protein degradation [6].
Unlike phosphorylation, which is determined by hundreds of kinases and phosphatases, cycling of O-GlcNAc residues on intracellular proteins is controlled only by two highly conserved enzymes. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyses the addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins, and nucleocytoplasmic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase) is an enzyme involved in the removal of O-GlcNAc. The cloned sequence of O-GlcNAcase was found to be identical to that of MGEA5 (meningioma-expressed antigen 5), which had been identified genetically in human meningiomas [7, 8].
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Abnormally regulated O-GlcNAc has been found to be implicated in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases [9]. It is also strongly suggested that alterations in O-GlcNAc cycling may contribute to the pathology of other human diseases, including cancers [10, 11]. Overexpression of OGT causes defective cytokinesis increasing polyploidy of cells, a feature common to many cancer cells [12]. O-GlcNAc is present in many transcription and cell cycle regulatory proteins. The protooncogene c-Myc, which regulates transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism is modified by O-GlcNAc at Thr58. This treonine residue within transactivation domain is also a GSK3β phosphorylation site. Phosphorylation of this site reduces protein stability and leads to c-Myc degradation and a reduction in c-Myc target gene expression. By contrast, an O-GlcNAc residue at Thr58 can block phosphorylation and potentially stabilize the protein. Frequent mutation of this site is found in human lymphomas, demonstrating the importance of this site in tumor progression [13]. The important tumor suppressor p53, which is mutant or dysregulated in nearly all cancers bears O-GlcNAc at Ser149. The stability of p53 is also tightly reduced by phosphorylation. O-GlcNAcylation of Ser149 reduces phosphorylation at Thr155, which subsequently blocks the interaction with Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Thus, increased O-GlcNAcylation of p53 at Ser149 results in decreased p53 ubiquitination and stabilizes the p53 protein [14].
O-GlcNAc and phosphorylation crosstalk can be more complicated than only competition between the two modifications on the same proteins. Cell has to keep a right balance between these two modifications to survive and develop normally. Alterations in O-GlcNAcylation play a role in tumorigenesis and progression of cancers. It has been shown that breast cancer cell lines contain elevated O-GlcNAcylation and OGT mRNA levels compared with normal cell lines [15]. Yu and coworkers have demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation level of lung, colon, and breast cancer tissue is significantly increased compared with that in corresponding adjacent tissues [16, 17]. The intracellular O-GlcNAcylation has been found to be associated also with the pathogenesis of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) [18]. However, aggressive clinical behavior of CLL cells was found to correlate with lower O-GlcNAc level.
In this study, we analyzed OGT and MGEA5 mRNAs expression levels in breast ductal carcinomas and the relationship between their expression and clinicopathological parameters such as tumor grade, lymph node metastasis status or estrogen, and progesterone status.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
The studied material was obtained from Department of Clinical Pathomorphology Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland and comprised samples of 70 breast ductal carcinomas. The mean patient age was 57 (range 39–72). Tumor grade was assessed according to Bloom-Richardson criteria (21 tumors were of grade I, 30 of grade II and 19 of grade III). Twenty-six tumor samples were classified as lymph node metastasis positive and 44 as lymph node negative. Both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression was stated in 33 tumor samples. Twenty-one samples were negative for both receptors and 16 showed expression one of the two receptors. Tissue samples of 24 normal breasts were obtained from women undergoing radical mastectomy.
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Total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using TRI Reagent (Sigma–Aldrich, USA) according to manufacturer’s protocol. RNA was eluted in 20 μl RNase-free water, quantified by spectrophotometry at 260 nm and stored at −20°C. RNA with a 260/280 nm ratio in range 1.8–2.0 was considered high quality. First strand cDNAs were obtained by reverse transcription of 1 μg of total RNA using RevertAidTM First strand cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas International, Lithuania) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
Real-time quantitative PCR
Real-time amplification of the cDNA was performed using TaqMan® Gene Expression Assay (Applied Biosystems) according to manufacturer’s instruction. The fluorogenic, FAM labeled probes, and the sequence-specific primers for OGT, MGEA5, and internal control GAPDH were obtained as inventoried assays (Hs00201970, Hs00269228 and Hs99999905, respectively). In samples with positive expression of target genes, the curve of fluorescence quantitative amplification showed an typical S-line, and in negative samples, the curve was an irregular wavy line. All positive samples had Ct (cycle threshold) ≤30. If the Ct mean value was more than 40, the sample was defined as negative in the expression of the target gene. The level of OGT and MGEA5 mRNA in samples with positive expression was quantified by the ΔCt method. ΔCt (Ctgene—CtGAPDH) values were recalculated into relative copy number values (number of OGT or MGEA5 mRNA copies per 1,000 copies of GAPDH mRNA).
Statistical analysis
The statistical analyses were performed using the STATISTICA version 9.0 (StatSoft, Poland). Since levels of expression in breast cancer specimens did not show normal distribution (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), the nonparametrical statistical tests (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test or the Spearaman rank correlation test) were applied.
The chi-square test was used to identify relationship between expression of OGT or MGEA5 and clinicopathological parameters. A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results and discussion
There are not many data available concerning the expression and activity of O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes in human cancers. Mi et al. [16] analyzed by immunohistochemistry the expressions of OGT and O-GlcNAcase in lung and colon cancers. They found that OGT expression was elevated in both lung and colon tumor tissues compared with their corresponding adjacent tissues. Elevated OGT mRNA expression had been found in breast cancer cell lines and breast invasive ductal carcinoma compared with normal breast cells and normal breast tissue [15]. One study evaluated the usefulness of MGEA5 expression status of breast cancer cells in revealing tumorigenesis. Dahl et al. [19] defined a set of candidate genes that are predominantly localized in the most frequently altered chromosomal regions known to be important in the pathogenesis of breast and ovarian cancers and then performed systematic characterization of these candidate genes by cDNA dot blot using cancer profiling array and real-time reverse transcription –PCR (RT–PCR) analysis. MGEA5 was one of the analyzed genes. Authors compared mRNA expression of MGEA5 in matched tumor/normal samples of 24 invasive ductal breast cancers. The results showed down-regulated expression of MGEA5 in tumor samples. Slawson et al. [20] investigated O-GlcNAcase activity using biochemical assay in 12 primary breast tumors compared with matched adjacent breast tissue. They demonstrated an increase in O-GlcNAcase activity in breast tumor tissue compared with normal tissue. However, because the data set was relatively small, there was no clear correlation with tumor grade or type. The results showing increased activity of O-GlcNAcase in breast cancer are not consistent with MGEA5 mRNA expression results.
The aim of our study was to establish whether there is any correlation between OGT and MGEA5 expression and tumor grade, lymph node metastasis status or ER/PR status of human breast cancer. Levels of OGT and MGEA5 mRNAs were determined in tumor samples from 70 patients with breast ductal carcinomas and in 24 samples of normal breast tissue. In normal breast tissue, OGT was expressed only in 66.7% of samples (16/24) and MGEA5 in 100% of samples (24/24). Positive expression of OGT was found in 59 and MGEA5 in 57 of 70 carcinoma cases. The OGT expression was most frequently observed in grade III tumors (94%), while MGEA5 was most frequently expressed in grade I tumors (95.2%) (Table 1). There was no statistically significant differences in MGEA5 expression frequency between grade I and grade II groups. However, the results showed a trend of poorly differentiated tumors (grade II and III) to be less frequently MGEA5 positive than well differentiated ones (grade I). The difference between grade I and III was statistically significant (P = 0.02). The expression level of OGT mRNA was significantly lower in normal tissue compared with carcinoma tissue (Fig. 1). The expression of OGT mRNA was significantly higher in grade II and III tumors than in grade I tumors (P < 0.05, Fig. 1). Contrary, MGEA5 transcript levels were significantly lower in grade II and III in comparison with grade I tumors. The results of Spearman rank correlation showed the expressions of OGT and MGEA5 in breast cancers were negatively correlated (r = −0.430, P = 0.0002). Lymph node metastasis status was significantly associated with decreased MGEA5 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) but not with OGT mRNA expression. Both OGT and MGEA5 expression profiles showed no significant differences in association with different estrogen and progesterone status (Fig. 1).
Table 1
Expression of OGT and MGEA5 in ductal breast carcinoma and normal breast tissue
Clinical characteristics
OGT positive/total %
MGEA5 positive/total %
Normal tissue
16/24 (66.7)
24/24 (100)
Tumor grade
I
17/21 (80.9)
20/21 (95.2)
II
24/30 (80.0)
24/30 (80.0)
III
18/19 (94.7)
13/19 (68.4)
Lymph node metastasis
No
37/44 (84.1)
39/44 (88.6)
Yes
22/26 (84.6)
18/26 (69.2)
ER and PR status
ER+ PR+
28/33 (84.8)
26/33 (78.8)
ER+ PR−/ER−PR+
13/16 (81.3)
15/16 (93.7)
ER− PR−
18/21 (85.7)
16/21 (76.2)
Fig. 1
OGT and MGEA5 mean mRNA expression level in ductal breast cancers; a comparison between subgroups with different tumor grade, lymph node metastasis status, and estrogen/progesterone status. Error bars represents standard error; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
×
Our results showing decrease in MGEA5 and increase in OGT expression in higher grade tumors are in agreement with earlier findings suggesting that increased O-GlcNAc modification may be implicated in breast tumor progression and metastasis. Gu et al. [17] demonstrated that high O-GlcNAcylation enhanced the migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Moreover, Caldwell et al. [15] showed that reduction in O-GlcNAc level through RNA interference of OGT transferase in breast cancer cells lead to inhibition of tumor growth and is associated with decreased cancer cell invasion. Thus, the increase in O-GlcNAcylation seems to be beneficial to breast cancer cells. Negative correlation in expression of both enzymes may suggest that observed earlier abnormally high level of O-GlcNAcylation in breast cancer cells is not only an effect of increased level in O-GlcNAc transferase but also depends on decreased level in O-GlcNAcase. We suggest that diagnosis, evaluation of metastasis potential and prognosis, would benefit from the combined detection of OGT and MGEA5 expression.
The findings in this study suggest that O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes may be related to invasion and metastasis of ductal breast carcinoma and may become an important indicator for tumor progression. Further studies on O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes in breast cancer cells can provide insights into the molecular mechanism of disease progression and potentially new therapeutic targets.
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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