Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Prevention Science 3/2013

01.06.2013

A Call to Address Complexity in Prevention Science Research

verfasst von: Kristen Hassmiller Lich, Elizabeth M. Ginexi, Nathaniel D. Osgood, Patricia L. Mabry

Erschienen in: Prevention Science | Ausgabe 3/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The problems targeted by preventive interventions are often complex, embedded in multiple levels of social and environmental context, and span the developmental lifespan. Despite this appreciation for multiple levels and systems of influence, prevention science has yet to apply analytic approaches that can satisfactorily address the complexities with which it is faced. In this article, we introduce a systems science approach to problem solving and methods especially equipped to handle complex relationships and their evolution over time. Progress in prevention science may be significantly enhanced by applying approaches that can examine a wide array of complex systems interactions among biology, behavior, and environment that jointly yield unique combinations of developmental risk and protective factors and outcomes. To illustrate the potential utility of a systems science approach, we present examples of current prevention research challenges, and propose how to complement traditional methods and augment research objectives by applying systems science methodologies.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Brody, G. H., Chen, Y., Beach, S. R. H., Philibert, R. A., & Kogan, S. M. (2009). Participation in a family-centered prevention program decreases genetic risk for adolescents’ risky behaviors. Pediatrics, 124, 911–917.PubMedCrossRef Brody, G. H., Chen, Y., Beach, S. R. H., Philibert, R. A., & Kogan, S. M. (2009). Participation in a family-centered prevention program decreases genetic risk for adolescents’ risky behaviors. Pediatrics, 124, 911–917.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, C. H., & Liao, J. (1999). Principles for designing randomized preventive trials in mental health: An emerging developmental epidemiology paradigm. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 673–710.PubMedCrossRef Brown, C. H., & Liao, J. (1999). Principles for designing randomized preventive trials in mental health: An emerging developmental epidemiology paradigm. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 673–710.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, C. H., Wang, W., & Sandler, I. (2008). Examining how context changes intervention impact: The use of effect sizes in multilevel mixture meta-analysis. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 198–205.PubMedCrossRef Brown, C. H., Wang, W., & Sandler, I. (2008). Examining how context changes intervention impact: The use of effect sizes in multilevel mixture meta-analysis. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 198–205.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, C. H., Wang, W., Kellam, S. G., Muthén, B. O., Petras, H., Toyinbo, P., Poduska, J., Ialongo, N., Wyman, P. A., Chamberlain, P., Sloboda, Z., MacKinnon, D. P., Windham, A., & Prevention Science Methodology Group. (2008). Methods for testing theory and evaluating impact in randomized field trials: Intent-to-treat analyses for integrating the perspectives of person, place, and time. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, S74–S104.PubMedCrossRef Brown, C. H., Wang, W., Kellam, S. G., Muthén, B. O., Petras, H., Toyinbo, P., Poduska, J., Ialongo, N., Wyman, P. A., Chamberlain, P., Sloboda, Z., MacKinnon, D. P., Windham, A., & Prevention Science Methodology Group. (2008). Methods for testing theory and evaluating impact in randomized field trials: Intent-to-treat analyses for integrating the perspectives of person, place, and time. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, S74–S104.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, I. R., & Harel, D. (2006). Explaining a complex living system: Dynamics, multi-scaling and emergence. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 4, 175–182.CrossRef Cohen, I. R., & Harel, D. (2006). Explaining a complex living system: Dynamics, multi-scaling and emergence. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 4, 175–182.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, L. M., & Horn, J. L. (Eds.). (1991). Best methods for the analysis of change: Recent advances, unanswered questions, future directions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Collins, L. M., & Horn, J. L. (Eds.). (1991). Best methods for the analysis of change: Recent advances, unanswered questions, future directions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. New York: Wiley. Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, L. M., & Sayer, A. G. (Eds.). (2001). New methods for the analysis of change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Collins, L. M., & Sayer, A. G. (Eds.). (2001). New methods for the analysis of change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, L. M., & Seitz, L. A. (Eds.). (1994). Advances in data analysis for prevention intervention research. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Collins, L. M., & Seitz, L. A. (Eds.). (1994). Advances in data analysis for prevention intervention research. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Zurück zum Zitat Coronges, K., Stacy, A. W., & Valente, T. W. (2011). Social network influences of alcohol and marijuana cognitive associations. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1305–1308.PubMedCrossRef Coronges, K., Stacy, A. W., & Valente, T. W. (2011). Social network influences of alcohol and marijuana cognitive associations. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1305–1308.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Epstein, J. (2007). Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Epstein, J. (2007). Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Epstein, J. (2008). Why model? Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 11, 12. Epstein, J. (2008). Why model? Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 11, 12.
Zurück zum Zitat Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., Moscicki, E. K., Schinke, S., Valentine, J. C., & Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.PubMedCrossRef Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., Moscicki, E. K., Schinke, S., Valentine, J. C., & Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gallagher, R., & Appenzeller, T. (1999). Beyond reductionism. Science, 284, 79.CrossRef Gallagher, R., & Appenzeller, T. (1999). Beyond reductionism. Science, 284, 79.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Harris, J. K., Luke, D. A., Zuckerman, R. B., & Shelton, S. C. (2009). Forty years of secondhand smoke research: The gap between discovery and delivery. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 538–548.PubMedCrossRef Harris, J. K., Luke, D. A., Zuckerman, R. B., & Shelton, S. C. (2009). Forty years of secondhand smoke research: The gap between discovery and delivery. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 538–548.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hartmann, S. (1996). The world as a process: Simulations in the natural and social sciences. In R. Hegselmann, U. Mueller, & K. G. Troitzsch (Eds.), Modelling and simulation in the Social sciences: From the philosophy of science point of view. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hartmann, S. (1996). The world as a process: Simulations in the natural and social sciences. In R. Hegselmann, U. Mueller, & K. G. Troitzsch (Eds.), Modelling and simulation in the Social sciences: From the philosophy of science point of view. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirsch, G., Homer, J., Evans, E., & Zielinski, A. (2010). A System Dynamics model for planning cardiovascular disease interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 616–622.PubMedCrossRef Hirsch, G., Homer, J., Evans, E., & Zielinski, A. (2010). A System Dynamics model for planning cardiovascular disease interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 616–622.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffer, L. D., Bobashev, G., & Morris, R. J. (2009). Researching a local heroin market as a complex adaptive system. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44, 273–286.PubMedCrossRef Hoffer, L. D., Bobashev, G., & Morris, R. J. (2009). Researching a local heroin market as a complex adaptive system. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44, 273–286.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Homer, J., & French, M. (2009). Motorcycle helmet laws in the United States from 1990 to 2005: Politics and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 415–423.PubMedCrossRef Homer, J., & French, M. (2009). Motorcycle helmet laws in the United States from 1990 to 2005: Politics and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 415–423.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Pratibhu, P., Farris, R., & Orenstein, D. (2008). Modeling the local dynamics of cardiovascular health: Risk factors, context, and capacity. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5, 1–6. Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Pratibhu, P., Farris, R., & Orenstein, D. (2008). Modeling the local dynamics of cardiovascular health: Risk factors, context, and capacity. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5, 1–6.
Zurück zum Zitat Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Trogdon, J., Huang, P., Labarthe, D., & Orenstein, D. (2010). Simulating and evaluating local interventions to improve cardiovascular health. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7, 1–11. Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Trogdon, J., Huang, P., Labarthe, D., & Orenstein, D. (2010). Simulating and evaluating local interventions to improve cardiovascular health. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7, 1–11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hovmand, P. S., & Ford, D. N. (2009). Sequence and timing of three community interventions to domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44, 261–272.PubMedCrossRef Hovmand, P. S., & Ford, D. N. (2009). Sequence and timing of three community interventions to domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44, 261–272.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hovmand, P. S., & Gillespie, D. F. (2010). Implementation of evidence-based practice and organizational performance. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 37, 79–94.PubMedCrossRef Hovmand, P. S., & Gillespie, D. F. (2010). Implementation of evidence-based practice and organizational performance. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 37, 79–94.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hovmand, P. S., Ford, D. N., Flom, I., & Kyriakakis, S. (2009). Victims arrested for domestic violence: Unintended consequences of arrest policies. System Dynamics Review, 25, 161–181.CrossRef Hovmand, P. S., Ford, D. N., Flom, I., & Kyriakakis, S. (2009). Victims arrested for domestic violence: Unintended consequences of arrest policies. System Dynamics Review, 25, 161–181.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jippes, E., Achterkamp, M. C., Brand, P. L. P., Kiewiet, D. J., Pols, J., & van Engelen, J. M. L. (2010). Disseminating educational innovations in health care practice: Training versus social networks. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1509–1517.CrossRef Jippes, E., Achterkamp, M. C., Brand, P. L. P., Kiewiet, D. J., Pols, J., & van Engelen, J. M. L. (2010). Disseminating educational innovations in health care practice: Training versus social networks. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1509–1517.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kellam, S., & Langevin, D. (2003). A framework for understanding “evidence” in prevention research and programs. Prevention Science, 4, 137–153.PubMedCrossRef Kellam, S., & Langevin, D. (2003). A framework for understanding “evidence” in prevention research and programs. Prevention Science, 4, 137–153.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kellam, S. G., Koretz, D., & Moscicki, E. (1999). Core elements of developmental epidemiologically based prevention research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 463–483.PubMedCrossRef Kellam, S. G., Koretz, D., & Moscicki, E. (1999). Core elements of developmental epidemiologically based prevention research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 463–483.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mabry, P. L., Marcus, S. E., Clark, P. I., Leischow, S. J., & Méndez, D. (2010). Systems science: A revolution in public health policy research. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1161–1163.PubMedCrossRef Mabry, P. L., Marcus, S. E., Clark, P. I., Leischow, S. J., & Méndez, D. (2010). Systems science: A revolution in public health policy research. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1161–1163.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zurück zum Zitat Meadows, D., Richardson, J., & Bruckmann, G. (1982). Groping in the dark: The first decade of global modelling. New York: Wiley. Meadows, D., Richardson, J., & Bruckmann, G. (1982). Groping in the dark: The first decade of global modelling. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Midgley, G. (2003). Systems thinking. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Midgley, G. (2003). Systems thinking. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Zurück zum Zitat Milstein, B., Homer, J., & Hirsch, G. (2010). Analyzing national health reform strategies with a dynamic simulation model. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 811–819.PubMedCrossRef Milstein, B., Homer, J., & Hirsch, G. (2010). Analyzing national health reform strategies with a dynamic simulation model. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 811–819.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moody, J., Brynildsen, W. D., Osgood, D. W., Feinberg, M. E., & Gest, S. (2011). Popularity trajectories and substance use in early adolescence. Social Networks, 33, 101–112.PubMedCrossRef Moody, J., Brynildsen, W. D., Osgood, D. W., Feinberg, M. E., & Gest, S. (2011). Popularity trajectories and substance use in early adolescence. Social Networks, 33, 101–112.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morris, M., Kurth, A. E., Hamilton, D. T., Moody, J., & Wakefield, S. (2009). Concurrent partnerships and HIV prevalence disparities by race: Linking science and public health practice. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1023–1031.PubMedCrossRef Morris, M., Kurth, A. E., Hamilton, D. T., Moody, J., & Wakefield, S. (2009). Concurrent partnerships and HIV prevalence disparities by race: Linking science and public health practice. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1023–1031.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morrissey, J. P., Hassmiller Lich, K., Anhang Price, R., & Mandelblatt, J. (2012). Computer simulation models and multilevel cancer control interventions. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 44, 55–66. Morrissey, J. P., Hassmiller Lich, K., Anhang Price, R., & Mandelblatt, J. (2012). Computer simulation models and multilevel cancer control interventions. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 44, 55–66.
Zurück zum Zitat National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Neal, J. W., Neal, Z. P., Atkins, M. S., Henry, D. B., & Frazier, S. L. (2011). Channels of change: Contrasting network mechanisms in the use of interventions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47, 277–286.PubMedCrossRef Neal, J. W., Neal, Z. P., Atkins, M. S., Henry, D. B., & Frazier, S. L. (2011). Channels of change: Contrasting network mechanisms in the use of interventions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47, 277–286.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Fagan, A. A., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2010). Testing the universality of the effects of the Communities That Care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. Prevention Science, 11, 411–423.PubMedCrossRef Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Fagan, A. A., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2010). Testing the universality of the effects of the Communities That Care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. Prevention Science, 11, 411–423.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Okamoto, J., Johnson, C. A., Leventhal, A., Milam, J., Pentz, M. A., Schwartz, D., & Valente, T. W. (2011). Social network status and depression among adolescents: An examination of social network influences and depressive symptoms in a Chinese sample. Research in Human Development, 8, 67–88.PubMedCrossRef Okamoto, J., Johnson, C. A., Leventhal, A., Milam, J., Pentz, M. A., Schwartz, D., & Valente, T. W. (2011). Social network status and depression among adolescents: An examination of social network influences and depressive symptoms in a Chinese sample. Research in Human Development, 8, 67–88.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Provan, K. G., Beagles, J. E., & Leischow, S. J. (2011). Network formation, governance, and evolution in public health: The North American Quitline Consortium case. Health Care Management Review, 36, 315–326.PubMedCrossRef Provan, K. G., Beagles, J. E., & Leischow, S. J. (2011). Network formation, governance, and evolution in public health: The North American Quitline Consortium case. Health Care Management Review, 36, 315–326.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schaefer, D. R., Light, J. M., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., & Martin, C. L. (2010). Fundamental principles of network formation among preschool children. Social Networks, 32, 61–71.PubMedCrossRef Schaefer, D. R., Light, J. M., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., & Martin, C. L. (2010). Fundamental principles of network formation among preschool children. Social Networks, 32, 61–71.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sterman, J. D. (1992). Flight simulators for management education. OR/MS Today, 19, 40. Sterman, J. D. (1992). Flight simulators for management education. OR/MS Today, 19, 40.
Zurück zum Zitat Stormont, M., Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2010). Introduction to the special issue: Using prevention science to address mental health issues in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 1–4. Stormont, M., Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2010). Introduction to the special issue: Using prevention science to address mental health issues in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 1–4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun, W., Skara, S., Sun, P., Dent, C. W., & Sussman, S. (2006). Project Towards No Drug Abuse: Long-term substance use outcomes evaluation. Preventive Medicine, 42, 188–192.PubMedCrossRef Sun, W., Skara, S., Sun, P., Dent, C. W., & Sussman, S. (2006). Project Towards No Drug Abuse: Long-term substance use outcomes evaluation. Preventive Medicine, 42, 188–192.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2002). Project Towards No Drug Abuse: A review of the findings and future directions. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 354–365.PubMedCrossRef Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2002). Project Towards No Drug Abuse: A review of the findings and future directions. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 354–365.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tengs, T., Osgood, N., & Chen, L. (2001). The cost-effectiveness of intensive national school-based anti-tobacco education: Results from the tobacco policy model. Preventive Medicine, 33, 558–570.PubMedCrossRef Tengs, T., Osgood, N., & Chen, L. (2001). The cost-effectiveness of intensive national school-based anti-tobacco education: Results from the tobacco policy model. Preventive Medicine, 33, 558–570.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson, K. M., & Duintjer Tebbens, R. J. (2007). Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis: An economic analysis. Lancet, 369, 1363–1371.PubMedCrossRef Thompson, K. M., & Duintjer Tebbens, R. J. (2007). Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis: An economic analysis. Lancet, 369, 1363–1371.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Urban, J. B., Osgood, N. D., & Mabry, P. L. (2011). Developmental systems science: Exploring the application of systems science methods to developmental science questions. Research in Human Development, 8, 1–26.CrossRef Urban, J. B., Osgood, N. D., & Mabry, P. L. (2011). Developmental systems science: Exploring the application of systems science methods to developmental science questions. Research in Human Development, 8, 1–26.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Valente, T. W. (2010). Social networks and health: Models, methods, and applications. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Valente, T. W. (2010). Social networks and health: Models, methods, and applications. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Valente, T. W., Chou, C. P., & Pentz, M. A. (2007a). Community coalitions as a system: Effects of network change on adoption of evidence-based substance abuse prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 880–886.PubMedCrossRef Valente, T. W., Chou, C. P., & Pentz, M. A. (2007a). Community coalitions as a system: Effects of network change on adoption of evidence-based substance abuse prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 880–886.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Valente, T. W., Ritt-Olson, A., Stacy, A., Unger, J. B., Okamoto, J., & Sussman, S. (2007b). Peer acceleration: Effects of a social network tailored substance abuse prevention program among high-risk adolescents. Addiction, 102, 1804–1815.PubMedCrossRef Valente, T. W., Ritt-Olson, A., Stacy, A., Unger, J. B., Okamoto, J., & Sussman, S. (2007b). Peer acceleration: Effects of a social network tailored substance abuse prevention program among high-risk adolescents. Addiction, 102, 1804–1815.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Vickers, D., & Osgood, N. (2007, December 20). A unified framework of immunological and epidemiological dynamics for the spread of viral infections in a simple network-based population. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling, 4. Retrieved December 20, 2007 from http://www.tbiomed.com/content/4/1/49 Vickers, D., & Osgood, N. (2007, December 20). A unified framework of immunological and epidemiological dynamics for the spread of viral infections in a simple network-based population. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling, 4. Retrieved December 20, 2007 from http://​www.​tbiomed.​com/​content/​4/​1/​49
Zurück zum Zitat Wipfli, H. L., Fujimoto, K., & Valente, T. W. (2010). Global tobacco control diffusion: The case of the framework convention on tobacco control. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1260–1266.PubMedCrossRef Wipfli, H. L., Fujimoto, K., & Valente, T. W. (2010). Global tobacco control diffusion: The case of the framework convention on tobacco control. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1260–1266.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yang, L., & Gilbert, N. (2008). Getting away from numbers: Using qualitative observation for agent-based modeling. Advances in Complex Systems, 11, 175–185.CrossRef Yang, L., & Gilbert, N. (2008). Getting away from numbers: Using qualitative observation for agent-based modeling. Advances in Complex Systems, 11, 175–185.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A Call to Address Complexity in Prevention Science Research
verfasst von
Kristen Hassmiller Lich
Elizabeth M. Ginexi
Nathaniel D. Osgood
Patricia L. Mabry
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Prevention Science / Ausgabe 3/2013
Print ISSN: 1389-4986
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6695
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0285-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2013

Prevention Science 3/2013 Zur Ausgabe