nach oben

Targeted Oncology

Erschienen in:

16.06.2017 | Review Article

Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet

verfasst von: Daniel P. Petrylak, E. David Crawford

Erschienen in: Targeted Oncology | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of approved therapies that increase survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Current treatment guidelines provide therapeutic management recommendations, but these are primarily based on clinical factors such as performance status or site of metastasis (bone vs. visceral), and not on underlying molecular or cellular features of disease that may predict response. The ability to tailor treatment based on molecular or cellular features of disease could potentially reduce the occurrence of unnecessary side effects and ineffective treatments, and thereby reduce both direct and indirect medical costs. As such, it is important to identify and validate new prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers that can be used to direct cancer treatment. This review will focus on existing and potential biomarkers in the context of castration-resistant prostate cancer management and discuss the need for continued discovery and validation of new biomarkers and biomarker panels for prostate cancer.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21332.CrossRefPubMed

National Cancer Institute. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Prostate Cancer. 2015. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html. Accessed March 22, 2015.

Lorente D, Mateo J, Perez-Lopez R, de Bono JS, Attard G. Sequencing of agents in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:e279–92. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70033-1.CrossRefPubMed

Corfield J, Crozier J, Joshua AM, Bolton DM, Lawrentschuk N. Understanding the role of new systemic agents in the treatment of prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2016;118(Suppl 3):8–18. doi:10.1111/bju.13633.CrossRefPubMed

Zhang T, Dhawan MS, Healy P, et al. Exploring the clinical benefit of docetaxel or enzalutamide after disease progression during abiraterone acetate and prednisone treatment in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015;13:392–9. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2015.01.004.

Nadal R, Zhang Z, Rahman H, et al. Clinical activity of enzalutamide in docetaxel-naive and docetaxel-pretreated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2014;74:1560–8. doi:10.1002/pros.22874.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cheng HH, Gulati R, Azad A, et al. Activity of enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is affected by prior treatment with abiraterone and/or docetaxel. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18:122–7. doi:10.1038/pcan.2014.53.

Maughan BL, Xhou XC, Suzman DL, et al. Optimal sequencing of docetaxel and abiraterone in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2015;75:1814–20. doi:10.1002/pros.23064.CrossRefPubMed

Cookson MS, Lowrance WT, Murad MH, Kibel AS. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA guideline amendment. J Urol. 2015;193:491–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.104.CrossRefPubMed

10.

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines^®), Prostate Cancer, Version 2.2017. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site. Accessed on March 15, 2017.

11.

Basch E, Loblaw DA, Oliver TK, et al. Systemic therapy in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Care Ontario clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3436–48. doi:10.1200/jco.2013.54.8404.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Parker C, Gillessen S, Heidenreich A, Horwich A. Cancer of the prostate: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:v69–77. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv222.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:630–42. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.002.

14.

Markowski MC, Frick KD, Eshleman JR, Luo J, Antonarakis ES. Cost-savings analysis of AR-V7 testing in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer eligible for treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Prostate. 2016;76:1484–90. doi:10.1002/pros.23232.

15.

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry: Qualification Process for Drug Development Tools (draft guidance). 2010. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM230597.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2014.

16.

Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989;8:431–40.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Alymani NA, Smith MD, Williams DJ, Petty RD. Predictive biomarkers for personalised anti-cancer drug use: discovery to clinical implementation. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:869–79. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Liu Y, Hegde P, Zhang F, Hampton G, Jia S. Prostate cancer - a biomarker perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012;3:72. doi:10.3389/fendo.2012.00072.

19.

Schilsky RL, Allen J, Benner J, Sigal E, McClellan M. Commentary: tackling the challenges of developing targeted therapies for cancer. Oncologist. 2010;15:484–7. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0079.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Nadji M, Tabei SZ, Castro A, et al. Prostatic-specific antigen: an immunohistologic marker for prostatic neoplasms. Cancer. 1981;48:1229–32.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Hernandez J, Thompson IM. Prostate-specific antigen: a review of the validation of the most commonly used cancer biomarker. Cancer. 2004;101:894–904. doi:10.1002/cncr.20480.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Ablin RJ, Pfeiffer L, Gonder MJ, Soanes WA. Precipitating antibody in the sera of patients treated cryosurgically for carcinoma of the prostate. Exp Med Surg. 1969;27:406–10.PubMed

23.

Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1156–61. doi:10.1056/NEJM199104253241702.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:762–71. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00375.

25.

Miller DC, Hollenbeck BK. Missing the mark on prostate-specific antigen screening. JAMA. 2011;306:2719–20. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1879.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Hoffman RM, Meisner AL, Arap W, et al. Trends in United States prostate cancer incidence rates by age and stage, 1995-2012. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2016;25:259–63. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0723.CrossRef

27.

Crawford ED, Bennett CL, Andriole GL, Garnick MB, Petrylak DP. The utility of prostate-specific antigen in the management of advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2013; doi:10.1111/bju.12061.

28.

Mizokami A, Izumi K, Konaka H, et al. Understanding prostate-specific antigen dynamics in monitoring metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for clinical practice. Asian J Androl. 2017;19:143–8. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.179159.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041318.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040720.CrossRefPubMed

31.

de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1995–2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014618.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, et al. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:138–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209096.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, et al. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:424–33. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1405095.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1187–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1207506.CrossRefPubMed

35.

de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1147–54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Armstrong AJ, Saad F, Phung, et al. Clinical outcomes and survival surrogacy studies of prostate-specific antigen declines following enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel. Cancer. 2017;123:2303–11. doi:10.1002/cncr.30587.

37.

Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Ou Yang YC, et al. Prostate-specific antigen and pain surrogacy analysis in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3965–70. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.4769.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Petrylak DP, Ankerst DP, Jiang CS, et al. Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen declines for surrogacy in patients treated on SWOG 99-16. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:516–21. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj129.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Halabi S, Armstrong AJ, Sartor O, et al. Prostate-specific antigen changes as surrogate for overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with second-line chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3944–50. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Xu XS, Ryan CJ, Stuyckens K, et al. Correlation between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and overall survival in abiraterone acetate-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:3170–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1549.

41.

de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6302–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0872.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Goldkorn A, Ely B, Quinn DI, et al. Circulating tumor cell counts are prognostic of overall survival in SWOG S0421: a phase III trial of docetaxel with or without atrasentan for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1136–42. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.51.7417.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Okegawa T, Itaya N, Hara H, Tambo M, Nutahara K. Circulating tumor cells as a biomarker predictive of sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 2014;34:6705–10.PubMed

44.

Scher HI, Heller G, Molina A, et al. Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1348–55. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.55.3487.

45.

Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, et al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1028–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1315815.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Scher HI, Lu D, Schreiber NA, et al. Association of AR-V7 on circulating tumor cells as a treatment-specific biomarker with outcomes and survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:1441–9. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Clinical significance of androgen receptor splice variant-7 mRNA detection in circulating tumor cells of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with first- and second-line abiraterone and enzalutamide. J Clin Oncol. 2017:JCO2016701961. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.70.1961.

48.

Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1:582–91. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1341.

49.

Mateo J, Carreira S, Sandhu S, et al. DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1697–708. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506859.

50.

Galletti G, Matov A, Beltran H, et al. ERG induces taxane resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5548. doi:10.1038/ncomms6548.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Reid AH, Attard G, Brewer D, et al. Novel, gross chromosomal alterations involving PTEN cooperate with allelic loss in prostate cancer. Mod Pathol. 2012;25:902–10. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.207.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Danila DC, Anand A, Sung CC, et al. TMPRSS2-ERG status in circulating tumor cells as a predictive biomarker of sensitivity in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur Urol. 2011;60:897–904. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Attard G, de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, et al. Improvements in radiographic progression-free survival stratified by ERG Gene status in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1621–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1961.

54.

Ferraldeschi R, Nava Rodrigues D, Riisnaes R, et al. PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur Urol. 2015;67:795–802. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.027.

55.

Domingo-Domenech J, Oliva C, Rovira A, et al. Interleukin 6, a nuclear factor-kappaβ target, predicts resistance to docetaxel in hormone-independent prostate cancer and nuclear factor-kappaβ inhibition by PS-1145 enhances docetaxel antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5578–86. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2767.

56.

Conteduca V, Crabb SJ, Scarpi E, et al. Association between early PSA increase and clinical outcome in patients treated with enzalutamide for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Mol Diagn Ther. 2016;20:255–63. doi:10.1007/s40291-016-0196-1.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Rescigno P, Lorente D, Bianchini D, et al. Prostate-specific antigen decline after 4 weeks of treatment with abiraterone acetate and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;70:724–31. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.055.

58.

Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:411–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001294.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Scher HI, Morris MJ, Stadler WM, et al. Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1402–18. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.2702.

60.

Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3461–7.

61.

Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1148–59. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4487.

62.

CELLSEARCH^® Circulating Tumor Cell Kit. Instructions for use. Janssen Diagnostics, LLC. Raritan, NJ. Available at: http://documents.cellsearchctc.com/. 2013.

63.

Scher HI, Jia X, de Bono JS, et al. Circulating tumour cells as prognostic markers in progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: a reanalysis of IMMC38 trial data. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:233–9. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70340-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Danila DC, Morris MJ, de Bono JS, et al. Phase II multicenter study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone therapy in patients with docetaxel-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1496–501. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9259.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Danila DC, Heller G, Gignac GA, et al. Circulating tumor cell number and prognosis in progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:7053–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1506.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Bitting RL, Healy P, Halabi S, George DJ, Goodin M, Armstrong AJ. Clinical phenotypes associated with circulating tumor cell enumeration in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2015;33:110 e1-9. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Thalgott M, Heck MM, Eiber M, et al. Circulating tumor cells versus objective response assessment predicting survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:1457–64. doi:10.1007/s00432-015-1936-z.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Gorges TM, Tinhofer I, Drosch M, et al. Circulating tumour cells escape from EpCAM-based detection due to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:178. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-178.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Todenhofer T, Hennenlotter J, Feyerabend S, et al. Preliminary experience on the use of the Adnatest^® system for detection of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:3507–13.

70.

Capoun O, Mikulova V, Jancikova M, et al. Prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients - use of the AdnaTest® system for detection of circulating tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:2019–26.PubMed

71.

Danila DC, Samoila A, Patel C, et al. Clinical validity of detecting circulating tumor cells by AdnaTest assay compared with direct detection of tumor mRNA in stabilized whole blood, as a biomarker predicting overall survival for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer J. 2016;22:315–20. doi:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000220.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Werner SL, Graf RP, Landers M, et al. Analytical validation and capabilities of the Epic CTC platform: enrichment-free circulating tumour cell detection and characterization. J Circ Biomarkers. 2015;4:3. doi:10.5772/60725.

73.

McDaniel AS, Ferraldeschi R, Krupa R, et al. Phenotypic diversity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2016; doi:10.1111/bju.13631.

74.

Lowes LE, Bratman SV, Dittamore R, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) workshop 2016: scientific opportunities and logistics for cancer clinical trial incorporation. Int J Mol Sci. 2016:17. doi:10.3390/ijms17091505.

75.

Schwarzenbach H, Alix-Panabieres C, Muller I, et al. Cell-free tumor DNA in blood plasma as a marker for circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:1032–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1910.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Salvi S, Casadio V, Conteduca V, et al. Circulating cell-free AR and CYP17A1 copy number variations may associate with outcome of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:1717–24. doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.128.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Ware KE, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ, Dehm SM. Biologic and clinical significance of androgen receptor variants in castration resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014;21:T87–T103. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0470.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Li Y, Chan SC, Brand LJ, Hwang TH, Silverstein KA, Dehm SM. Androgen receptor splice variants mediate enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 2013;73:483–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3630.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Cao B, Qi Y, Zhang G, et al. Androgen receptor splice variants activating the full-length receptor in mediating resistance to androgen-directed therapy. Oncotarget. 2014;5:1646–56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Bernemann C, Schnoeller TJ, Luedeke M, et al. Expression of AR-V7 in circulating tumour cells does not preclude response to next generation androgen deprivation therapy in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:1–3. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.021.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Scher HI, Graf RP, Schreiber NA, et al. Nuclear-specific AR-V7 protein localization is necessary to guide treatment selection in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:874–82. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.024.

82.

Grossmann ME, Huang H, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor signaling in androgen-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1687–97.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Leversha MA, Han J, Asgari Z, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of circulating tumor cells in metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:2091–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2036.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Reyes EE, VanderWeele DJ, Isikbay M, et al. Quantitative characterization of androgen receptor protein expression and cellular localization in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Transl Med. 2014;12:313. doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0313-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Attard G, Swennenhuis JF, Olmos D, et al. Characterization of ERG, AR and PTEN gene status in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69:2912–8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3667.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Azad AA, Volik SV, Wyatt AW, et al. Androgen receptor gene aberrations in circulating cell-free DNA: biomarkers of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:2315–24. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2666.

87.

Salvi S, Casadio V, Conteduca V, et al. Circulating AR copy number and outcome to enzalutamide in docetaxel-treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:37839–45. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Mateo J, Boysen G, Barbieri CE, et al. DNA repair in prostate cancer: biology and clinical implications. Eur Urol. 2017;71:417–25. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.037.

89.

Robinson D, Van Allen EM, Wu YM, et al. Integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer. Cell. 2015;161:1215–28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, et al. Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:443–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603144.

91.

Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al. Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1748–57. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1882.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Lynparza™ (olaparib) granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by US FDA for treatment of BRCA1/2 or ATM gene mutated metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Press Release. AstraZeneca. Available at: https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/Lynparza-Olaparib-granted-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-by-US-FDA-for-treatment-of-BRCA1-2-or-ATM-gene-mutated-metastatic-Castration-Resistant-Prostate-Cancer-28012016.html. Accessed August 31, 2016. 2016.

93.

Tomlins SA, Bjartell A, Chinnaiyan AM, et al. ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer: from discovery to daily clinical practice. Eur Urol. 2009;56:275–86. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.036.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Cai C, Wang H, Xu Y, Chen S, Balk SP. Reactivation of androgen receptor-regulated TMPRSS2:ERG gene expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69:6027–32. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0395.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Mehra R, Tomlins SA, Yu J, et al. Characterization of TMPRSS2-ETS gene aberrations in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68:3584–90. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6154.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Attard G, Clark J, Ambroisine L, et al. Duplication of the fusion of TMPRSS2 to ERG sequences identifies fatal human prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27:253–63. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210640.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Reig O, Marin-Aguilera M, Carrera G, et al. TMPRSS2-ERG in blood and docetaxel resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;70:709–13 doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.034.

98.

Ahearn TU, Pettersson A, Ebot EM, et al. A prospective investigation of PTEN loss and ERG expression in lethal prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv346.

99.

Lin HK, Hu YC, Lee DK, Chang C. Regulation of androgen receptor signaling by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor through distinct mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:2409–23. doi:10.1210/me.2004-0117.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Shah RB, Bentley J, Jeffery Z, DeMarzo AM. Heterogeneity of PTEN and ERG expression in prostate cancer on core needle biopsies: implications for cancer risk stratification and biomarker sampling. Hum Pathol. 2015;46:698–706. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.01.008.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Lotan TL, Wei W, Ludkovski O, et al. Analytic validation of a clinical-grade PTEN immunohistochemistry assay in prostate cancer by comparison with PTEN FISH. Mod Pathol. 2016;29:904–14. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2016.88.

102.

Drachenberg DE, Elgamal AA, Rowbotham R, Peterson M, Murphy GP. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate. 1999;41:127–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19991001)41:2<127::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-H.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Michalaki V, Syrigos K, Charles P, Waxman J. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha correlate with clinicopathological features and patient survival in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:2312–6. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601814.PubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y, et al. Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:2702–6.PubMed

105.

Shariat SF, Andrews B, Kattan MW, Kim J, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor are associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Urology. 2001;58:1008–15.CrossRefPubMed

106.

Smith DA, Kiba A, Zong Y, Witte ON. Interleukin-6 and oncostatin-M synergize with the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote aggressive prostate malignancy in mouse and human tissues. Mol Cancer Res. 2013;11:1159–65. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0238.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Chun JY, Nadiminty N, Dutt S, et al. Interleukin-6 regulates androgen synthesis in prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:4815–22. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0640.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

108.

Lee SO, Lou W, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Gao AC. Interleukin-6 protects LNCaP cells from apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation through the Stat3 pathway. Prostate. 2004;60:178–86. doi:10.1002/pros.20045.CrossRefPubMed

109.

Pu YS, Hour TC, Chuang SE, Cheng AL, Lai MK, Kuo ML. Interleukin-6 is responsible for drug resistance and anti-apoptotic effects in prostatic cancer cells. Prostate. 2004;60:120–9. doi:10.1002/pros.20057.CrossRefPubMed

110.

George DJ, Halabi S, Shepard TF, et al. The prognostic significance of plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B 9480. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:1815–20. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1560.CrossRefPubMed

111.

Ignatoski KM, Friedman J, Escara-Wilke J, et al. Change in markers of bone metabolism with chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer: interleukin-6 response is a potential early indicator of response to therapy. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2009;29:105–12. doi:10.1089/jir.2008.0024.CrossRef

112.

Karkera J, Steiner H, Li W, et al. The anti-interleukin-6 antibody siltuximab down-regulates genes implicated in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer patients from a phase I study. Prostate. 2011;71:1455–65. doi:10.1002/pros.21362.CrossRefPubMed

113.

Fizazi K, De Bono JS, Flechon A, et al. Randomised phase II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, in combination with mitoxantrone/prednisone versus mitoxantrone/prednisone alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.014.CrossRefPubMed

114.

Dorff TB, Goldman B, Pinski JK, et al. Clinical and correlative results of SWOG S0354: a phase II trial of CNTO328 (siltuximab), a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3028–34. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-3122.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Hudes G, Tagawa ST, Whang YE, et al. A phase 1 study of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, siltuximab, combined with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Investig New Drugs. 2013;31:669–76. doi:10.1007/s10637-012-9857-z.CrossRef

116.

Katz B, Reis ST, Viana NI, et al. Comprehensive study of gene and microRNA expression related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. PLoS One. 2014;9:e113700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113700.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

117.

Thieu W, Tilki D. deVere white RW, Evans CP. The role of microRNA in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2014;32:517–23. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Whiteland H, Spencer-Harty S, Thomas DH, et al. Putative prognostic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition biomarkers for aggressive prostate cancer. Exp Mol Pathol. 2013;95:220–6. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.07.010.CrossRefPubMed

119.

Marin-Aguilera M, Codony-Servat J, Reig O, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mediates docetaxel resistance and high risk of relapse in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13:1270–84. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0775.CrossRefPubMed

120.

Lara PN Jr, Ely B, Quinn DI, et al. Serum biomarkers of bone metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with skeletal metastases: results from SWOG 0421. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106:dju013. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

121.

Fizazi K, Massard C, Smith M, et al. Bone-related parameters are the main prognostic factors for overall survival in men with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015;68:42–50. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.001.

122.

Jadvar H, Desai B, Ji L, et al. Baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters as imaging biomarkers of overall survival in castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1195–201. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.114116.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

123.

Dehdashti F, Picus J, Michalski JM, et al. Positron tomographic assessment of androgen receptors in prostatic carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:344–50. doi:10.1007/s00259-005-1764-5.CrossRefPubMed

124.

Vargas HA, Wassberg C, Fox JJ, et al. Bone metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer: associations between morphologic CT patterns, glycolytic activity, and androgen receptor expression on PET and overall survival. Radiology. 2014;271:220–9. doi:10.1148/radiol.13130625.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Duijvesz D, Luider T, Bangma CH, Jenster G. Exosomes as biomarker treasure chests for prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2011;59:823–31. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.031.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet
verfasst von: Daniel P. Petrylak
E. David Crawford
Publikationsdatum: 16.06.2017
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Targeted Oncology / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1776-2596
Elektronische ISSN: 1776-260X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-017-0500-y

Springer Medizin

Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Pazopanib: a Review in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

Novel Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Are We Finally Breaking the Deadlock?

Correlation of c-MET Expression with PD-L1 Expression in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated by Sunitinib First-Line Therapy

Retrospective Evaluation of Thromboembolism Risk in Ovarian Cancer Patients Treated with Bevacizumab

Acquired Resistance to Erlotinib in EGFR Mutation-Positive Lung Adenocarcinoma among Hispanics (CLICaP)

Pooled Analysis of Clinical Outcome of Patients with Chemorefractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated within Phase I/II Clinical Studies Based on Individual Biomarkers of Susceptibility: A Single-Institution Experience

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie