INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Trial Design
Participants
Procedure
Intervention
Assessments
Primary Outcome
Secondary Outcomes
Sample Size
Randomization
Statistical Methods
RESULTS
Study Population
Total (n = 148) | MBSR (n = 80) | Control (n = 68) | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables, n (%)
| |||
Female gender | 130 (88%) | 72 (90%) | 58 (85%) |
Age, mean (SD) | 31.2 (4.6) | 31.4 (4.5) | 31.0 (4.8) |
Marital status | |||
Married or cohabiting | 107 (72%) | 54 (68%) | 53 (78%) |
Partner, not cohabiting | 13 (9%) | 9 (11%) | 4 (6%) |
Single | 28 (19%) | 17 (21%) | 11 (16%) |
Children | |||
One or more children | 37 (25%) | 21 (26%) | 16 (23%) |
No children | 111 (75%) | 59 (74%) | 52 (77%) |
Specialty | |||
Surgical specialties | 17 (11%) | 8 (10%) | 9 (13%) |
Medical specialties | 56 (38%) | 32 (40%) | 24 (35%) |
Supportive specialties | 18 (12%) | 7 (9%) | 11 (16%) |
Psychiatry | 10 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (6%) |
Primary care specialties | 47 (32%) | 27 (34%) | 20 (30%) |
Years in training, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.4) |
Working hours including overtime | 46.9 (8.3) | 46.7 (8.8) | 47.0 (7.7) |
Primary outcome, mean (SD)
| |||
Burnout – Emotional exhaustion (0–48) | 15.6 (7.5) | 16.5 (7.8) | 14.4 (7.1) |
Secondary outcomes, mean (SD)
| |||
Burnout – Depersonalization (0–30) | 5.2 (3.5) | 5.5 (3.9) | 4.8 (3.0) |
Burnout – Reduced personal accomplishment (0–42) | 15.2 (5.0) | 15.2 (5.1) | 15.1 (5.0) |
Worry (16–80) | 46.4 (14.2) | 48.3 (15.2) | 44.0 (12.7) |
Work–home interference (1-4) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.4) * |
Home–work interference (1-4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) * |
Mindfulness skills (24–120) | 74.6 (11.1) | 74.5 (11.3) | 74.7 (10.9) |
Self-compassion (1-7) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) |
- Positive factor
|
4.1 (1.0)
|
4.1 (1.0)
|
4.1 (1.0)
|
- Negative factor
|
4.4 (1.3)
|
4.4 (1.3)
|
4.5 (1.3)
|
Positive mental health (0–5) | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.7) |
Empathy – Perspective-taking (1–7) | 5.7 (0.6) | 5.7 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.7) |
Empathy – Compassionate care (1–7) | 5.9 (0.7) | 5.9 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.7) |
Empathy – Standing in the patient’s shoes (1–7) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.9 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.9) |
Medical errors (1–5) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.5) |
Outcome of the Intervention
Baseline, mean (SD) | Post-intervention, mean (SD) | Post-intervention |
P value | Cohen’s d
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBSR (n = 80) | Control (n = 68) | MBSR (n = 71) | Control (n = 67) | Group difference (95% CI)* | |||
Primary outcome
| |||||||
Burnout – Emotional exhaustion (0–48) | 16.5 (7.8) | 14.5 (7.1) | 15.0 (5.7) | 13.7 (7.8) | 0.09 (−1.73 to 1.92) | 0.92 | 0.01 |
Secondary outcome
| |||||||
Burnout – Depersonalization (0–30) | 5.5 (3.9) | 4.8 (3.0) | 5.1 (3.1) | 4.8 (3.1) | 0.17 (−0.74 to 1.08) | 0.71 | 0.05 |
Burnout – Reduced personal accomplishment (0–42) | 15.2 (5.1) | 15.1 (5.0) | 13.9 (4.6) | 15.1 (4.5) | −1.19 (−0.13 to −2.25) | 0.03 | 0.24 |
Worry (16–80) | 48.3 (15.2) | 44.0 (12.7) | 43.1 (14.1) | 43.1 (12.9) | −3.21 (−6.20 to −0.21) | 0.04 | 0.23 |
Work–home interference (1–4) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.4) | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.03) | 0.17 | 0.18 |
Home–work interference (1–4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.12) | 0.65 | 0.06 |
Mindfulness skills (24–120) | 74.5 (11.3) | 74.7 (10.9) | 79.3 (10.3) | 76.2 (10.8) | 3.61 (0.88 to 6.33) | 0.01 | 0.33 |
Self-compassion (1–7) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.1) | 0.36 (0.09 to 0.63) | 0.01 | 0.35 |
- Positive factor
|
4.1 (1.0)
|
4.1 (1.0)
|
4.5 (1.0)
|
4.2 (1.1)
|
0.27 (−0.02 to 0.55)
|
0.07
|
0.26
|
- Negative factor
|
4.4 (1.3)
|
4.5 (1.3)
|
3.9 (1.3)
|
4.4 (1.4)
|
−0.47 (−0.83 to − 0.11)
|
0.01
|
0.36
|
Positive mental health (0–5) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.9) | 0.08 (−0.12 to 0.28) | 0.43 | 0.10 |
Empathy – Perspective-taking (1–7) | 5.7 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.6) | 5.7 (0.6) | 0.20 (0.03 to 0.38) | 0.03 | 0.33 |
Empathy – Compassionate care (1–7) | 5.9 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.7) | 5.9 (0.8) | 0.06 (−0.16 to 0.28) | 0.61 | 0.08 |
Empathy – Standing in the patient’s shoes (1–7) | 5.9 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.9 (0.9) | −0.19 (−0.46 to 0.08) | 0.16 | 0.20 |
Medical errors (1–5) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.10) | 0.53 | 0.09 |