Introduction
History of cardiac biomarkers
What is troponin?
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troponin T attaches the troponin complex to the actin filament;
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troponin C acts as the calcium binding site;
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troponin I inhibits interaction with myosin heads in the absence of sufficient calcium ions.
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin
Assay | LoD (ng/L) | 99th % (ng/L) | % CV at 99th % | 10% CV (ng/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
hs-cTnT (Elecsys) | 5 | 14 | 8 | 13 |
hs-cTnI (Architect) | 1.2 | 16 | 5.6 | 3 |
hs-cTnI (Dimension Vista) | 0.5 | 9 | 5 | 3 |
Causes of hs-cTn elevation and risk of misinterpretation
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin elevation in chronic kidney disease
Use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin in clinical practice
Acute versus chronic elevation of troponin rise
Oxygen demand mismatch (in the absence of AMI) |
Tachy-/brady-arrhythmias |
Hypertensive crisis |
Anemia |
Hypovolemia or hypotension |
Aortic dissection or aortic valve disease |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
Strenuous exercise |
Direct myocardial damage |
Cardiac contusion |
Cardiac procedures: cardioversion, pacing, ablation, endomyocardial biopsy |
Cardiac infiltrative disorders, e.g., amyloidosis, haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, sclerodermia |
Chemotherapy, e.g., adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, trastuzumab |
Myocarditis or pericarditis |
Cardiac transplantation (immune-mediated reactions) |
Myocardial strain |
Severe congestive heart failure: acute and chronic |
Pulmonary embolism |
Pulmonary hypertension or COPD |
Accumulation of troponin in plasma |
Acute/chronic renal dysfunction |
Systemic processes |
Sepsis |
Systemic inflammatory processes |
Burns, if affecting >30% of body surface area |
Hypothyroidism |
Snake venoms |
Neurological disorders |
Intracerebral hemorrhage or stroke |
Seizures |