Skip to main content
Erschienen in: General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 7/2014

01.07.2014 | Current Topics Review Article

Lymph node dissection for lung cancer: past, present, and future

verfasst von: Shun-ichi Watanabe

Erschienen in: General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | Ausgabe 7/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In 1978, Naruke et al. proposed an anatomical map that included numbered lymph node stations, which then became widely used for nodal dissection. In 1997, Mountain and Dresler published a new map, which is now favored by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society. Using these maps, regional nodal dissection has been universally performed in lung cancer surgery. Clear evidence regarding the survival benefit of lymph node dissection for lung cancer is lacking. However, lobectomy with lymph node dissection continues to be a standard surgical procedure for lung cancer because lymph node dissection is an important investigative process in staging patients. Over the last decade, the extent of nodal dissection for lung cancer has changed due to the increasing number of early detected lung cancers made possible by the recent development of the CT scanner. This manuscript describes the history, present strategy, and future perspectives of lymph node dissection for lung cancer.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cahan WG. Radical lobectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1960;39:555–72.PubMed Cahan WG. Radical lobectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1960;39:555–72.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Naruke T, Suemasu K, Ishikawa S. Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;76:832–9. Naruke T, Suemasu K, Ishikawa S. Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;76:832–9.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Mountain CF, Dresler CM. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest. 1997;111:1718–23.PubMedCrossRef Mountain CF, Dresler CM. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest. 1997;111:1718–23.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society. Clinical staging of primary lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:659–64. American Thoracic Society. Clinical staging of primary lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:659–64.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society. Pretreatment evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:320–2.CrossRef American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society. Pretreatment evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:320–2.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Cahan WG, Watson WL, Pool JL. Radical pneumonectomy. J Thorac Surg. 1951;22:449–73.PubMed Cahan WG, Watson WL, Pool JL. Radical pneumonectomy. J Thorac Surg. 1951;22:449–73.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat The Japan Lung Cancer Society. Classification of lung cancer. First English edition. Tokyo: Kanehara & Co. Ltd.; 2000. The Japan Lung Cancer Society. Classification of lung cancer. First English edition. Tokyo: Kanehara & Co. Ltd.; 2000.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstraw P. Report on the international workshop on intrathoracic staging, London, October 1996. Lung Cancer. 1997;18:107–11.CrossRef Goldstraw P. Report on the international workshop on intrathoracic staging, London, October 1996. Lung Cancer. 1997;18:107–11.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;22:3860–7. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;22:3860–7.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Winton TL, Livingston R, Johnson D, Rigas J, Johnston M, Butts C, et al. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2589–97.PubMedCrossRef Winton TL, Livingston R, Johnson D, Rigas J, Johnston M, Butts C, et al. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2589–97.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lardinois D, De Leyn P, Van Schil P, Porta RR, Waller D, Passlick B, et al. ESTS guidelines for intraoperative lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:787–92.PubMedCrossRef Lardinois D, De Leyn P, Van Schil P, Porta RR, Waller D, Passlick B, et al. ESTS guidelines for intraoperative lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:787–92.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Gajra A, Newman N, Gamble GP, Kohman LJ, Graziano SL. Effect of number of lymph nodes sampled on outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1029–34.PubMedCrossRef Gajra A, Newman N, Gamble GP, Kohman LJ, Graziano SL. Effect of number of lymph nodes sampled on outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1029–34.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Doddoli C, Aragon A, Barlesi F, Chetaille B, Robitail S, Giudicelli R, et al. Does the extent of lymph node dissection influence outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:680–5.PubMedCrossRef Doddoli C, Aragon A, Barlesi F, Chetaille B, Robitail S, Giudicelli R, et al. Does the extent of lymph node dissection influence outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:680–5.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Massard G, Ducrocq X, Kochetkova EA, Porhanov VA, Riquet M. Sampling or node dissection for intraoperative staging of lung cancer: a multicentric cross-sectional study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:164–7.PubMedCrossRef Massard G, Ducrocq X, Kochetkova EA, Porhanov VA, Riquet M. Sampling or node dissection for intraoperative staging of lung cancer: a multicentric cross-sectional study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:164–7.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Keller SM, Adak S, Wagner H, Johnson DH. Mediastinal lymph node dissection improves survival in patients with stage II and IIIa non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:358–66.PubMedCrossRef Keller SM, Adak S, Wagner H, Johnson DH. Mediastinal lymph node dissection improves survival in patients with stage II and IIIa non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:358–66.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Dales RE, Stark RM, Raman S. Computed tomography to stage lung cancers: approaching a controversy using meta-analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:1096–101.PubMedCrossRef Dales RE, Stark RM, Raman S. Computed tomography to stage lung cancers: approaching a controversy using meta-analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:1096–101.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, Wahl RL. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s––meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology. 1999;213:530–6.PubMedCrossRef Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, Wahl RL. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s––meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology. 1999;213:530–6.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Gould MK, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Maclean CC, Demas AN, Shigemitsu H, et al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Ann Int Med. 2003;139:879–900.PubMedCrossRef Gould MK, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Maclean CC, Demas AN, Shigemitsu H, et al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Ann Int Med. 2003;139:879–900.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellwig D, Ukena D, Paulsen F, Bamberg M, Kirsch CM, Onko-PET der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Nuklearmedizin. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in lung tumors. Basis for discussion of the German Consensus Conference on PET in Oncology 2000. Pneumologie. 2001;55:367–77.PubMedCrossRef Hellwig D, Ukena D, Paulsen F, Bamberg M, Kirsch CM, Onko-PET der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Nuklearmedizin. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in lung tumors. Basis for discussion of the German Consensus Conference on PET in Oncology 2000. Pneumologie. 2001;55:367–77.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Oda M, Watanabe Y, Shimizu J, Murakami S, Ohta Y, Sekido N, et al. Extent of mediastinal node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: the role of systematic nodal dissection. Lung Cancer. 1998;22:23–30.PubMedCrossRef Oda M, Watanabe Y, Shimizu J, Murakami S, Ohta Y, Sekido N, et al. Extent of mediastinal node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: the role of systematic nodal dissection. Lung Cancer. 1998;22:23–30.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Mountain CF. Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest. 1997;111:1710–7.PubMedCrossRef Mountain CF. Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest. 1997;111:1710–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe S, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Tsuchiya R. Problems in diagnosis and surgical management of clinical N1 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1682–5.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe S, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Tsuchiya R. Problems in diagnosis and surgical management of clinical N1 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1682–5.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham AN, Chan KJ, Pastorino U, Goldstraw P. Systematic nodal dissection in the intrathoracic staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:246–51.CrossRef Graham AN, Chan KJ, Pastorino U, Goldstraw P. Systematic nodal dissection in the intrathoracic staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:246–51.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe S, Oda M, Go T, Tsunezuka Y, Ohta Y, Watanabe Y, et al. Should mediastinal nodal dissection be routinely undertaken in patients with peripheral small-sized lung cancer? Retrospective analysis of 225 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:1007–11.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe S, Oda M, Go T, Tsunezuka Y, Ohta Y, Watanabe Y, et al. Should mediastinal nodal dissection be routinely undertaken in patients with peripheral small-sized lung cancer? Retrospective analysis of 225 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:1007–11.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Takizawa T, Terashima M, Koike T, Akamatsu H, Kurita Y, Yokoyama A. Mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical stage I peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:248–52.PubMedCrossRef Takizawa T, Terashima M, Koike T, Akamatsu H, Kurita Y, Yokoyama A. Mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical stage I peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:248–52.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Misthos P, Sepsas E, Athanassiadi K, Kakaris S, Skottis I. Skip metastases: analysis of their clinical significance and prognosis in the IIIA stage of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25:502–8.PubMedCrossRef Misthos P, Sepsas E, Athanassiadi K, Kakaris S, Skottis I. Skip metastases: analysis of their clinical significance and prognosis in the IIIA stage of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25:502–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunluoglu Z, Solak O, Metin M, Gurses A. The prognostic significance of skip mediastinal lymphatic metastasis in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:595.PubMedCrossRef Gunluoglu Z, Solak O, Metin M, Gurses A. The prognostic significance of skip mediastinal lymphatic metastasis in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:595.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Riquet M, Hidden G, Debesse B. Direct lymphatic drainage of lung segments to the mediastinal nodes. An anatomic study on 260 adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:623–32.PubMed Riquet M, Hidden G, Debesse B. Direct lymphatic drainage of lung segments to the mediastinal nodes. An anatomic study on 260 adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:623–32.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshino I, Yokoyama H, Yano T, Ueda T, Takai E, Mizutani K, et al. Skip metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thoracic Surg. 1996;62:1021–5.CrossRef Yoshino I, Yokoyama H, Yano T, Ueda T, Takai E, Mizutani K, et al. Skip metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thoracic Surg. 1996;62:1021–5.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Prenzel KL, Monig SP, Sinning JM, Baldus SE, Gutschow CA, Grass G, et al. Role of skip metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancers. J Surg Oncol. 2003;82:256–60.PubMedCrossRef Prenzel KL, Monig SP, Sinning JM, Baldus SE, Gutschow CA, Grass G, et al. Role of skip metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancers. J Surg Oncol. 2003;82:256–60.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti G, Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Stephens RJ, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE collaborative group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3552–9.PubMedCrossRef Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti G, Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Stephens RJ, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE collaborative group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3552–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:662–70.PubMedCrossRef Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:662–70.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bollen EC, van Duin CJ, Theunissen PH, vt Hof-Grootenboer BE, Blijham GH. Mediastinal lymph node dissection in resected lung cancer: morbidity and accuracy of staging. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:961–6.PubMedCrossRef Bollen EC, van Duin CJ, Theunissen PH, vt Hof-Grootenboer BE, Blijham GH. Mediastinal lymph node dissection in resected lung cancer: morbidity and accuracy of staging. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:961–6.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas PA, Piantadosi S, Mountain CF. The Lung Cancer Study Group. Should subcarinal lymph nodes be routinely examined in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;95:883–7. Thomas PA, Piantadosi S, Mountain CF. The Lung Cancer Study Group. Should subcarinal lymph nodes be routinely examined in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;95:883–7.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Karg O, Bloechle C, Pantel K, Knoefel WT, et al. Impact of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy on tumor staging in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59:209–14.PubMedCrossRef Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Karg O, Bloechle C, Pantel K, Knoefel WT, et al. Impact of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy on tumor staging in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59:209–14.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe S, Oda M, Tsunezuka Y, Go T, Ohta Y, Watanabe G. Peripheral small-sized (2 cm or less) non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis; clinicopathologic features and patterns of nodal spread. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:995–9.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe S, Oda M, Tsunezuka Y, Go T, Ohta Y, Watanabe G. Peripheral small-sized (2 cm or less) non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis; clinicopathologic features and patterns of nodal spread. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:995–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawano R, Hata E, Ikeda S, Sakaguchi H. Micrometastasis to lymph nodes in stage I left lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1558–62.PubMedCrossRef Kawano R, Hata E, Ikeda S, Sakaguchi H. Micrometastasis to lymph nodes in stage I left lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1558–62.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lardinois D, Suter H, Hakki H, Rousson V, Betticher D, Ris HB. Morbidity, survival, and site of recurrence after mediastinal lymph-node dissection versus systematic sampling after complete resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:268–74.PubMedCrossRef Lardinois D, Suter H, Hakki H, Rousson V, Betticher D, Ris HB. Morbidity, survival, and site of recurrence after mediastinal lymph-node dissection versus systematic sampling after complete resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:268–74.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Naruke T, Goya T, Tsuchiya R, Suemasu K. The importance of surgery to non-small cell carcinoma of lung with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;46:603–10.PubMedCrossRef Naruke T, Goya T, Tsuchiya R, Suemasu K. The importance of surgery to non-small cell carcinoma of lung with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;46:603–10.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe Y, Hayashi Y, Shimizu J, Oda M, Iwa T. Mediastinal nodal involvement and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 1991;100:422–8.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe Y, Hayashi Y, Shimizu J, Oda M, Iwa T. Mediastinal nodal involvement and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 1991;100:422–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakahara K, Fujii Y, Matsumura A, Minami M, Okumura M, Matsuda H. Role of systematic mediastinal dissection in N2 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:331–5.PubMedCrossRef Nakahara K, Fujii Y, Matsumura A, Minami M, Okumura M, Matsuda H. Role of systematic mediastinal dissection in N2 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:331–5.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearson FG. Non-small cell lung cancer: role of surgery for stages I–III. Chest. 1999;116:500S–3S.PubMedCrossRef Pearson FG. Non-small cell lung cancer: role of surgery for stages I–III. Chest. 1999;116:500S–3S.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Keller SM, Vangel MG, Wagner H, Schiller JH, Herskovic A, Komaki R, et al. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Prolonged survival in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer and single-level N2 disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:130–7.PubMedCrossRef Keller SM, Vangel MG, Wagner H, Schiller JH, Herskovic A, Komaki R, et al. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Prolonged survival in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer and single-level N2 disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:130–7.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Pantel K, Pichlmeier U, Hosch SB, Karg O, et al. Effectiveness of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in patients with resectable non-small lung cancer. Ann Surg. 1998;227:138–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Pantel K, Pichlmeier U, Hosch SB, Karg O, et al. Effectiveness of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in patients with resectable non-small lung cancer. Ann Surg. 1998;227:138–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugi K, Nawata K, Fujita N, Ueda K, Tanaka T, Matsuoka T, et al. Systematic lymph node dissection for clinically diagnosed peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer less than 2 cm in diameter. World J Surg. 1998;22:290–5.PubMedCrossRef Sugi K, Nawata K, Fujita N, Ueda K, Tanaka T, Matsuoka T, et al. Systematic lymph node dissection for clinically diagnosed peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer less than 2 cm in diameter. World J Surg. 1998;22:290–5.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu Y, Huang ZF, Wang SY, Yang XN, Ou W. A randomized trial of systematic nodal dissection in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2002;36:1–6.PubMedCrossRef Wu Y, Huang ZF, Wang SY, Yang XN, Ou W. A randomized trial of systematic nodal dissection in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2002;36:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright G, Manser RL, Bymes G, Hart D, Campbell DA. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2006;61:597–603.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wright G, Manser RL, Bymes G, Hart D, Campbell DA. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2006;61:597–603.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Detterbeck F. What do with “surprise” N2? Intraoperative management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:289–302.PubMedCrossRef Detterbeck F. What do with “surprise” N2? Intraoperative management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:289–302.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe S, Ladas G, Goldstraw P. Inter-observer variability in systematic nodal dissection: comparison of European and Japanese nodal designation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:245–8.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe S, Ladas G, Goldstraw P. Inter-observer variability in systematic nodal dissection: comparison of European and Japanese nodal designation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:245–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind CH, UICC International Union Against Cancer, editors. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 7th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2009. Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind CH, UICC International Union Against Cancer, editors. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 7th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2009.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Luzzi L, Paladini P, Ghiribelli C, Voltolini L, Di Bisceglie M, D’Agata A, et al. Assessing the prognostic value of the extent of mediastinal lymph node infiltration in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer. 2000;30:99–105.PubMedCrossRef Luzzi L, Paladini P, Ghiribelli C, Voltolini L, Di Bisceglie M, D’Agata A, et al. Assessing the prognostic value of the extent of mediastinal lymph node infiltration in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer. 2000;30:99–105.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Asamura H, Nakayama H, Kondo H, Tsuchiya R, Naruke T. Lobe-specific extent of systematic lymph node dissection for non-small cell lung carcinomas according to a retrospective study of metastasis and prognosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:1102–11.PubMedCrossRef Asamura H, Nakayama H, Kondo H, Tsuchiya R, Naruke T. Lobe-specific extent of systematic lymph node dissection for non-small cell lung carcinomas according to a retrospective study of metastasis and prognosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:1102–11.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada M, Sakamoto T, Yuki T, Mimura T, Miyoshi K, Tsubota N. Selective mediastinal lymphadenectomy for clinico-surgical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1028–32.PubMedCrossRef Okada M, Sakamoto T, Yuki T, Mimura T, Miyoshi K, Tsubota N. Selective mediastinal lymphadenectomy for clinico-surgical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1028–32.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada M, Tsubota N, Yoshimura M, Miyamoto Y. Proposal for reasonable mediastinal lymphadenectomy in bronchogenic carcinomas: role of subcarinal nodes in selective dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:949–53.PubMedCrossRef Okada M, Tsubota N, Yoshimura M, Miyamoto Y. Proposal for reasonable mediastinal lymphadenectomy in bronchogenic carcinomas: role of subcarinal nodes in selective dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:949–53.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe S, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Tsuchiya R. The new strategy of selective nodal dissection for lung cancer based on segment-specific patterns of nodal spread. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2005;4:106–9.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe S, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Tsuchiya R. The new strategy of selective nodal dissection for lung cancer based on segment-specific patterns of nodal spread. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2005;4:106–9.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Distribution and likelihood of lymph node metastasis based on the lobar location of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1969–73.PubMedCrossRef Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Distribution and likelihood of lymph node metastasis based on the lobar location of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1969–73.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Naruke T, Tsuchiya R, Kondo H, Nakayama H, Asamura H. Lymph node sampling in lung cancer. How should it be done? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16(Suppl 1):17–24.CrossRef Naruke T, Tsuchiya R, Kondo H, Nakayama H, Asamura H. Lymph node sampling in lung cancer. How should it be done? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16(Suppl 1):17–24.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Rami-Porta R, Wittekind C, Goldstraw P. Complete resection in lung cancer surgery: proposed definition. Lung Cancer. 2005;49:25–33.PubMedCrossRef Rami-Porta R, Wittekind C, Goldstraw P. Complete resection in lung cancer surgery: proposed definition. Lung Cancer. 2005;49:25–33.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Ginsberg RJ. Lymph node involvement, recurrence, and prognosis in resected small, peripheral, non-small-cell lung carcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:1123–4.PubMedCrossRef Ginsberg RJ. Lymph node involvement, recurrence, and prognosis in resected small, peripheral, non-small-cell lung carcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:1123–4.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen MS, Darling GE, Pechet TT, Mitchell JD, Herndon JE 2nd, Landreneau RJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary resections in patients with early stage lung cancer: initial results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1013–9.PubMedCrossRef Allen MS, Darling GE, Pechet TT, Mitchell JD, Herndon JE 2nd, Landreneau RJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary resections in patients with early stage lung cancer: initial results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1013–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lymph node dissection for lung cancer: past, present, and future
verfasst von
Shun-ichi Watanabe
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2014
Verlag
Springer Japan
Erschienen in
General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery / Ausgabe 7/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-6705
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-6713
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-014-0412-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2014

General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 7/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Wie erfolgreich ist eine Re-Ablation nach Rezidiv?

23.04.2024 Ablationstherapie Nachrichten

Nach der Katheterablation von Vorhofflimmern kommt es bei etwa einem Drittel der Patienten zu Rezidiven, meist binnen eines Jahres. Wie sich spätere Rückfälle auf die Erfolgschancen einer erneuten Ablation auswirken, haben Schweizer Kardiologen erforscht.

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

23.04.2024 Appendizitis Nachrichten

Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

23.04.2024 Operationsvorbereitung Nachrichten

Derzeit wird empfohlen, eine Therapie mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten präoperativ zu unterbrechen. Eine neue Studie nährt jedoch Zweifel an der Notwendigkeit der Maßnahme.

Ureterstriktur: Innovative OP-Technik bewährt sich

19.04.2024 EAU 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Ureterstriktur ist eine relativ seltene Komplikation, trotzdem bedarf sie einer differenzierten Versorgung. In komplexen Fällen wird dies durch die roboterassistierte OP-Technik gewährleistet. Erste Resultate ermutigen.

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.