Introduction
Concept/topic | Discipline | PrEP relevance | Further reading |
---|---|---|---|
A. Adoption | |||
Risk communication | Decision-sciences; Risk analysis | PrEP adoption necessitates complex communication with patients regarding PrEP efficacy and its implications for relative risk reduction | Visschers et al. [10••], 2009: Meta-analysis of 45 empirical articles about probability in risk communication related to medical or health risk |
Health numeracy | Medical decision-making; health communication | Some PrEP adopters may have limited ability to understand and apply numerical information, impacting both adoption and adherence to PrEP | Reyna et al. [11], 2009: Review of literature on health numeracy, detailing mechanisms through which it impacts health outcomes, treatment adherence, and risk perception |
Heuristic vs systematic processing | Neuro-economics | Decision-making around PrEP adoption and sustained adherence will be impacted by the synergistic interaction of both deliberative and associative or affective factors; adequate support of patients must consider the influence of both types of processes | Sanfey and Chang [12], 2008: Review of evidence for the dissociation between automatic and controlled processing in decision-making from behavioral economics and neuroscience |
Framing effects | Health psychology; health communication | Development of social marketing campaigns for PrEP must consider the influence of the framing of information about a new technology on perceptions of personal risk and patient decision-making | Edwards et al. [16], 2001: Review of literature on manipulation of risk and benefit information and framing effects in clinical settings |
Stigma | Sociology; public health | HIV stigma is likely to be a significant barrier to PrEP adoption and adherence | Mahajan et al. [17•], 2008: Review of literature on HIV/AIDS stigma in theory, assessment, intervention, and policy analyses |
B. Adherence | |||
Latent tuberculosis infection | Infectious disease | Prophylactic treatment taken daily; potential for side effects; difficult for patients to make the connection between treatment and risk reduction | Hirsch-Moverman et al. [6•], 2008: Review of 78 studies regarding predictors of latent tuberculosis infection medication adherence and intervention efficacy |
Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) | Reproductive health | Pills taken daily to prevent sexual risk; similar challenges regarding sustained condom use; similar disconnect between pill-taking and the sexual act | Rosenberg et al. [27], 1995: Review of factors that predict poor OCP adherence and recommendations for improving OCP adherence |
HIV ART | Public health/HIV | Lessons learned from use of similar medications in similar populations can inform PrEP adherence interventions | Stirratt and Gordon [30••], 2008: Review of three areas in which HIV treatment adherence literature can inform research on biomedical prevention strategies |
Other biomedical approaches to HIV prevention | Public health/HIV | Experience with strategies such as microbicides, male circumcision, STD treatment can inform PrEP adherence and risk reduction | Padian et al. [32], 2008: Review of biomedical interventions to prevent HIV and discussion of challenges and recommendations for future work |
Theories of health behavior | Behavioral sciences | Successes and failures in the application of existing behavioral theories to adherence interventions can inform selection of theoretical models for PrEP intervention development | Munro et al. [39••], 2007: Review of over 30 behavioral change theories applicable to long-term treatment adherence and assessment of the evidence for their effectiveness in predicting behavior change |
C. Sustained risk reduction | |||
HIV prevention interventions | Public health/HIV | Lessons learned from past experience in the development of targeted prevention interventions can be adapted for the specific context of PrEP | Rotheram-Borus et al. [37], 2009: Review of evidence-based interventions to reduce HIV risk behavior and discussion of common factors and recommendations |
Sexual risk-taking and HAART | Public health; health psychology | Understanding the impact of beliefs around viral suppression on condom use and the relationship between antiretroviral adherence and sexual risk can inform prevention messages targeting PrEP users, especially those in serodiscordant relationships | Crepaz et al. [40], 2004: Meta-analysis of the association between HAART and sexual risk behavior |
Kalichman et al. [41], 2010: Contrasts two models for understanding the association between adherence and HIV transmission risk | |||
Risk compensation | Health psychology | Provides a framework for predicting the potential impact of PrEP adoption on sexual risk practices in different populations | Eaton and Kalichman [33], 2007: Review and meta-analysis of literature on risk compensation in response to HIV vaccines, microbicides, antiretrovirals, and circumcision |
Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) | Behavioral economics; decision research | Sustained risk reduction on PrEP requires ongoing risk assessment and its application to decision-making; FTT explains how individuals use both “gist” and “verbatim” information to inform risk perception and decision-making | Reyna [43•], 2008: Review of FTT and discussion of its relevance to health and medical decision-making; presentation of theory-based intervention strategies |
Emotional systems in decision-making | Neuro-economics | Managing conflicting emotions and affective cues will be critical to sustained sexual risk reduction on PrEP | Gutnik et al. [47••], 2006: Reviews evidence of emotional aspects of decision-making and develops a model for applying these findings to understanding sexual risk |
Identity | Social psychology; sociology | PrEP represents a unique opportunity to activate an HIV prevention role-identity to promote behavioral synergy; presenting PrEP adoption as part of a “prevention activist” identity may facilitate adherence and sustained risk reduction | Hagger et al. [49], 2007: Examination of the role of identity in determining intention and behavior for three health behaviors |