Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Immunologic Research
Erschienen in: Immunologic Research 2-3/2011

01.08.2011 | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

Latent tuberculosis: what the host “sees”?

verfasst von: Hannah P. Gideon, JoAnne L. Flynn

Erschienen in: Immunologic Research | Ausgabe 2-3/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most successful pathogen of mankind and remains a major threat to global health as the leading cause of death due to a bacterial pathogen. Yet 90–95% of those who are infected with MTB remain otherwise healthy. These people are classified as “latently infected,” but remain a reservoir from which active TB cases will continue to develop (“reactivation tuberculosis”). Latent infection is defined by the absence of clinical symptoms of TB in addition to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the purified protein derivative of MTB used in tuberculin skin test or a T-cell response to MTB-specific antigens. In the absence of reliable control measures for tuberculosis, understanding latent MTB infection and subsequent reactivation is a research priority. This review aims to summarize the recent findings in human and non-human primate models of tuberculosis that have led to new concepts of latent tuberculosis.
Literatur
1.
WHO. Global tuberculosis control: key findings from the December 2009 WHO report. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85(9):69–80.
2.
Daniel TM. The history of tuberculosis. Respir Med. 2006;100(11):1862–70.PubMed
3.
Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet. 2006;367(9517):1173–80.PubMed
4.
Walker V, Selby G, Wacogne I. Does neonatal BCG vaccination protect against tuberculous meningitis? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(9):789–91.PubMed
5.
Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV, Mosteller F. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA. 1994;271(9):698–702.PubMed
6.
Brewer TF. Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(Suppl 3):S64–7.PubMed
7.
Behr MA, Small PM. Has BCG attenuated to impotence? Nature. 1997;389(6647):133–4.PubMed
8.
Behr MA, Wilson MA, Gill WP, Salamon H, Schoolnik GK, Rane S, Small PM. Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray. Science. 1999;284(5419):1520–3.PubMed
9.
Gordon SV, Eiglmeier K, Garnier T, Brosch R, Parkhill J, Barrell B, Cole ST, Hewinson RG. Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2001;81(1–2):157–63.
10.
Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC, Stover CK. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG, virulent M. bovis. J Bacteriol. 1996;178(5):1274–82.PubMed
11.
Brosch R, Gordon SV, Marmiesse M, et al. A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(6):3684–9.PubMed
12.
Knezevic I, Corbel MJ. WHO discussion on the improvement of the quality control of BCG vaccines. Vaccine. 2006;24(18):3874–7.PubMed
13.
Ritz N, Hanekom WA, Robins-Browne R, Britton WJ, Curtis N. Influence of BCG vaccine strain on the immune response and protection against tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008;32(5):821–41.PubMed
14.
Maartens G, Wilkinson RJ. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2007;370(9604):2030–43.PubMed
15.
Russell DG, Barry CE 3rd, Flynn JL. Tuberculosis: what we don’t know can, and does, hurt us. Science. 2010;328(5980):852–6.PubMed
16.
Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(3):177–84.PubMed
17.
Pai M, Minion J, Sohn H, Zwerling A, Perkins MD. Novel and improved technologies for tuberculosis diagnosis: progress and challenges. Clin Chest Med. 2009;30(4):701–16. viii.PubMed
18.
Lalvani A, Pareek M. A 100 year update on diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Br Med Bull. 2009;93:69–84.PubMed
19.
Lange C, Mori T. Advances in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Respirology. 2010;15(2):220–40.PubMed
20.
Rangaka MX, Wilkinson KA, Seldon R, et al. Effect of HIV-1 infection on T-Cell-based and skin test detection of tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(5):514–20.PubMed
21.
Lalvani A, Pareek M. Interferon gamma release assays: principles and practice. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2009;28:245–52.PubMed
22.
Herzog H. History of tuberculosis. Respiration. 1998;65(1):5–15.PubMed
23.
Barry CE 3rd, Boshoff HI, Dartois V, et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(12):845–55.PubMed
24.
Lin PL, Flynn JL. Understanding latent tuberculosis: a moving target. J Immunol. 2010;185(1):15–22.PubMed
25.
Young DB, Gideon HP, Wilkinson RJ. Eliminating latent tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol. 2009;17(5):183–8.PubMed
26.
Mtei L, Matee M, Herfort O, et al. High rates of clinical and subclinical tuberculosis among HIV-infected ambulatory subjects in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(10):1500–7.PubMed
27.
Flynn JL, Chan J, Lin PL. Macrophages and control of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011.
28.
Lin PL, Rodgers M, Smith L, et al. Quantitative comparison of active and latent tuberculosis in the cynomolgus macaque model. Infect Immun. 2009;77(10):4631–42.PubMed
29.
Lin PL, Pawar S, Myers A, et al. Early events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques. Infect Immun. 2006;74(7):3790–803.PubMed
30.
Capuano SV 3rd, Croix DA, Pawar S, et al. Experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of cynomolgus macaques closely resembles the various manifestations of human M. tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun. 2003;71(10):5831–44.PubMed
31.
Via LE, Lin PL, Ray SM, et al. Tuberculous granulomas are hypoxic in guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Infect Immun. 2008;76(6):2333–40.PubMed
32.
Canetti G. The Tubercule bacillus. Inc, New York: Springer Publishing Co; 1955.
33.
Loomis HM. Some facts in the etiology of tuberculosis, evidenced by thirty autopsies and experiments upon animals. Medical Record. 1890;38:689–98.
34.
Opie EaA J. Tubercle bacilli in latent tuberculous lesions and lung tissue without tuberculous lesions. Arch Pathol. 1927;4:1–21.
35.
Griffith AD. Types of tubercle bacilli in human tuberculosis. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1929;32:813–40.
36.
Vandiviere HM. The treated pulmonary lesion and its tubercle bacillus II. The death and resurrection. Am J Med Sci. 1956;232:30–7.PubMed
37.
Cardona PJ. New insights on the nature of latent tuberculosis infection and its treatment. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2007;6(1):27–39.PubMed
38.
Wayne LG, Sohaskey CD. Nonreplicating persistence of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55:139–63.PubMed
39.
Stewart GR, Robertson BD, Young DB. Tuberculosis: a problem with persistence. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003;1(2):97–105.PubMed
40.
Gomez JE, McKinney JD M. tuberculosis persistence, latency, and drug tolerance. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2004;84(1–2):29–44.
41.
Zhang Y. Persistent and dormant tubercle bacilli and latent tuberculosis. Front Biosci. 2004;9:1136–56.PubMed
42.
Boshoff HI, Barry CE 3rd. Tuberculosis - metabolism and respiration in the absence of growth. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(1):70–80.PubMed
43.
Ehlers S. Lazy, dynamic or minimally recrudescent? On the elusive nature and location of the mycobacterium responsible for latent tuberculosis. Infection. 2009;37(2):87–95.PubMed
44.
Cosma CL, Sherman DR, Ramakrishnan L. The secret lives of the pathogenic mycobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2003;57:641–76.PubMed
45.
Betts JC, Lukey PT, Robb LC, McAdam RA, Duncan K. Evaluation of a nutrient starvation model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence by gene and protein expression profiling. Mol Microbiol. 2002;43(3):717–31.PubMed
46.
Roxas BA, Li Q. Acid stress response of a mycobacterial proteome: insight from a gene ontology analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2009;2(4):309–28.PubMed
47.
Rustad TR, Harrell MI, Liao R, Sherman DR. The enduring hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2008;3(1):e1502.PubMed
48.
Stewart GR, Wernisch L, Stabler R, Mangan JA, Hinds J, Laing KG, Young DB, Butcher PD. Dissection of the heat-shock response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using mutants and microarrays. Microbiology. 2002;148(Pt 10):3129–38.PubMed
49.
Rustad TR, Sherrid AM, Minch KJ, Sherman DR. Hypoxia: a window into Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency. Cell Microbiol. 2009;11(8):1151–9.PubMed
50.
Rao PK, Rodriguez GM, Smith I, Li Q. Protein dynamics in iron-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed by turnover and abundance measurement using hybrid-linear ion trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2008;80(18):6860–9.PubMed
51.
Kesavan AK, Brooks M, Tufariello J, Chan J, Manabe YC. Tuberculosis genes expressed during persistence and reactivation in the resistant rabbit model. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2009;89(1):17–21.
52.
Lin MY, Ottenhoff TH. Not to wake a sleeping giant: new insights into host-pathogen interactions identify new targets for vaccination against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biol Chem. 2008;389(5):497–511.PubMed
53.
Black GF, Thiel BA, Ota MO, et al. Immunogenicity of novel DosR regulon-encoded candidate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in three high-burden populations in Africa. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16(8):1203–12.PubMed
54.
Demissie A, Leyten EM, Abebe M, et al. Recognition of stage-specific mycobacterial antigens differentiates between acute and latent infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13(2):179–86.PubMed
55.
Leyten EM, Lin MY, Franken KL, et al. Human T-cell responses to 25 novel antigens encoded by genes of the dormancy regulon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect. 2006;8(8):2052–60.PubMed
56.
Roupie V, Romano M, Zhang L, et al. Immunogenicity of eight dormancy regulon-encoded proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in DNA-vaccinated and tuberculosis-infected mice. Infect Immun. 2007;75(2):941–9.PubMed
57.
Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, De Smet KA, Haslov K, Pasvol G, Singh M, Svarcova I, Ivanyi J. Human T- and B-cell reactivity to the 16 kDa alpha-crystallin protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol. 1998;48(4):403–9.PubMed
58.
Geluk A, Lin MY, van Meijgaarden KE, Leyten EM, Franken KL, Ottenhoff TH, Klein MR T. cell recognition of the HspX protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis correlates with latent M. tuberculosis infection but not BCG vaccination. Infect Immun. 2007;75:2914–21.PubMed
59.
Wilkinson KA, Stewart GR, Newton SM, et al. Infection biology of a novel alpha-crystallin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Acr2. J Immunol. 2005;174(7):4237–43.PubMed
60.
Gideon HP, Wilkinson KA, Rustad TR, et al. Hypoxia induces an immunodominant target of tuberculosis specific T cells absent from common BCG vaccines. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(12):e1001237.PubMed
61.
Smieja MJ, Marchetti CA, Cook DJ, Smaill FM. Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001363.PubMed
62.
Houk VN, Kent DC, Sorensen K, Baker JH. The eradication of tuberculosis infection by isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Arch Environ Health. 1968;16(1):46–50.PubMed
63.
Mount FW, Ferebee SH. The effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on tuberculosis morbidity among household contacts of previously known cases of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1962;85:821–7.PubMed
64.
Ferebee SH, Mount FW. Tuberculosis morbidity in a controlled trial of the prophylactic use of isoniazid among household contacts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1962;85:490–510.PubMed
65.
Veening GJ. Long term isoniazid prophylaxis. Controlled trial on INH prophylaxis after recent tuberculin conversion in young adults. Bull Int Union Tuberc. 1968;41:169–71.PubMed
66.
Ford CB, Lin PL, Chase MR, et al. Use of whole genome sequencing to estimate the mutation rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent infection. Nat Genet. 2011.
67.
Yang CM, Hsu CH, Lee CM, Wang FC. Intense uptake of [F-18]-fluoro-2 deoxy-d-glucose in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17(5):407–10.PubMed
68.
Hara T, Kosaka N, Suzuki T, Kudo K, Niino H. Uptake rates of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-choline in lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis: a positron emission tomography study. Chest. 2003;124(3):893–901.PubMed
69.
Goo JM, Im JG, Do KH, Yeo JS, Seo JB, Kim HY, Chung JK. Pulmonary tuberculoma evaluated by means of FDG PET: findings in 10 cases. Radiology. 2000;216(1):117–21.PubMed
70.
Cooper AM. Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:393–422.PubMed
71.
Cooper AM, Khader SA. The role of cytokines in the initiation, expansion, and control of cellular immunity to tuberculosis. Immunol Rev. 2008;226:191–204.PubMed
72.
Mattila JT, Diedrich CR, Lin PL, Phuah J, Flynn JL. Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced changes in T cell cytokine responses in cynomolgus macaques with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are associated with timing of reactivation. J Immunol. 2011;186(6):3527–37.PubMed
73.
Hanekom WA, Abel B, Scriba TJ. Immunological protection against tuberculosis. S Afr Med J. 2007;97(10 Pt 2):973–7.PubMed
74.
Newport MJ, Huxley CM, Huston S, Hawrylowicz CM, Oostra BA, Williamson R, Levin M. A mutation in the interferon-gamma-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(26):1941–9.PubMed
75.
Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, Siegel JN, Braun MM. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(15):1098–104.PubMed
76.
Millington KA, Innes JA, Hackforth S, et al. Dynamic relationship between IFN-gamma and IL-2 profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells and antigen load. J Immunol. 2007;178(8):5217–26.PubMed
77.
Caccamo N, Guggino G, Joosten SA, et al. Multifunctional CD4(+) T cells correlate with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(8):2211–20.PubMed
78.
Sutherland JS, Adetifa IM, Hill PC, Adegbola RA, Ota MO. Pattern and diversity of cytokine production differentiates between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(3):723–9.PubMed
79.
Day CL, Mkhwanazi N, Reddy S, Mncube Z, van der Stok M, Klenerman P, Walker BD. Detection of polyfunctional Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells and association with viral load in HIV-1-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(7):990–9.PubMed
80.
Wilkinson KA, Seldon R, Meintjes G, Rangaka MX, Hanekom WA, Maartens G, Wilkinson RJ. Dissection of regenerating T-Cell responses against tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults sensitized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(7):674–83.PubMed
81.
Seder RA, Darrah PA, Roederer M. T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(4):247–58.PubMed
82.
Khader SA, Cooper AM. IL-23 and IL-17 in tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2008;41(2):79–83.PubMed
83.
Cooper AM. Editorial: be careful what you ask for: is the presence of IL-17 indicative of immunity? J Leukoc Biol. 2010;88(2):221–3.PubMed
84.
Berry MP, Graham CM, McNab FW, et al. An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis. Nature. 2010;466(7309):973–7.PubMed
85.
Green AM, Mattila JT, Bigbee CL, Bongers KS, Lin PL, Flynn JL. CD4(+) regulatory T cells in a cynomolgus macaque model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(4):533–41.PubMed
86.
Burl S, Hill PC, Jeffries DJ, et al. FOXP3 gene expression in a tuberculosis case contact study. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;149(1):117–22.PubMed
87.
Kaufmann SH. How can immunology contribute to the control of tuberculosis? Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1(1):20–30.PubMed
88.
Tsai MC, Chakravarty S, Zhu G, et al. Characterization of the tuberculous granuloma in murine and human lungs: cellular composition and relative tissue oxygen tension. Cell Microbiol. 2006;8(2):218–32.PubMed
89.
Maglione PJ, Chan J. How B cells shape the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(3):676–86.PubMed
90.
Maertzdorf J, Repsilber D, Parida SK, Stanley K, Roberts T, Black G, Walzl G, Kaufmann SH. Human gene expression profiles of susceptibility and resistance in tuberculosis. Genes Immun. 2011;12(1):15–22.PubMed
91.
Jacobsen M, Repsilber D, Gutschmidt A, Neher A, Feldmann K, Mollenkopf HJ, Ziegler A, Kaufmann SH. Candidate biomarkers for discrimination between infection and disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Med. 2007;85(6):613–21.PubMed
92.
Walzl G, Ronacher K, Hanekom W, Scriba TJ, Zumla A. Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(5):343–54.PubMed
93.
Keane J. Tumor necrosis factor blockers and reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):300–2.PubMed
94.
Wallis RS. Infectious complications of tumor necrosis factor blockade. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22(4):403–9.PubMed
95.
Lin PL, Myers A, Smith L, et al. Tumor necrosis factor neutralization results in disseminated disease in acute and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with normal granuloma structure in a cynomolgus macaque model. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):340–50.PubMed
96.
Corbett EL, Bandason T, Cheung YB, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence population provided with enhanced diagnosis of symptomatic disease. PLoS Med. 2007;4(1):e22.PubMed
97.
Lawn SD, Wood R, Wilkinson RJ. Changing concepts of “latent tuberculosis infection” in patients living with HIV infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011.
98.
Kalsdorf B, Scriba TJ, Wood K, et al. HIV-1 infection impairs the bronchoalveolar T-cell response to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(12):1262–70.PubMed
99.
Diedrich CR, Mattila JT, Klein E, et al. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis in cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV is associated with early peripheral T cell depletion and not virus load. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9611.PubMed
100.
Kagina BM, Abel B, Bowmaker M, et al. Delaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age may result in an enhanced memory CD4 T cell response. Vaccine. 2009;27(40):5488–95.PubMed
101.
Hesseling AC, Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Fine PE, Godfrey-Faussett P, Beyers N. The risk of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected children. Vaccine. 2007;25(1):14–8.PubMed
102.
Hesseling AC, Rabie H, Marais BJ, et al. Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine-induced disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(4):548–58.PubMed
103.
WHO. Revised BCG vaccination guidelines for infants at risk for HIV infection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82(21):193–6.
104.
Delogu G, Fadda G. The quest for a new vaccine against tuberculosis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3(1):5–15.PubMed
105.
Lambert PH, Hawkridge T, Hanekom WA. New vaccines against tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med. 2009;30(4):811–26. x.PubMed
106.
Hanekom WA, Lawn SD, Dheda K, Whitelaw A. Tuberculosis research update. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(8):981–9.PubMed
107.
Aagaard C, Hoang T, Dietrich J, et al. A multistage tuberculosis vaccine that confers efficient protection before and after exposure. Nat Med. 2011;17(2):189–94.PubMed
108.
Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD000171.PubMed
109.
Menzies D, Al Jahdali H, Al Otaibi B. Recent developments in treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133(3):257–66.PubMed
110.
Lobue P, Menzies D. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Respirology. 2010;15(4):603–22.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Latent tuberculosis: what the host “sees”?
verfasst von
Hannah P. Gideon
JoAnne L. Flynn
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2011
Verlag
Humana Press Inc
Erschienen in
Immunologic Research / Ausgabe 2-3/2011
Print ISSN: 0257-277X
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-0755
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-011-8229-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2-3/2011

Immunologic Research 2-3/2011 Zur Ausgabe

University of Pittsburgh Immunology 2011

Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of B cell development

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

Lung myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulation of inflammation

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: vaccines or autologous transplants?

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

The CSPG4-specific monoclonal antibody enhances and prolongs the effects of the BRAF inhibitor in melanoma cells

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

Pneumocystis infection and the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH IMMUNOLOGY 2011

Dendritic cells and the maintenance of self-tolerance

Neu im Fachgebiet HNO

Kinder mit anhaltender Sinusitis profitieren häufig von Antibiotika

30.04.2024 Rhinitis und Sinusitis Nachrichten

Persistieren Sinusitisbeschwerden bei Kindern länger als zehn Tage, ist eine Antibiotikatherapie häufig gut wirksam: Ein Therapieversagen ist damit zu über 40% seltener zu beobachten als unter Placebo.

CUP-Syndrom: Künstliche Intelligenz kann Primärtumor finden

30.04.2024 Künstliche Intelligenz Nachrichten

Krebserkrankungen unbekannten Ursprungs (CUP) sind eine diagnostische Herausforderung. KI-Systeme können Pathologen dabei unterstützen, zytologische Bilder zu interpretieren, um den Primärtumor zu lokalisieren.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Update HNO

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise