Overview of the TPB and RAA
Method
Searches
Selection Criteria
Data Abstraction
RAA measures reported | Study characteristics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Experiential and instrumental attitudes | Injunctive and descriptive norm | Capacity and autonomy | Sample size (N) | Type of behavior | Sample type | Follow-up (weeks) |
Abraham, Henderson, and Der (2004) [44] | ✓ | 260a
2048b
| Protection: using condoms | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 130 | ||
Armitage and Conner (1999a) [45] | ✓ | 94 | Protection: eating a low fat diet | Student | Shorter, 4 | ||
Armitage and Conner (1999b) [46] | ✓ | 413 | Protection: eating a low-fat diet | Adult: workforce | Longer, 13 | ||
Armitage, Conner, Loach, and Willetts (1999) [47] | ✓ | 121 | Risk: multiple drug behaviors, drink alcohol, smoke cannabis | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Berg, Jonsson, and Conner (2000) [48] | ✓ | 1086a
1500b
| Protection: healthy eating | Adolescent/school: school children | Shorter, 3 | ||
Bish, Sutton, and Golombok (2000) [49] | ✓ | ✓ | 133 | Detective: health screening | Adult: general public | Longer, 13 | |
Blanchard et al. (2009a) [50] | ✓ | 511 | Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Blanchard et al. (2009b) [51] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American | ✓ ✓ | 176 237 | Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables | Student Student | Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 | ||
Blanchard et al. (2008a) [52] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American | ✓ ✓ | 197 238 | Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity | Student Student | Shorter, 1 Shorter, 1 | ||
Blanchard et al. (2008b) [53] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American | ✓ ✓ | 273 280 | Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity | Student Student | Longer, 8 Longer, 8 | ||
Boudreau, Godin, Pineau, and Bradet (1995) [54] | ✓ | 86 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: workforce | Longer, 8 | ||
Bryan and Rocheleau (2002) [55] | ✓ | 204 | Protection: physical activity (aerobic and resistance exercise) | Student | Longer, 13 | ||
Chatzisarantis, Hagger, Wang, and Thogersen-Ntoumani (2009) [56] | ✓ | 231 | Protection: physical activity | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 5 | ||
Conner, Godin, Sheeran, and Germain (2012) [57] | ✓ | ✓ | 1070 | Other: donating blood | Adult: general public | Longer, 26 | |
Conner and McMillan (1999) [58] | ✓ | 118 | Risk: using illegal drugs | Student | Longer, 13 | ||
Conner, Rhodes, Morris, McEachan, and Lawton (2011) [29] Study 1: Control group Study 2: Control group | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | 61 32 | Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity | Student Student | Shorter, 3 Shorter, 3 |
Conner, Rodgers, and Murray (2007) [59] | ✓ | ✓ | 146 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 1 | |
Conner, Sherlock, and Orbell (1998), Study 2 [60] | ✓ | ✓ | 123 | Risk: using illegal drugs | Adult: general public | Longer, 8 | |
de Bruijn, Keer, van den Putte, and Neijens (2012) [61] | ✓ | 109 | Protection: fruit consumption | Student | Shorter, 4 | ||
de Bruijn, Rhodes, and van Osch (2012) [62] | ✓ | 415 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 3 | ||
de Bruijn, Verkooijen, de Vries, and van den Putte (2012) [63] | ✓ | 413 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
de Vries, Backbier, Kok, and Dijkstra (1995) [40] | ✓ | 401 | Risk: smoking | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 26 | ||
Dunn, Mohr, Wilson, and Wittert (2011) [64] | ✓ | ✓ | 401 | Risk: fast food | Adult: general public | Shorter, 1 | |
Elliott and Ainsworth (2012) [65] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 120 | Risk: binge drinking | Student | Shorter, 2 |
Elliott and Thomson (2010) [66] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 1403 | Risk: speeding | Adult: general public | Longer, 26 |
Ellis Gardner and Hausenblas (2004) [67] | ✓ | 58c
| Protection: exercising and eating a healthy diet | Adult: overweight women | Shorter, 4 | ||
Eves, Hoppe, and McLaren (2003) [68] | ✓ | 133a
233b
| Protection: six separate physical activity behaviors (e.g., aerobics, swimming) | Adult: general public | Shorter, 4 | ||
Giles, Liddell, and Bydawell (2005) [69] | ✓ | 32 | Protection: using condoms | Adolescent/school: young people | Shorter, 1 | ||
Giles, McClenahan, Cairns, and Mallet (2004) [70] | ✓ | 55a
100b
| Other: donating blood | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Godin, Anderson, Lambert, and Desharnais (2005) [71] | ✓ | 740 | Protection: physical activity | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 52 | ||
Hagger and Chatzisarantis (2005) [72] Study 1 Study 2 | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | 523 596 | Protection: dieting Protection: exercise | Student Adult: workforce | Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 |
Hoie, Moan, Rise, and Larsen (2012) [73] Sample 1: Young people Sample 2: General Public | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | 174 272 | Other: Quitting smoking Other: Quitting smoking | Adolescent/school: young people Adult: general public | Longer, 13 Longer, 13 | |
Jackson, Smith, and Conner (2003) [74] | ✓ | ✓ | 85 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: workforce | Longer, 8 | |
Karvinen et al. (2009) [75] | ✓ | ✓ | 397 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: patient | Longer, 12 | |
Kellar and Abraham (2005) [76] control group | ✓ | 69 | Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Kraft, Rise, Sutton, and Roysamb (2005) [77] | ✓ | ✓ | 110 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | |
Lawton, Ashley, Dawson, Waiblinger, and Conner (2012) [78] Sample 1: White British Sample 2: South Asian | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ | 71 113 | Other: breastfeeding Other: breastfeeding | Adult: pregnant mothers Adult: pregnant mothers | Longer, 26 Longer, 26 |
Lawton, Conner, and McEachan (2009) [25] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 390 | Multiple Risk (binge drinking, alcohol, illegal drugs, smoking exceeding speed limit) Protection (brushing teeth, exercising, flossing, fruit and vegetable consumption, low fat diet, physical activity, self-examination, sunscreen use, vitamin use) | General public | Shorter, 4 |
Lowe, Eves, and Carroll (2002) [79] | ✓ | 365 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: general public | Longer, 26 | ||
McEachan, Sutton, and Myers (2010) [80] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 397a
418b
| Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 |
McMillan and Conner (2003) [81] | ✓ | 139 | Risk: using illegal drugs | Student | Longer, 26 | ||
McMillan et al. (2008) [82] | ✓ | 248 | Other: breastfeeding | Adult: general public | Longer, 6 | ||
McMillan, Higgins, and Conner (2005) [83] | ✓ | 620a
741b
| Other: not initiating smoking | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 13 | ||
Molla, Astrom, and Berhane (2007) [84] | ✓ | 743 | Protection: using condoms | Adult: general public | Longer, 12 | ||
Myers and Horswill (2006) [85] | ✓ | 46 | Protection: using sunscreen | Student | Longer, 16 | ||
Norman (2011) [86] | ✓ | 109a
137b
| Risk: binge drinking | Student | Shorter, 4 | ||
Norman, Armitage, and Quigley (2007) [87] | ✓ | 79a
94b
| Risk: binge drinking | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Norman and Conner (2006) [88] | ✓ | 273a
398b
| Risk: binge drinking | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Norman and Hoyle (2004) [89] | ✓ | 95 | Detective: breast self-examination | Adult: workforce | Shorter, 4 | ||
Payne, Jones, and Harris (2002) [90] | ✓ | 199 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: workforce | Shorter, 1 | ||
Payne, Jones, and Harris (2004) [91] | ✓ | 296 | Protection: physical activity and healthy eating | Adult: workforce | Shorter, 1 | ||
Plotnikoff, Courneya, Trinh, Karunamuni, and Sigal (2008) [92] | ✓ | 244 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: patient | Longer, 12 | ||
Povey, Conner, Sparks, James, and Shepherd (2000a) [93] | ✓ | 234a 242b
| Protection: healthy eating | Adult: general public | Shorter, 2 | ||
Povey, Conner, Sparks, James, and Shepherd (2000b) [94] Sample 1 Sample 2 | ✓ ✓ | 143 144 | Protection: eating a low-fat diet Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables | Adult: general public Adult: general public | Shorter, 4 Shorter, 4 | ||
Raudsepp, Viira, and Hannus (2010) [95] | ✓ | 236 | Protection: physical activity | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 52 | ||
Rhodes and Blanchard (2008) [96], sample 2 | ✓ | 174 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes, Blanchard, Matheson, and Coble (2006) [97] | ✓ | 230 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes and Courneya (2003) [98] | ✓ | 305 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 4 | ||
Rhodes and Courneya (2005) [99] | ✓ | 585 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes, Courneya, Blanchard, and Plotnikoff (2007) [100] | ✓ | 358 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: general public | Longer, 8 | ||
Rhodes, de Bruijn, and Matheson (2010a) [101] | ✓ | 153 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes, Jones, and Courneya (2002) [102] | ✓ | 192 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes and Matheson (2005) [103] | ✓ | 241 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 2 | ||
Rhodes, Matheson, and Mark (2010) [104] Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 | ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ | ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ | 111 100 99 101 | Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity | Student Student Student Student | Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 |
Rise, Kovac, Kraft, and Moan (2008) [105] | ✓ | ✓ | 103 | Other: quitting smoking | Student | Longer, 16 | |
Rivis and Sheeran (2003b) [106] | ✓ | 225a
333b
| Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter: 2 | ||
Rodgers, Conner, and Murray (2008) [19], study 1 | ✓ | 278 | Protection: physical activity | Student | Shorter, 1 | ||
Schutz et al. (2011) [107] Scott, Eves, French, and Hoppe (2007) [108], study 2 | ✓ | ✓ | 237 130a
139b
| Protection: using condoms Protection: physical activity | Adult: males Adult: army trainees | Longer, 26 Shorter, 1 | |
Scott et al. (2010) [109] | ✓ | 186 | Protection: physical activity | Adult: army trainees | Shorter, 1 | ||
Shankar, Conner, and Bodansky (2007) [110] | ✓ | ✓ | 54 | Detective: checking blood glucose levels | Adult: patient | Shorter, 2 | |
Sieverding, Matterne, and Ciccarello (2010) [111] | ✓ | 2307 | Detective: health screening | Adult: general public | Longer, 52 | ||
Victoir, Eertmans, Van den Bergh, and Van den Broucke (2005) [112] | ✓ | 80 | Protection: safe driving | Adult: general public | Shorter, 1 | ||
Wilkinson and Abraham (2004) [113] | ✓ | ✓ | 225 | Risk: smoking | Adolescent/school: school children | Longer, 26 | |
Woolfson and Maguire (2010) [114] | ✓ | 62 | Risk: binge drinking | Student | Shorter, 4 | ||
Number of tests (k)d
| 49e
| 42f
| 36 |
Moderator Coding
Type of health behavior
Type of sample
Time interval between measures
Analysis
Results
Overview of Tests
Overall Effect Sizes
N
|
k
|
r
+
| 95 % CI |
Q valuea
|
df
|
I
2
| FSN | Diff | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intention–behavior | 21,245 | 83 | 0.481 | 0.441–.518 | 1074.39 | 82 | 92.37 | 106,267 | – |
Experiential attitude–behavior | 12,724 | 47 | 0.299 | 0.260–.338 | 248.15 | 46 | 81.46 | 12,938 | 11.75* |
Instrumental attitude–behavior | 12,724 | 47 | 0.195 | 0.145–.244 | 363.21 | 46 | 87.34 | 5950 | – |
Injunctive norm–behavior | 12,191 | 40b
| 0.220 | 0.181–.259 | 177.85 | 39 | 78.07 | 56,549 | 4.67* |
Descriptive norm–behavior | 12,191 | 40 | 0.265 | 0.220–.310 | 255.92 | 39 | 84.76 | 7945 | – |
Autonomy–behavior | 7109 | 36c
| 0.189 | 0.139–.237 | 138.60 | 35 | 74.75 | 2232 | 17.35* |
Capacity–behavior | 7109 | 36 | 0.388 | 0.338–.435 | 174.68 | 35 | 79.96 | 9544 | – |
Experiential attitude–intention | 13,019 | 48 | 0.546 | 0.503–.586 | 510.40 | 47 | 90.79 | 50,074 | 21.01* |
Instrumental attitude–intention | 13,019 | 48 | 0.384 | 0.332–.434 | 528.63 | 47 | 91.11 | 24,049 | – |
Injunctive norm–intention | 18,110 | 42 | 0.389 | 0.348–.428 | 373.14 | 41 | 89.01 | 26,392 | 5.10* |
Descriptive norm–intention | 18,091 | 42 | 0.351 | 0.315–.387 | 274.01 | 41 | 85.04 | 21,458 | – |
Autonomy–intention | 7424 | 36c
| 0.268 | 0.197–.336 | 331.34 | 35 | 89.44 | 4820 | 32.24* |
Capacity–intention | 7424 | 36 | 0.598 | 0.550–.643 | 307.47 | 35 | 88.62 | 26,728 | – |
Experiential attitude–instrumental attitude | 12,389 | 46 | 0.457 | 0.414–.498 | 368.56 | 45 | 87.79 | 31,854 | – |
Injunctive norm–descriptive norm | 18,091 | 42 | 0.386 | 0.328–.440 | 754.95 | 41 | 93.91 | 25,894 | – |
Autonomy–capacity | 7424 | 36c
| 0.427 | 0.340–.507 | 640.80 | 35 | 94.54 | 2735 | – |
Moderator Analyses
Moderator |
Q value
|
df
| Subsample |
k
|
r
+
| 95 % CI |
I
2
| % Het | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intention–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 6.13*
| 1 | Protection | 59 | 0.479 | 0.434–0.522 | 91.9 | 10.40 |
Risk | 13 | 0.599 | 0.515–0.672 | 86.2 | |||||
Type of sample | 1.74 | 2 | School | 9 | 0.443 | 0.322–0.551 | 87.8 | 2.20 | |
Students | 41 | 0.516 | 0.464–0.565 | 87.9 | |||||
Older | 28 | 0.479 | 0.413–0.540 | 94.3 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 6.45*
| 1 | Shorter | 53 | 0.517 | 0.471–0.561 | 90.9 | 4.20 | |
Longer | 30 | 0.414 | 0.345–0.479 | 93.1 | |||||
Experiential attitude–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 10.03*
| 1 | Protection | 38 | 0.304 | 0.262–0.345 | 76.3 | 0.00 |
Risk | 3 | 0.525 | 0.399–0.630 | 89.9 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.00 | 1 | School | 2 | – | ||||
Students | 28 | 0.306 | 0.254–0.357 | 79.6 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 14 | 0.308 | 0.234–0.378 | 68.2 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 3.44 | 1 | Shorter | 34 | 0.323 | 0.277–0.368 | 84.7 | 6.00 | |
Longer | 13 | 0.242 | 0.166–0.315 | 84.7 | |||||
Instrumental attitude–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 10.09*
| 1 | Protection | 38 | 0.186 | 0.132–0.239 | 85.9 | 16.70 |
Risk | 3 | 0.475 | 0.311–0.612 | 25.2 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.81 | 1 | School | 2 | – | ||||
Students | 28 | 0.183 | 0.117–0.247 | 87.3 | 4.00 | ||||
Older | 14 | 0.234 | 0.144–0.321 | 88.3 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 0.02 | 1 | Shorter | 34 | 0.197 | 0.136–0.256 | 86.7 | 0.00 | |
Longer | 13 | 0.188 | 0.093–0.280 | 89.5 | |||||
Injunctive norm–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 3.97*
| 1 | Protection | 23 | 0.211 | 0.162–0.258 | 70.5 | 18.00 |
Risk | 9 | 0.299 | 0.226–0.369 | 73.5 | |||||
Type of sample | 4.46 | 2 | School | 7 | 0.269 | 0.184–0.351 | 76.5 | 0.00 | |
Students | 15 | 0.261 | 0.193–0.327 | 54.0 | |||||
Older | 17 | 0.179 | 0.118–0.238 | 84.8 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 2.21 | 1 | Shorter | 16 | 0.258 | 0.194–0.319 | 70.8 | 0.00 | |
Longer | 24 | 0.196 | 0.145–0.247 | 81.2 | |||||
Descriptive norm–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 8.15*
| 1 | Protection | 23 | 0.258 | 0.208–0.306 | 74.0 | 26.70 |
Risk | 9 | 0.386 | 0.313–0.454 | 76.2 | |||||
Type of sample | 11.93*
| 2 | School | 7 | 0.393 | 0.301–0.478 | 91.7 | 10.50 | |
Students | 15 | 0.291 | 0.214–0.363 | 54.2 | |||||
Older | 17 | 0.193 | 0.124–0.261 | 85.7 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 0.09 | 1 | Shorter | 16 | 0.274 | 0.199–0.346 | 66.5 | 0.00 | |
Longer | 24 | 0.260 | 0.200–0.318 | 88.9 | |||||
Autonomy–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 0.59 | 1 | Protection | 21 | 0.208 | 0.141–0.272 | 80.6 | 0.00 |
Risk | 10 | 0.165 | 0.071–0.255 | 56.3 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.74 | 1 | School | 0 | – | ||||
Students | 19 | 0.164 | 0.095–0.231 | 50.5 | 6.30 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.207 | 0.131–0.278 | 83.9 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 0.02 | 1 | Shorter | 28 | 0.190 | 0.131–0.247 | 78.4 | 0.00 | |
Longer | 8 | 0.181 | 0.072–0.286 | 46.2 | |||||
Capacity–behavior | Type of behaviora
| 0.05 | 1 | Protection | 21 | 0.400 | 0.335–0.461 | 76.1 | 0.00 |
Risk | 10 | 0.412 | 0.321–0.494 | 84.5 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.42 | 1 | School | 1 | – | ||||
Students | 19 | 0.380 | 0.312–0.444 | 66.2 | 9.10 | ||||
Older | 16 | 0.411 | 0.343–0.475 | 84.5 | |||||
Length of follow-up | 0.83 | 1 | Shorter | 29 | 0.403 | 0.346–0.457 | 69.8 | 0.00 | |
Longer | 8 | 0.346 | 0.233–0.451 | 91.2 | |||||
Experiential attitude–intention | Type of behaviora
| 4.12* | 1 | Protection | 39 | 0.536 | 0.487–0.582 | 89.6 | 0.00 |
Risk | 3 | 0.694 | 0.549–0.799 | 96.0 | |||||
Type of sample | 1.80 | 1 | School | 2 | – | ||||
Students | 28 | 0.571 | 0.514–0.622 | 89.6 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.505 | 0.420–0.582 | 93.2 | |||||
Instrumental attitude–intention | Type of behavior | 5.89* | 1 | Protection | 39 | 0.373 | 0.311–0.431 | 91.4 | 4.40 |
Type of sample | 0.89 | 1 | School | 2 | – | ||||
Students | 28 | 0.282 | 0.316–0.446 | 91.4 | 5.30 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.435 | 0.347–0.515 | 87.6 | |||||
Injunctive norm–intention | Type of behaviora
| 0.10 | 1 | Protection | 24 | 0.378 | 0.319–0.435 | 86.6 | 0.00 |
Risk | 9 | 0.396 | 0.301–0.483 | 92.9 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.84 | 2 | School | 7 | 0.366 | 0.277–0.449 | 87.8 | 0.00 | |
Students | 15 | 0.365 | 0.295–0.430 | 79.7 | |||||
Older | 18 | 0.401 | 0.344–0.455 | 88.5 | |||||
Descriptive norm–intention | Type of behaviora
| 3.22 | 1 | Protection | 23 | 0.346 | 0.298–0.392 | 75.6 | 0.00 |
Risk | 8 | 0.425 | 0.351–0.493 | 89.1 | |||||
Type of sample | 1.34 | 2 | School | 7 | 0.378 | 0.292–0.459 | 73.6 | 7.10 | |
Students | 15 | 0.362 | 0.294–0.427 | 79.2 | |||||
Older | 18 | 0.324 | 0.265–0.381 | 89.6 | |||||
Autonomy–intention | Type of behaviora
| 1.47 | 1 | Protection | 21 | 0.287 | 0.195–0.374 | 91.5 | 0.00 |
Risk | 10 | 0.189 | 0.054–0.317 | 72.9 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.51 | 1 | School | 0 | – | ||||
Students | 19 | 0.235 | 0.131–0.333 | 87.3 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.288 | 0.178–0.392 | 92.4 | |||||
Capacity–intention | Type of behaviora
| 0.38 | 1 | Protection | 20 | 0.606 | 0.540–0.665 | 90.2 | 0.00 |
Risk | 10 | 0.572 | 0.474–0.656 | 84.6 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.41 | 1 | School | 1 | – | ||||
Students | 19 | 0.615 | 0.548–0.675 | 90.4 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.584 | 0.506–0.653 | 86.9 | |||||
Experiential attitude–instrumental attitude | Type of behaviora
| 1.01 | 1 | Protection | 37 | 0.462 | 0.409–0.511 | 89.0 | 0.00 |
Risk | 3 | 0.551 | 0.375–0.688 | 86.5 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.49 | 1 | School | 2 | – | ||||
Students | 28 | 0.469 | 0.411–0.522 | 86.8 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 13 | 0.433 | 0.345–0.513 | 91.3 | |||||
Injunctive norm–descriptive norm | Type of behaviora
| 0.73 | 1 | Protection | 24 | 0.382 | 0.292–0.466 | 89.9 | 0.00 |
Risk | 9 | 0.452 | 0.312–0.572 | 98.2 | |||||
Type of sample | 2.72 | 2 | School | 7 | 0.277 | 0.127–0.415 | 91.7 | 0.00 | |
Students | 15 | 0.395 | 0.294–0.487 | 85.0 | |||||
Older | 18 | 0.413 | 0.326–0.493 | 85.0 | |||||
Autonomy–capacity | Type of behaviora
| 14.80*
| 1 | Protection | 21 | 0.529 | 0.443–0.606 | 93.4 | 36.80 |
Risk | 10 | 0.202 | 0.044–0.349 | 86.2 | |||||
Type of sample | 0.17 | 1 | School | 0 | – | ||||
Students | 19 | 0.449 | 0.327–0.557 | 94.6 | 0.00 | ||||
Older | 15 | 0.413 | 0.272–0.536 | 95.1 |
Predicting Intention and Behavior
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Behavior | – | 0.551 | 0.370 | 0.158 | 0.414 | 0.303 | 0.261 | 0.285 |
2. Intention | – | 0.564 | 0.275 | 0.675 | 0.530 | 0.388 | 0.316 | |
3. Capacity | – | 0.479 | 0.467 | 0.323 | 0.223 | 0.242 | ||
4. Autonomy | – | 0.174 | 0.205 | 0.168 | 0.157 | |||
5. Experiential attitude | – | 0.511 | 0.318 | 0.263 | ||||
6. Instrumental attitude | – | 0.379 | 0.160 | |||||
7. Injunctive norm | – | 0.400 | ||||||
8. Descriptive norm | – |
Predicting intention | Predicting behavior (step 1) | Predicting behavior (step 2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors |
B
|
SE
|
β
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
Intention | – | – | – | 0.502 | 0.016 | 0.502* | 0.435 | 0.020 | 0.435* |
Capacity | 0.273 | 0.013 | 0.273* | 0.100 | 0.017 | 0.100* | 0.085 | 0.018 | 0.085* |
Autonomy | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.008 | –0.028 | 0.015 | –0.028 | –0.032 | 0.015 | –0.032 |
Experiential attitude | 0.400 | 0.013 | 0.400* | – | – | – | 0.051 | 0.019 | 0.051* |
Instrumental attitude | 0.187 | 0.012 | 0.187* | – | – | – | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Injunctive norm | 0.098 | 0.012 | 0.098* | – | – | – | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.017 |
Descriptive norm | 0.074 | 0.011 | 0.074* | – | – | – | 0.111 | 0.015 | 0.111* |