Introduction
Method
Setting and Participants
Interventions
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Applied Relaxation
Measures
Acceptance of Chronic Pain
Satisfaction with Life
Physical Functioning
Anxiety and Depression
Pain Intensity
Summary of the Results from the RCT
Statistical Analyses
Preliminary Analyses
Tests of Indirect Effects
Supplementary Analyses
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Mean score (standard deviation) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre (n = 90) | Post (n = 56) | Follow-up 1 (n = 53) | Follow-up 2 (n = 32) | Scale range | |||||
ACT | AR | ACT | AR | ACT | AR | ACT | AR | ||
Acceptance | 47.52 (16.92) | 46.97 (14.71) | 62.48 (18.70) | 51.78 (18.96) | 57.85 (19.62) | 53.35 (18.94) | 60.82 (15.15) | 50.53 (23.26) | 0–120 |
Anxiety | 9.15 (4.57) | 8.11 (4.90) | 7.61 (4.58) | 7.37 (5.25) | 8.52 (4.59) | 7.15 (4.91) | 6.41 (3.43) | 7.53 (4.19) | 0–21 |
Depression | 8.69 (4.48) | 8.95 (4.26) | 6.64 (4.61) | 7.33 (4.81) | 7.04 (4.80) | 7.96 (5.38) | 7.18 (5.28) | 7.53 (4.69) | 0–21 |
Satisfaction with life | 16.96 (6.46) | 16.87 (6.82) | 21.48 (7.07) | 18.04 (7.07) | 18.89 (6.41) | 16.58 (7.23) | 21.06 (6.07) | 16.53 (8.37) | 0–35 |
Physical functioning | 5.32 (2.23) | 4.61 (2.17) | 6.24 (2.33) | 4.81 (2.49) | 6.32 (2.23) | 4.87 (2.65) | 6.29 (2.37) | 5.13 (3.27) | 0–11 |
Pain intensity | 7.94 (1.63) | 8.34 (1.74) | 7.21 (1.95) | 7.86 (2.09) | 7.63 (1.88) | 7.84 (1.97) | 7.00 (2.25) | 8.40 (2.17) | 0–11 |
Mean change score (standard deviation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-assessment to follow-up 1 (n = 53) | Pre-assessment to follow-up 2 (n = 32) | |||
Satisfaction with life | Physical functioning | Satisfaction with life | Physical functioning | |
ACT | 3.26 (5.27) | 0.70 (1.97) | 2.24 (7.52) | 0.66 (2.39) |
AR | −0.31 (5.61) | 0.26 (1.31) | 0.07 (5.55) | −0.28 (2.05) |
Tests of Indirect Effects
Outcome (change score) | Mediator | Indirect effect | Bootstrap results for indirect effects | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95 % CI | 90 % CI | |||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Satisfaction with life | ||||||
Pre to follow-up 1 | Acceptance | 0.339 | −0.582 | 2.609 | −0.378 | 2.175 |
Anxiety | −0.001 | −0.601 | 0.512 | −0.409 | 0.367 | |
Depression | 0.087 | −0.353 | 1.505 | −0.252 | 1.181 | |
Pre to follow-up 2 | Acceptance | 0.893 | −1.421 | 6.260 | −1.036 | 5.228 |
Anxiety | 0.051 | −1.327 | 1.628 | −1.009 | 1.229 | |
Depression | 0.179 | −1.153 | 3.644 | −0.859 | 2.869 | |
Physical functioning | ||||||
Pre to follow-up 1 | Acceptance | 0.331 |
0.005
|
1.021
| – | – |
Anxiety | −0.029 | −0.376 | 0.129 | −0.287 | 0.085 | |
Depression | 0.107 | −0.119 | 0.519 | −0.068 | 0.452 | |
Pre to follow-up 2 | Acceptance | 0.683 | −0.005 | 2.122 |
0.089
|
1.827
|
Anxiety | 0.184 | −0.199 | 1.079 | −0.145 | 0.888 | |
Depression | 0.203 | −0.249 | 1.704 | −0.142 | 1.322 |
Satisfaction with Life
Physical Functioning
Supplementary Analyses
Physical Functioning
Covariate | Outcome | Indirect effect—acceptance as mediator | Bootstrap results for indirect effects controlling for covariate variables | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical functioning | 95 % CI | 90 % CI | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Pain intensity | Pre to follow-up 1 | 0.242 | −0.016 | 0.959 |
0.008
|
0.824
|
Pre to follow-up 2 | 0.946 |
0.116
|
2.579
| – | – | |
Physical functioning at post-assessment | Pre to follow-up 1 | 0.199 | −0.020 | 0.773 |
0.003
|
0.680
|
Pre to follow-up 2 | 0.836 | −0.036 | 2.771 |
0.091
|
2.346
|