Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Measures
Self-reported domestic screen time
Socio-demographic variables
Home-environmental variables
Psychosocial variables
Variable | Total sample (n = 419) | Internal consistency Cronbach alpha |
---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics
| ||
Gender (%) | ||
Men | 47.3 | |
Women | 52.7 | |
Age (mean [SD]) | 48.50 (12.10) | |
Educational level (%) | ||
No college/university degree | 43.3 | |
College/university degree | 56.7 | |
Employment status (%) | ||
Unemployed/retired | 29.4 | |
Employed | 70.6 | |
Occupation (%) | ||
Blue-collar | 19.7 | |
White-collar | 80.3 | |
Body Mass Index (mean [SD]) | 24.61 (3.90) | |
Home-environmental factors (mean [SD])
| ||
Number of TVs | 1.65 (0.89) | |
Size of largest TV seta
| 2.75 (1.04) | |
Number of computers | 1.75 (1.15) | |
Psychosocial factors (mean [SD])
| ||
Pros reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)b
| 2.59 (0.68) | 0.50 |
I think watching TV is boring
| 2.51 (0.96) | |
Watching TV takes time away from doing other more important things
| 2.80 (1.22) | |
I would feel lazy and sluggish if I watched TV for many hours
| 3.52 (1.20) | |
Watching TV sometimes hurts my eyes and gives me a headache
| 1.53 (0.85) | |
Cons reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)b
| 2.54 (0.85) | 0.77 |
I enjoy watching TV for many hours at a time
| 2.64 (1.13) | |
Watching TV is my way to escape from the world
| 2.18 (1.09) | |
Watching TV is one of my favorite types of entertainment
| 2.18 (1.14) | |
I find sitting and watching TV very relaxing
| 3.17 (1.05) | |
Family social norm TV viewingb
| ||
My family members think I spend too much time watching TV
| 1.62 (0.90) | |
Friends social norm TV viewingb
| ||
My friends think I spend too much time watching TV
| 1.46 (0.72) | |
Self-efficacy reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)c
| 3.76 (0.84) | 0.73 |
Turn off the TV even when there is a program on I enjoy
| 3.25 (1.15) | |
Limit my TV time to one hour a day
| 3.59 (1.27) | |
Leave the room where the TV is on even if others are watching TV
| 4.20 (0.94) | |
Plan ahead of time what TV shows I will watch during the week
| 4.01 (1.14) | |
Pros reducing Internet use (sum of different items)b
| 2.51 (0.80) | 0.50 |
I think using the Internet is boring
| 2.59 (1.18) | |
Using the Internet takes time away from doing other more important things
| 2.40 (1.32) | |
I would feel lazy and sluggish if I used the Internet for many hours
| 3.39 (1.37) | |
Using the Internet sometimes hurts my eyes and gives me a headache
| 1.58 (0.95) | |
Cons reducing Internet use (sum of different items)b
| 1.79 (0.74) | 0.77 |
I enjoy using the Internet for many hours at a time
| 1.85 (0.99) | |
The Internet is my way to escape from the world
| 1.65 (0.94) | |
Using the Internet is one of my favorite forms of entertainment
| 1.66 (0.93) | |
I find sitting and using Internet very relaxing
| 2.13 (1.12) | |
Family social norm Internet useb
| ||
My family members think that I spend too much time using the Internet
| 1.45 (0.78) | |
Friends social norm Internet useb
| ||
My friends think that I spend too much time using the Internet
| 1.31 (0.61) | |
Self-efficacy reducing Internet use (sum of different items)c
| 4.14 (0.91) | 0.78 |
Turn off the computer even when I am doing something funny
| 3.93 (1.10) | |
Limit my leisure-time Internet use to one hour a day
| 4.38 (0.95) | |
Plan ahead of time how much time I will spend on leisure-time Internet use daily
| 4.11 (1.18) | |
Sedentary behaviors (mean [SD])
| ||
TV viewing time (min/day) | 128.40 (76.74) | |
Leisure-time Internet use (min/day) | 43.57 (46.57) |
Data Analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Variable | r TV viewing
| r Internet use
|
---|---|---|
Home-environmental factors (mean [SD])
| ||
Number of TVs | 0.15*** | |
Size of largest TV seta
| 0.13** | |
Number of computers | 0.18*** | |
Psychosocial factors (mean [SD])
| ||
Pros reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)b
| -0.31*** | |
I think watching TV is boring
| -0.29*** | |
Watching TV takes time away from doing other more important things
| -0.13** | |
I would feel lazy and sluggish if I watched TV for many hours
| -0.35*** | |
Watching TV sometimes hurts my eyes and gives me a headache
| 0.02 | |
Cons reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)b
| 0.47*** | |
I enjoy watching TV for many hours at a time
| 0.54*** | |
Watching TV is my way to escape from the world
| 0.22*** | |
Watching TV is one of my favorite types of entertainment
| 0.36*** | |
I find sitting and watching TV very relaxing
| 0.30*** | |
Family social norm TV viewingb
| ||
My family members think I spend too much time watching TV
| 0.34*** | |
Friends social norm TV viewingb
| ||
My friends think I spend too much time watching TV
| 0.35*** | |
Self-efficacy reducing TV viewing (sum of different items)c
| -0.49*** | |
Turn off the TV even when there is a program on I enjoy
| -0.24** | |
Limit my TV time to one hour a day
| -0.65*** | |
Leave the room where the TV is on even if others are watching TV
| -0.28** | |
Plan ahead of time what TV shows I will watch during the week
| -0.25** | |
Pros reducing Internet use (sum of different items)b
| -0.16** | |
I think using the Internet is boring
| -0.39*** | |
Using the Internet takes time away from doing other more important things
| 0.09 | |
I would feel lazy and sluggish if I used the Internet for many hours
| -0.19*** | |
Using the Internet sometimes hurts my eyes and gives me a headache
| -0.13* | |
Cons reducing Internet use (sum of different items)b
| -0.31*** | |
I enjoy using the Internet for many hours at a time
| 0.51*** | |
The Internet is my way to escape from the world
| 0.30*** | |
Using the Internet is one of my favorite forms of entertainment
| 0.49*** | |
I find sitting and using Internet very relaxing
| 0.43*** | |
Family social norm Internet useb
| ||
My family members think that I spend too much time using the Internet
| 0.40*** | |
Friends social norm Internet useb
| ||
My friends think that I spend too much time using the Internet
| 0.26*** | |
Self-efficacy reducing Internet use (sum of different items)c
| -0.47*** | |
Turn off the computer even when I am doing something funny
| -0.30*** | |
Limit my leisure-time Internet use to one hour a day
| -0.54*** | |
Plan ahead of time how much time I will spend on leisure-time Internet use daily
| -0.51*** |
Socio-demographic | min/day TV viewing time | min/day leisure-time Internet use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
Gender
| ||||
Men (n = 198) | 128.83 (78.88) | 120.00 (120.00) | 53.59 (53.17) | 38.57 (40.71) |
Women (n = 221) | 128.02 (74.96) | 120.00 (102.86) | 34.67 (37.74) | 25.71 (36.43) |
Educational level
| ||||
No college/univ (n = 181) | 165.95 (80.35) | 180.00 (94.29) | 44.31 (54.95) | 30.00 (57.36) |
College/univ (n = 238) | 100.02 (59.96) | 94.29 (81.43) | 43.13 (39.20) | 30.00 (45.00) |
Age
| ||||
20 - 45 years (n = 169) | 112.65 (72.57) | 120.00 (77.14) | 46.46 (46.10) | 30.00 (40.71) |
46 - 65 years (n = 250) | 137.59 (41.94) | 137.14 (102.86) | 41.94 (46.91) | 30.00 (49.82) |
Associations of socio-demographic, home-environmental and psychosocial variables with TV viewing time (Table 4)
Dependent variable | Adj R2
| Significant correlates | Standardized β |
---|---|---|---|
TV viewing time | 0.39 |
Sociodemographic factors
| |
Age | 0.189*** | ||
Educational level | -0.148** | ||
Body Mass Index | 0.096* | ||
Home-environmental factors
| |||
Size of largest TV set | 0.107* | ||
Psychosocial factors
| |||
Pros reducing TV viewing | -0.177*** | ||
Cons reducing TV viewing | 0.155* | ||
Self-efficacy reducing TV viewing | -0.241*** | ||
Leisure-time Internet use | 0.34 |
Sociodemographic factors
| |
Educational level | 0.112* | ||
Employment status | -0.154** | ||
Home-environmental factors
| |||
Number of computers | 0.102* | ||
Psychosocial factors
| |||
Family social norm | 0.161* | ||
Pros reducing Internet use | -0.116** | ||
Cons reducing Internet use | 0.187** | ||
Self-efficacy reducing Internet use | -0.285*** |