Background
The aims of the present study
Methods
The Norwegian prison health services
Data collection procedures
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Total number of inmates | 1,955 | 100 |
- Not present at the time of the survey | 131 | 7 |
Present at the time of the survey
|
1,824
|
93
|
- Participated in the survey at another prison | 31 | 2 |
- Unable to read/write Norwegian, English or German | 93 | 5 |
- Reading/writing disabilities | 5 | 0 |
- Solitary confinement or ill at the day of survey | 48 | 3 |
- Previously arranged visits (lawyers, doctors/therapists, or family members) | 28 | 1 |
Available at the time of the survey
|
1,619
|
83
|
- Refused to participate | 123 | 6 |
- No record of reason for non-participation | 42 | 2 |
Respondents
|
1,454
|
74
|
- no prison health service experience | 304 | 16 |
Study sample
|
1,150
|
59
|
The user satisfaction questionnaire
Independent variables
Variables | N | % | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Patient level variables | |||
Age | 1135 | 35 (11) | |
Female | 57 | 5 | |
Male | 1096 | 95 | |
Duration of treatment episode: | |||
<1 month | 381 | 38 | |
1-6 months | 375 | 37 | |
> 6 months | 258 | 25 | |
Number of visits in the last three months: | |||
1 visit | 348 | 32 | |
2-5 visits | 521 | 48 | |
6-12 visits | 126 | 12 | |
> 12 visits | 91 | 8 | |
Education | |||
Obligatory/non education | 438 | 39 | |
Secondary education | 498 | 44 | |
University/college education | 196 | 17 | |
First language: | |||
Norwegian | 762 | 67 | |
Other European | 184 | 16 | |
Non-European | 191 | 17 | |
Imprisonment type: | |||
Serving sentence | 884 | 77 | |
Remand prisoner | 216 | 19 | |
Preventive detention | 50 | 4 | |
Prison health service level variables
| |||
Senior staff member's service evaluation: | |||
Having enough resources | 17 | 61 | |
Not having enough resources | 11 | 39 | |
Doing a good job regarding mental health issues | 22 | 76 | |
Not doing a good job regarding mental health issues | 7 | 24 | |
Doing a good job regarding drug issues | 21 | 72 | |
Not doing a good job regarding drug issues | 8 | 28 | |
Doing a good job regarding somatic health issues | 28 | 97 | |
Not doing a good job regarding somatic health issues | 1 | 3 | |
Capacity of prisoners/Full-time staff equivalents | 29 | 42(31) | |
Capacity of prisoners | 29 | 71(74) | |
Prison type: | |||
Open prison | 9 | 31 | |
Closed prison | 15 | 52 | |
Mixed open and closed prison | 5 | 17 |
Statistical procedures
Independent variables | Unadjusted2
| p | Adjusted2
| p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient level variables | ||||
Age | .21 | .001 | .24 | .001 |
Gender (female = 1) | 4.66 | .301 | 5.11 | .140 |
Duration of treatment episode: | ||||
1-6 months compared with <1 month | 1.09 | .482 | -.17 | .919 |
> 6 months compared with <1 month | 2.34 | .192 | -1.00 | .605 |
Number of visits in the last three months: | ||||
2-5 visits in the last three months compared with 1 visit | 5.59 | < .001 | 4.56 | .004 |
6-12 visits in the last three months compared with 1 visit | 9.96 | < .001 | 10.58 | < .001 |
> 12 visits in the last three months compared with 1 visit | 11.49 | < .001 | 10.88 | < .001 |
Drug abuse when not incarcerated3
| -.63 | .150 | -.02 | .964 |
Sleeping difficulties3
| -3.89 | < .001 | -2.94 | < .001 |
Self-evaluated physical health3
| -2.41 | < .001 | -1.17 | .119 |
Self-evaluated mental health3
| -2.70 | < .001 | -1.33 | .047 |
Secondary education compared with obligatory/none | 1.69 | .230 | .89 | .565 |
University/college education compared with obligatory/none | 5.53 | .003 | 2.25 | .278 |
European compared with Norwegian as first language | 1.54 | .421 | 1.22 | .567 |
Non-European compared with Norwegian as first language | -.89 | .618 | 1.72 | .380 |
Remand prisoner compared with serving sentence | .24 | .890 | 1.45 | .456 |
Preventive detention compared with serving sentence | .69 | .867 | 2.51 | .559 |
Prison health service level variables
| ||||
Senior staff member's service evaluation: | ||||
Enough resources compared with not | 3.49 | .268 | 7.90 | .028 |
Doing a good job regarding drug issues compared with not | 7.77 | .007 | 9.08 | .013 |
Doing a good job regarding mental health issues compared with not | .14 | .968 | -6.47 | .098 |
Capacity of prisoners/Full-time staff equivalents | -.03 | .580 | -.04 | .586 |
Prison size (capacity of prisoners) | -.02 | .214 | -.02 | .268 |
Closed prison compared with open prison | -2.57 | .472 | .53 | .909 |
Mixed compared with open prison | -2.58 | .566 | -1.90 | .718 |
Constant | 31.77 | < .001 | ||
Prison-level variance | 43.834
| .007 | 38.77 | .037 |
Patient-level variance | 454.924
| < .001 | 396.71 | < .001 |
ICC5
| 9% | 9% | ||
N | 1,144(max) | 901 |
Results
Participation rates and sample characteristics
Frequency (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items/scale | N | Mean (SD) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Patient satisfaction
| |||||||
Help with physical afflictions 1
| 1,085 | 1.56(1.27) | 275 (25) | 299 (28) | 232 (21) | 184 (17) | 95 (9) |
Help with mental afflictions 1
| 933 | 1.27(1.30) | 365 (39) | 209 (22) | 174 (19) | 113 (12) | 72 (8) |
Outcome - conversation with professional 1
| 995 | 1.55(1.10) | 177 (18) | 341 (34) | 291 (29) | 129 (13) | 57 (6) |
Overall treatment outcome 1
| 1,072 | 1.47(1.03) | 192 (18) | 381 (36) | 340 (32) | 117 (11) | 42 (4) |
Enough time for contact/dialogue 1
| 1,078 | 1.58(1.09) | 187 (17) | 354 (33) | 316 (29) | 171 (16) | 50(5) |
Clinicians' understanding of patient's situation1
| 1,084 | 1.61(1.17) | 230 (21) | 275 (25) | 324 (30) | 193 (18) | 62 (6) |
Therapy/treatment suitability1
| 1,077 | 1.36(1.10) | 284 (26) | 331 (31) | 290 (27) | 134 (12) | 38 (4) |
Follow-up actions carried out1
| 1,034 | 1.59(1.16) | 237 (23) | 235 (23) | 328 (32) | 182 (18) | 52 (5) |
Communication1
| 1,074 | 2.28(1.20) | 108 (10) | 168 (16) | 289 (27) | 331 (31) | 178 (17) |
Say in treatment package 1
| 1,043 | 1.35(1.14) | 294 (28) | 312 (30) | 255 (24) | 139 (13) | 43 (4) |
Information about treatment options1
| 1,070 | 1.30(1.21) | 380 (36) | 225 (21) | 278 (26) | 137 (13) | 50 (5) |
Information about psychological problems 1
| 1,051 | 1.42(1.18) | 307 (29) | 246 (23) | 297 (28) | 151 (14) | 50 (5) |
Total score2
| 1,144 | 38.44(22.14) | |||||
Overall satisfaction 3
| 1,131 | 2.67(1.22) | 273 (24) | 192 (17) | 377 (33) | 211 (19) | 78 (7) |
Self-evaluated health
| |||||||
Mental health 4
| 1,143 | 2.12(1.29) | 159 (14) | 208 (18) | 319 (28) | 247 (22) | 210 (18) |
Physical health 4
| 1,148 | 2.05(1.12) | 100 (9) | 248 (22) | 442 (39) | 210 (18) | 148 (13) |
Sleeping difficulties 5
| 1,139 | 2.21(1.38) | 203 (18) | 123 (11) | 301 (26) | 254 (22) | 258 (23) |
Drug abuse when not incarcerated 5
| 1,127 | 1.36(1.49) | 530 (47) | 103 (9) | 202 (18) | 139 (12) | 153 (14) |