Background
Methods
Data collection sites
Site | National life expectancy | Decedents sampled | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Male | % Female | % Under age 5 | % Ages 5 - 59 | % Ages 60+ | ||
Andhra Pradesh, India
| 64.2 | 59 | 41 | 28 | 55 | 17 |
Bohol, Philippines
| 67.8 | 56 | 44 | 31 | 38 | 31 |
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| 55.4 | 48 | 52 | 44 | 41 | 15 |
Federal District and Morelos, Mexico
| 76.2 | 53 | 46 | 21 | 46 | 34 |
Pemba Island, Tanzania
| 55.4 | 52 | 48 | 60 | 31 | 10 |
Uttar Pradesh, India
| 64.2 | 58 | 42 | 24 | 58 | 18 |
Population Size | % Urban | |
---|---|---|
Ambedkar Nagar | 2,026 | 9 |
Bahraich | 2,381 | 10 |
Barabanki | 2,673 | 9 |
Basti | 2,084 | 6 |
Faizabad | 2,088 | 13 |
Gonda | 2,765 | 7 |
Hardoi | 3,398 | 12 |
Lakhimpur | 889 | 7 |
Lucknow | 3,647 | 64 |
Rae Bareli | 2,872 | 10 |
Sitapur | 3,619 | 12 |
Sultanpur | 3,214 | 4 |
Unnao | 2,700 | 15 |
Instrument
Cause list
Gold standard criteria
Adult breast cancer | |
---|---|
Level 1 | One of the following: |
• Operative specimen with histological confirmation | |
• Biopsy/fine needle aspiration cytology | |
Level 2A | Both of the following: |
• Mammography diagnosis | |
• Imaging evidence of metastases in bone, lung, etc. based on CT scan/MRI/X-rays | |
Level 2B | Patient under treatment from a recognized cancer hospital or cancer unit for breast cancer in cases where the basis for the initial diagnosis is no longer available. |
Adult acute myocardial infarction
| |
Level 1 | Evidence of acute MI within three months preceding death based upon one or more of the following: |
• Cardiac perfusion scan | |
• ECG changes | |
• Documented history of CABG or PTCA or stenting | |
• Coronary angiography | |
• Enzyme changes (any troponin elevation or CK-MB isoenzyme elevation >2 times the upper limit of normal) in the context of myocardial ischemia | |
Level 2A | Clinical evidence of the following: |
• Sudden death within six hours of the onset of characteristic shock and chest pain when the case has been witnessed by a physician | |
Child pneumonia
| |
Level 1 | Chest X-ray showing primary end-point consolidation, pleural effusion or other consolidation/infiltration, plus two or more of the following: |
• Respiratory rate >70/minute | |
• Severe lower chest indrawing | |
• Abnormal breath sounds (i.e., grunting, decreased breath sounds, crepitations) | |
• Rectal temperature >38°C or <36°C | |
• Oral or axillary temperature >37.5°C or <35.5°C | |
Neonatal birth asphyxia
| |
Level 1 | Each of the following: |
• Failure both to breathe spontaneously and to cry at birth | |
• No major congenital abnormality | |
• Not a stillbirth (one or more signs of life at birth like pulse or movement) | |
Plus one of the following in the 24 hours after birth: | |
• Not feeding | |
• Hypotonia | |
• Seizures | |
• Needed and failed resuscitation at birth |
Data collection
Identification of gold standard deaths
VA interview
Quality control of fieldwork and data entry
Generation of dichotomized variables
Inclusion of health care experience
Processing free text for use in empirical methods
Analysis datasets
Shortened cause lists
Adult | Child | Neonate | |
---|---|---|---|
Target cause list
| 53 | 27 | 13 |
>15 deaths
| 46 | 22 | 12 |
Cross classification
| 34 | 21 | 10 |
Results
Site | Adult | Child | Neonate | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 1 | Level 2 | ||
Andhra Pradesh
| 1,285 | 269 | 385 | 66 | 376 | 1 |
2,382
|
Bohol
| 998 | 262 | 234 | 30 | 374 | 0 |
1,898
|
Dar es Salaam
| 1,556 | 162 | 366 | 106 | 1,047 | 2 |
3,239
|
Mexico
| 1,373 | 215 | 124 | 4 | 313 | 2 |
2,031
|
Pemba Island
| 266 | 31 | 156 | 105 | 261 | 3 |
822
|
Uttar Pradesh
| 1,277 | 142 | 412 | 87 | 251 | 1 |
2,170
|
Total
|
6,755
|
1,081
|
1,677
|
398
|
2,622
|
9
|
12,542
|
Adult causes | Level 1 | Level 2A | Level 2B |
---|---|---|---|
AIDS | 345 | 0 | 8 |
AIDS with TB | 148 | 0 | 0 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 376 | 24 | 0 |
Anemia | 68 | 0 | 0 |
Asthma | 13 | 34 | 0 |
Bite of venomous animal | 66 | 0 | 0 |
Breast cancer | 179 | 3 | 12 |
COPD | 170 | 1 | 0 |
Cervical cancer | 127 | 23 | 5 |
Cirrhosis | 82 | 231 | 0 |
Colorectal cancer | 85 | 6 | 8 |
Dementia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Diabetes with coma | 144 | 0 | 0 |
Diabetes with renal failure | 156 | 0 | 0 |
Diabetes with skin infection/sepsis | 114 | 0 | 0 |
Diarrhea/dysentery | 221 | 7 | 0 |
Drowning | 106 | 0 | 0 |
Epilepsy | 47 | 1 | 0 |
Esophageal cancer | 26 | 13 | 1 |
Falls | 173 | 0 | 0 |
Fires | 122 | 0 | 0 |
Hemorrhage | 111 | 3 | 0 |
Homicide | 167 | 0 | 0 |
Hypertensive disorder | 107 | 6 | 0 |
Congestive heart failure | 221 | 0 | 0 |
Inflammatory heart disease | 42 | 0 | 0 |
Leukemia | 71 | 2 | 5 |
Liver cancer | 29 | 0 | 2 |
Lung cancer | 66 | 36 | 4 |
Lymphomas | 74 | 0 | 3 |
Malaria | 89 | 11 | 0 |
Mouth/oropharynx cancer | 22 | 0 | 0 |
Obstructed labor | 17 | 1 | 0 |
Other cancers | 142 | 0 | 0 |
Other cardiovascular diseases | 153 | 0 | 0 |
Other digestive diseases | 166 | 0 | 0 |
Other infectious diseases | 258 | 0 | 0 |
Other injuries | 103 | 0 | 0 |
Other noncommunicable diseases | 200 | 0 | 0 |
Other pregnancy-related deaths | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Ovarian cancer | 32 | 1 | 0 |
Pelvic inflammatory disease | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Pneumonia | 310 | 229 | 0 |
Poisonings | 86 | 0 | 0 |
Prostate cancer | 40 | 8 | 0 |
Renal failure | 411 | 2 | 0 |
Road traffic | 202 | 0 | 0 |
Sepsis | 24 | 46 | 0 |
Stomach cancer | 50 | 10 | 2 |
Stroke | 378 | 252 | 0 |
Suicide | 124 | 0 | 0 |
TB | 196 | 79 | 0 |
Uterine cancer | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Child causes | Level 1 | Level 2A | Level 2B |
---|---|---|---|
AIDS | 19 | 0 | 0 |
AIDS with TB | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Bite of venomous animal | 54 | 0 | 0 |
Diarrhea/dysentery | 255 | 1 | 0 |
Drowning | 82 | 1 | 0 |
Encephalitis | 41 | 0 | 0 |
Falls | 49 | 0 | 0 |
Fires | 68 | 0 | 0 |
Hemorrhagic fever | 51 | 0 | 0 |
Malaria | 59 | 58 | 0 |
Measles | 0 | 23 | 0 |
Meningitis | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Other cancers | 28 | 0 | 0 |
Other cardiovascular diseases | 76 | 0 | 0 |
Other defined causes of child deaths | 182 | 0 | 0 |
Other digestive diseases | 48 | 0 | 0 |
Other infectious diseases | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Other respiratory diseases | 12 | 0 | 0 |
Pertussis | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pneumonia | 272 | 224 | 1 |
Pneumonia and diarrhea | 35 | 3 | 0 |
Poisonings | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Road traffic | 92 | 0 | 0 |
Sepsis (with local bacterial infection) | 22 | 15 | 0 |
Sepsis (without local bacterial infection) | 39 | 67 | 0 |
TB | 4 | 5 | 0 |
Violent death | 52 | 0 | 0 |
Neonate causes | Level 1 | Level 2A | Level 2B |
---|---|---|---|
Birth asphyxia | 461 | 0 | 0 |
Congenital malformation | 250 | 0 | 0 |
Meningitis (serious infection) | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Pneumonia (serious infection) | 84 | 5 | 0 |
Preterm delivery (<33 weeks gestational age [GA]) without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | 353 | 0 | 0 |
Preterm delivery (with or without RDS) and sepsis | 75 | 1 | 0 |
Preterm delivery (without RDS) and birth asphyxia | 89 | 0 | 0 |
Preterm delivery (without RDS) and sepsis and birth asphyxia | 34 | 0 | 0 |
Respiratory distress syndrome (33-36 weeks GA) | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Respiratory distress syndrome (<33 weeks GA) | 97 | 0 | 0 |
Sepsis (serious infection) | 127 | 1 | 0 |
Sepsis with local bacterial infection | 32 | 1 | 0 |
Stillbirth | 1,001 | 1 | 0 |
Tetanus | 4 | 0 | 0 |