Introduction
Description of the study area
Materials and methods
Reconnaissance survey and study site selection
Informant selection
Data collection
Specimen identification
Data analysis
Preference ranking
Paired comparison
Voucher number
| Family, Genera, species names | Local names | Growth habit | Plant type, cultivated/wild | Part(s) used and preparation method | Administration route | Disease(s) treated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA | Alliaceae, Allium sativum L. | Qullubbii | H | D | Bulb of A. sativum and rhizome of Ginger officinale are pounded and eaten with honey. | Oral | Malaria |
78
| |||||||
BA | Aloaceae, Aloe monticola Reynolds | Hargisa | H | W | Root is pounded and mixed with cold water and local alcohol (tella) | Oral | Anthrax |
45
| |||||||
BA
| Aloaceae, Aloe macrocarpa Tod | Hargisa | H | W | Leaf of A. macrocarpa is powdered and mixed with honey | Oral | Wart |
52
| |||||||
BA | Amaranthaceae, Amaranthus caudatus L. | Iyyaasuu | H | W | Leaf is pounded and boiled. | oral | Diarrhea |
6
| |||||||
BA | Apocynaceae, Carissa spinarum L. | Hagamsa | SH | W | Fresh root of C. spinarum is pounded and mixed with tella (local alcohol). | Oral | Impotence |
24
| |||||||
Gonorrhea, | |||||||
Stomachache | |||||||
Headache | |||||||
BA | Asteraceae, Acmella caulirhiza Del. | Gutichaa | H | W | Flower of A. Caulirhiza is chewed and spitted on tonsillitis | Oral | Tonsillitis |
21
| |||||||
BA | Asteraceae, Artemisia abyssinica | Ariti | H | W | Crushed fresh root of A. abyssinica is homogenized in water and the patient smell and drink | Oral Nasal | Evil spirit |
35
| |||||||
Sch.Bip.ex.Rich/ | |||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Asteraceae, Echinops kebericho, Mesfin | Qabarichoo | H | W | Pounded dry root is mixed with coffee | Oral | Toothache |
77
| |||||||
vomiting | |||||||
Headache | |||||||
BA | Asteraceae, Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. | Adaa | SH | W | Leaf of G. scabra is squeezed and its drop is prepared. | Dermal | Wound |
53
| |||||||
BA | Brassicaceae, Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm | Surumaa | SH | W | leafy-stem of C. didymus is collected and dried in sunlight, crushed and mixed with soup of sorghum | Oral | Bone fracture |
25 | |||||||
BA | Cactaceae, Opuntia ficus -indica (L.) Mill. | Nimi | T | W | leaf of O. Ficus-indica is collected with small node and fumigated in the house | fumigation | Kill malarial vectors |
38
| |||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Capparidaceae, Crateva adansonii D.C. Prodr | Qolladii | SH | W | Dried root of C. adansonii powdered, mixed with water | Oral | Gonorrhoea |
4
| |||||||
BA | Capparidaceae, Ritchiea albersii Gilg | Arbuu | T | W | Drops from stem and tied on the wound Seed pounded and mixed with tea/ H2O | Oral | Cough |
27
| |||||||
BA | Combretaceae, Combertum paniculatum Vent | Baggii | SH | W | Bark latex of C. paniculatum is pounded and mixed with soda and creamed on affected skin. | Dermal | Ringworm |
7
| |||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Crassulaceae, Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe | Endahula | H | W | Leaves of K.densiflora is squeezed, and its drop is dropped on the wound | Dermal | Gonorrhea |
61
| |||||||
BA | Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita pepo L. | Buqqee | H | D | Seed powder is mixed with water and filtered | Oral | Gonorrhea |
67
| |||||||
BA | Euphorbiaceae, Croton macrostachyus Del. | Bakkannisa | T | W | Powdered leafy-stem of C. macrostachyus is mixed with H2O and butter and filtered finally. | Dermal | Wound |
38
| |||||||
Oral | Malaria | ||||||
Oral | Gonorrhea | ||||||
BA | Euphorbaceae, Euphorbia abbyssinica J.F.Gmel. | Adaamii | T | W | Bark decoction is taken | Oral | gastro-intestinal, Ascaris, Gonohhorea |
36 | |||||||
BA | Euphorbiaceae, Justicia schimperiana (Nees) T. Anderson | Loomii | T | D | Seed of J. Schimperiana is crushed and mixed with water and filtered | Oral | Rabies |
42
| |||||||
BA | Fabaceae, Acacia abyssinica Hochst ex.Benth. | Laaftoo | T | W | Leaf of A. abyssinica is smashed and the sap is made. | Dermal | Goiter |
26 | |||||||
BA | Fabaceae, Albizia schimperiana Oliv. | Imalaa | T | W | Root of A. schimperiana and Pterolobium stellatum is dried and powdered. | Nasal | Evil eye |
65
| |||||||
Root of A.schimperiana is powdered and the powder is rolled in clean cloth and tied to the neck of equines. | Swelling | ||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Fabaceae, Calpurnia subdecandra (L’Herit.) Schweick. | Ceeqaa | SH | W | Leaf of C. subdecandra is smashed and rubbed on affected area. | Dermal | Skin diseases |
28
| |||||||
BA | Fabaceae, Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Ex. DC. | Beroo | T | W | Crushed fresh bark is homogenized in water | Oral | Abdominal distention, and cramp |
63
| |||||||
BA | Fabaceae, Taverniera abyssinica A. Rich, | Dingatanya | SH | W | Dried root is fumigated only dry root is tuting with teelth | Oral | Spiritual disease |
18
| |||||||
Internal Parasite | |||||||
BA | Lamiaceae, Ajuga integrifolia, Buch.-Hamn. | Armaguusa | H | W | Leaf of A. integrifolia is pounded and mixed with nut oil | Oral | Epilepsy |
29
| |||||||
BA | Lamiaceae, Clerdendrum myricoides Hochst | Maraasisa | SH | W | Leaves of C. Myricoides are extracted with cold water | Oral | Abdominal distension |
32 | |||||||
BA | Lamiaceae, Ocimum gratissimum L. | Damakase | SH | w | Leaf of O. gratissimum is squeezed and its drop is prepared | Oral | Alergic |
11
| Nasal | ||||||
Skin | |||||||
BA | Lamiaceae, Ocimium lamifolium Hochst. Ex. Benth. | Hancabbii | H | D | Leaf of Ocimum lamifolium is smashed and sniffed | Nasal | Headache |
15
| |||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Loganiaceae, Buddleja polystachya Fresen. | Hanfaaree | T | W | Leaf of B. polystachya is chewed and spitted on cattle eye. | Optical | Eye disease |
31
| |||||||
BA | Melianthaceae, Bersama abyssinica Fresen. | Lolchiisaa | SH | W | Leafy-Stem tip of B. abyssinica is squeezed and creamed on wound | Dermal | Wound |
12
| |||||||
BA | Moraceae, Ficus sycomorus L. | Odaa | T | W | Sap is collected from bark surface of Ficus sycomorus and creamed on skin. | Dermal | Hepatitis |
47
| |||||||
BA | Muluginaceae, Glinus lotoides L. | Mataharree | H | W | Leafy-stem of G. lotoides is crused, pwodered and liquified. | Oral | Tape worm |
23
| |||||||
BA | Myrsinaceae, Maisa lanceolata, | Abbayii | T | W | Bark of M. lanceolata is pounded and mixed with butter | External, | Elephantiasis |
82
| |||||||
BA | Myrtaceae, Eucalyptus globules labing | Bargamoo Adii |
T
|
D
| Leaf of E. globules is boiled in water | Nasal | Influenza |
48
| Allergic | ||||||
BA | Poaceae, Cynodon dactylon L. Pers | Coqosa adii | H | W | Leafy-stem is harvested and given for cattle | Oral | Bone fracture |
30
| |||||||
BA | Poaceae, Cynodon nemfuensis | Coqorsa gurraacha | H | W | Crash leaf stem with teeth | Dermal | Tonsillitis |
46
| |||||||
BA | Phytolaccaceae, Phytolocca dodecandra, L ‘Hert. | Andoodee | H | W | Leaf of P. dodecandra is squeezed and juice is made | Oral | Sinus |
34
| |||||||
Anemia | |||||||
BA | Plumbaginaceae, Plumbago zeylanica L. | Martus | H | W | Leaf of P. zeylanica is squeezed and juice is made | Oral | Cancer |
41
| |||||||
BA | Polygalaceae, Rumex neppalensis Spreng | Tult | H | W | Root of R. nepalensis is pounded and two cup of tea is taken with coffee. | Oral | Stomachache |
10
| |||||||
BA | Polygalaceae, Securidica longipedunculata Fresen | Etsamanaay (Amharic) | T | W | Root is pounded and mixed with H2O | Oral | Intestinal parasite |
13
| |||||||
BA | Ranunculaceae, Nigella sativa L. | Gurra | SH | D | Concoction, dry pounded seed with pounded dry Brassica juncea and Echinops kebericho root, powder is mixed with water | Nasal | Headache |
22
| |||||||
BA | Rocaceae, Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman | Hoomii | T | W | Liquid extracts from P. africana bark is pounded, juiced and drunk for treatment | Oral | benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate gland hypertrophy |
37
| |||||||
BA | Rubiaceae, Coffee arabica L. | Buna | T | D | Roust the seed, pounded and mixed with honey | Oral | Diarrhea |
20
| |||||||
Voucher number
|
Family, Genera, species names
|
Local names
|
Growth habit
|
Plant type, cultivated/wild
|
Part(s) used and preparation method
|
Administration route
|
Disease(s) treated
|
BA | Rutaceae, Clausena anisata (Wild.) Benth. | Ulumaa’i | T | W | Leaf of C. anisata, Solanecio gigas and Justicia schimperiana are pounded together | Dermal | Skin irritation |
39 | |||||||
BA | Rutaceae, Ruta chalepensis L. | Cilaattama | H | D | Leaf of R. chalepensis and leaf of Vernonia amygdalina are smashed together and one cup of domestic alcohol is taken by human | Oral | Stomacache |
44
| |||||||
BA | Simarobouceae, Brucea antidysentrica Fresen | Qomonyo | SH | W | Leaf of B. antidysenterica is pounded and mixed with water in dish. | Dermal | External parasite |
44 | |||||||
BA | Solanaceae, Datura stramonium L. | Asaangira | SH | W | Leafy-stem is squeezed and its drop prepared with butter | Dermal | Wart Toothache |
56
| |||||||
BA | Solanaceae, Withania somnifera L. Dunal | Kumo | SH | W | Leaf of W. somnifera is powdered, juiced and drunk for 4 days. | Oral | Malaria |
55 | |||||||
BA | Zingibiraceae, Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zinjibila | H |
D
| Leafy-Stem is pounded and mixed with “kullubbii + gurra” | Nasal | Influenza Internal Parasite treatment |
17
| Oral |
Fidelity level index
Results
Medicinal plant species diversity and origin
Growth habit
Plant part(s) used
Medicinal plants condition
Knowledge of local healers on preparation methods
Preparation methods | *LH1 | LH2 | LH3 | LH4 | LH5 | LH6 | LH7 | LH8 | LH9 | LH10 | LH11 | LH12 | Total | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Powdering | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 108 | 1st |
Pounding | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 87 | 2nd |
smashing | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 68 | 3rd |
Squeezing | 4 | - | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 50 | 4th |
Chewing | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 42 | 5th |
Crushing | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 37 | 6th |
Dry bath | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 7th |
Stem bath | 1 | 3 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | 9 | 8th |
Traditional medicinal plants preservation methods
Preservation methods | *R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | Total | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay- | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 54 | 2 |
Container | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 58 | 1 |
Plastic bags | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 42 | 4 |
Roof hanging | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 50 | 3 |
Cloths sheet | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 20 | 5 |
Sealed bottles |
Indigenous knowledge on the mode of administration
Medicinal plants popularity in the community
Species scientific name(s) | *R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | Total | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glinus lotoides
| 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 108 |
1
|
Echinops kebericho
| 9 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 96 |
2
|
Brucea antidysentrica
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 75 |
5
|
Embelia schimperi
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 57 |
9
|
Allium sativum
| 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 89 |
3
|
Taverniera abyssinica
| 5 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 69 |
6
|
Vernonia amygdalina
| 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 62 |
8
|
Croton macroststchyus
| 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 65 |
7
|
Ocimum gratissimum
| 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 56 |
10
|
Ocimum sanctum
| 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 76 |
4
|
Ranking of medicinal plants for malaria treatment
Respondents |
Lepidium sativum
|
Croton macrostaychs
|
Allium sativum
|
Carica papaya
|
Vernonia amygdalina
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
*R1 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 0 |
R2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 3 |
R3 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
R4 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 2 |
R5 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 3 |
R6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
R7 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
R8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
R9 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
R10 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 |
R11 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
R12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
Total | 46 | 77 | 68 | 62 | 51 |
Rank | 5th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
4th
|
Paired comparison
Species |
R1-R12
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carissa spinarum
|
-
|
Cs
|
Cs
|
Cs
|
Cs
|
Cs
|
5x
|
1
|
Crateva adonsani
|
-
|
-
|
Ca
|
Ca
|
Ca
|
Kd
|
3x
|
3
|
Croton macrostachys
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Cp
|
Cp
|
Kd
|
0x
|
6
|
Cucurbita pepo
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Cp
|
Cp
|
4x
|
2
|
Euphorbia abyssinica
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Ea
|
1x
|
5
|
Kalanchoe densiflora
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2x
|
4
|
Fidelty level index
Medicinal plant | Major ailments category | Ip | Iu | FL | FL% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lepidium sativum
| Infectious (malaria, Influenza) | 12 | 12 | 1 | 100 |
Euphorbia abbyssinica
| Sexual diseases (Gonorrhea, Syphills) | 14 | 15 | .93 | 93 |
Croton macrostachyus
| Abdominal (Ameboic dysenty, Ascaisis, Tape worm) | 13 | 16 | .81. | 81 |
Plumbago zeylanica
| Metabolic (Breast cancer, blood pressure) | 12 | 12 | .1 | 100 |
Treated disease categories versus medicinal plants
Medicinal plants versus degree of accessibility in the study area
Knowledge transfer status among different age groups and educational levels
Age group | Age stages local name | Number of medicinal plants reported/informant | Mean | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | |||
9-16 | Foollee | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 ± 34a** |
17-24 | Qondaala | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 ± 34a | |
25-32 | Kuusaa | 14 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 11.6 ± 43b |
Educational level | Residence | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-4 | Rural | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4.27 ± 0.14
a*
|
Urban | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3.53 ± + 23
a
| |
5-8 | Rural | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.33 ± 13
a
|
Urban | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3.67
a
± 34a | |
8-12 | Rural | 15 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 12.12 ± 23
b
|
Urban | 5 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4.9 ± 14
a
| |
Higher Institution | Rural | 16 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 14.3 ± 34b |
Urban | 5 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 6.31 ± 23a |