Background
Methods
The study area
Ethnobotanical surveys
Family | Plant name | Local name (Haya) | Part used | Condition treated | Collection code No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | Thurnbergia alata Sims | Rwankura | Leaves/Roots | Oral candidiasis | DK013/06 |
Aloaceae | Aloe sp. | Enkaka | Leaves | Herpes zoster | DK046/06 |
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | Omunembe | Leaves | Tuberculosis (TB) | DK037/06 |
Ozoroa insignis Del. | Omukerenge | Roots | Skin rashes, Tuberculosis, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Cryptococcal menengitis, Oral candidiasis | DK023/06 | |
Rhus natalensis Krauss | Omusheshe | Leaves/Roots | Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Cryptococcal meningitis, skin infections | DK044/06 | |
Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Omukanja | Leaves/Roots | Chronic diarrhea, skin rashes | DK036/06 | |
Pseudospondias microcarpa Engl. | Omuziru | Leaves/Bark | Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis | DK005/06 | |
Lannea schimperi (A. Rich) Engl. | Ombumbo | Bark | Tuberculosis, Skin rashes, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Chronic diarrhea | DK047/06 | |
Annonaceae | Annona senegalensis Pers. | Omukonya | Root | Herpes zoster, Cryptococcal meningitis, Skin infections | DK034/06 |
Apocynaceae | Rauvolfia vomitoria Afz. | Omunyabusindi | Leaves/Bark/Roots | Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes. | DK030/06 |
Araliaceae | Cussonia arborea Hochst. Ex A. rich | Kijagaajaga | Bark | Chronic diarrhoea | DK022/06 |
Asteraceae | Vernonia adoensis Walp. | Nyakibasi | Leaves | Tuberculosis | DK008/06 |
Vernonia amygdalina Del. | Omumbilizi | Leaves | Skin rashes, Chronic diarhhoea, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Cryptococcal meningitis. | DK016/06 | |
Senecio syringifolius O. Hoffm. | Ekishenda | Roots | Herpes simplex | DK031/06 | |
Ageratum conyzoides L. | Kyabakiriao | Leaves | Cryptococcal meningitis, Herpes zoster. | DK025/06 | |
Bidens pilosa L. | Mbukurura | Leaves | Oral candidiasis. | DK054/06 | |
Conyza floribunda H.B.K. | Lukobe | Leaves | Skin rashes | DK027/06 | |
Bignonaceae | Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. | Omujunguti | Bark/Fruit | Herpes simplex | DK032/06 |
Caesalpiniaeae | Cassia abbreviate Oliv. | - | Leaves | Skin rashes | DK045/06 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | Mwita njoka | Roots | Chronic diarrhea | DK021/06 | |
Cassia mimosoides L. | Akashanganziru | Leaves/Roots | Tuberculosis | DK024/06 | |
Capparaceae | Capparis erythrocarpos Isert | Oluvuranganga | Roots | Skin rashes, Tuberculosis, Cryptococcal meningitis, Oral candidiasis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, chronic diarrhoea | DK028/06 |
Gynadropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. | Eiopyo | Leaves | Oral candidiasis, Oral sores | DK033/06 | |
Capparis tomentosa Lam. | Omukolokomba/Rukwatango | Roots | Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex | DK020/06 | |
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. (male) | - | Leaves/Roots | Oral candidiasis | DK035/06 |
Celastraceae | Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell | Omunyambuliko | Bark/Root | Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Oral candidiasis, Skin rashes, Tuberculosis | DK018/06 |
Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium opulifolium Koch. & Ziz. | Mwitango | Leaves | Herpes simplex | DK015/06 |
Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. | Akaita malogo | Leaves | Herpes simplex, cryptococcal meningitis | DK056/06 | |
Chrysobalanaceae | Parinari curatellifolia Benth. | Omunazi | Bark/Root | Skin rashes, Tuberculosis, Chronic diarrhea, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex. | DK039/06 |
Clusiaceae | Garcinia buchananii Bak. | Omusharazi | Bark/Root | Tuberculosis, Chronic diarrhoea, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes | DK063/06 |
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach. | Ekiana | Bark/Root | Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Cryptococcal meningitis, Skin infections. | DK003/06 | |
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir | Omujumbo | Leaves/Bark | Chronic diarrhea | DK006/06 | |
Combretaceae | Combretum collinum Sound. | Omukoyoyo | Leaves/Bark/Roots | Chronic diarrhea, Tuberculosis | DK041/06 |
Terminalia mollis Laws | Muhongora | Bark | Cryptococcal meningitis, Tuberculosis | DK058/06 | |
Convolvulaceae | Ipomoea sinensis (Desr.) Choisy | Omusinda nyungu | Leaves | Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis | DK055/06 |
Cucurbitaceae | Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. | Akabindizi | Whole plant | Cryptococcal meningitis, Oral candidiasis, Skin rashes, Herpes simplex. | DK017/06 |
Dennstaedtiaceae | Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. | Olulele | Leaves | Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis | DK029/06 |
Dracaenaceae | Dracaena steudneri Engl. | Omugorogoro | Bark | Cryptococcal meningitis, Tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis | DK014/06 |
Euphorbiaceae | Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax | Omushasha | Bark | Tuberculosis, Herpes zoster, Cryptococcal meningitis | DK019/06 |
Ricinus communis L. | Omujuna | Roots | Chronic cough | DK048/06 | |
Jatropha curcas L. | Ekiyo | Leaves | Skin rashes, Oral candidiasis | DK011/06 | |
Antidesma venosum Tul. | Mbatabata | Roots | Tuberculosis, Chronic diarrhoea, Oral candidiasis | DK049/06 | |
Phyllanthus reticulatus poir. | Kaumura | Leaves | Herpes simplex | DK076/06 | |
Lamiaceae | Plectranthus barbatus Andr. | Kasindano/Kishwija | Leaves | Oral candidiasis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes | DK010/06 |
Plectranthus comosus Sims | Mukono wa nkanda | Leaves | Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis | DK071/06 | |
Ocimum gratissimum L. | Kashwagara | Leaves | Chronic diarrhea, Herpes simplex | DK065/06 | |
Malvaceae | Hibiscus fuscus Garcke | Olushuya | Leaves | Chronic diarrhoea | DK053/06 |
Mimosaceae | Entada abyssinica A. rich. | Mwiganjura | Leaves/Bark | Skin rashes, Tubercuilosis, Oral candidiasis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex. | DK026/06 |
Entada leptostachya Steud ex A. rich. | Ekitakuli | Roots | Skin rashes, Tuberculosis, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster | DK043/06 | |
Acacia hockii De Willd. | Mugando | Bark | Herpes zoster | DK038/06 | |
Myricaceae | Myrica salicifolia A. Rich. | Omukikimbo | Bark/Root | Tuberculosis, Chronic diarrhea, Cryptococcal meningitis, Herpes simplex | DK057/06 |
Myrtaceae | Psidium guajava L. | Omupera | Leaves | Tuberculosis, Chronic diarrhea | DK042/06 |
Syzygium guineense (Willd) DC | Omuchwezi | Bark | Chronic diarrhea | DK059/06 | |
Syzygium cordatum Krauss | Omugege | Leaves/Bark | Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes | DK070/06 | |
Olacaceae | Ximenia americana var. caffra (Sond.) Engl. | Omusheka | Roots | Skin rashes | DK074/06 |
Papaveraceae | Argemone mexicana L. | Akatojo | Leaves/Seeds | Cryptococcal meningitis | DK062/06 |
Papillionaceae | Erythrina abyssinica DC. | Omurinzi | Bark/Root | Tubeculosis | DK040/06 |
Eriosema psoraleoides (Lam.) G. Don. | Omukakara | Leaves | Chronic diarrhea | DK077/06 | |
Abrus precatorius L. | Kaligaligo | Leaves | Oral candidiasis | DK052/06 | |
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. | Mtandaikwa | Stem string | Oral candidiasis | DK066/06 | |
Passifloraceae | Adenia gummifera (Harv) Harms. | Nyarimari | Stem/Root | Oral candidiasis | DK073/06 |
Phytolacaceae | Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit | Muhoko | Leaves | Herpes zoster, Skin rashes. | DK079/06 |
Polygalaceae | Securidaca longipedunculata Fres. | Omweiya | Leaves/Bark/Root | Cryptococcal meningitis, Oral candidiasis | DK069/06 |
Polygonaceae | Rumex usambarensis (Dammer) Dammer | Akarurinzi | Leaves/Roots | Chronic diarrhea, Oral candidiasis, Skin infections | DK060/06 |
Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirsute Guill. & Perr. | Omnkamba | Leaves | Tuberculosis, Cryptococcal meningitis, Herpes zoster | DK051/06 |
Rubiaceae | Canthium zanzibarica Klotzsch. | Omushangati | Bark/Root | Cryptococcal meningitis | DK080/06 |
Tarenna graveolens (S.Moore) Breun. | Omushangati | Bark/Roots | Cryptococcal meningitis | DK067/06 | |
Vagueria infausta Hochst. | Mubungo | Leaves | Oral candidiasis | DK061/06 | |
Rutaceae | Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. | - | Root | Tuberculosis | DK075/06 |
Sapindaceae | Allophyllus africanus Beauv. | Katatera Mnyanya | Leaves | Chronic diarrhea | DK050/06 |
Tiliaceae | Grewia bicolor Juss | Omukoma | Leaves/Bark/Roots | Chronic diarrhea | DK064/06 |
Ulmaceae | Trema orientalis (L.) Blume | Muuwe | Leaves | Oral candidiasis | DK078/06 |
Verbenaceae | Vitex fischeri Gurke | Omuunda | Bark | Herpes zoster, Tuberculosis, Herpes simplex, Skin rashes | DK068/06 |
Vitaceae | Rhoicissus tridentate (L.f.) Wild & Drum. | Ekimara | Leaves | Herpes zoster | DK072/06 |
Knowledge on HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections
Disease condition | Symptoms |
---|---|
Tuberculosis | Persistent or chronic cough, Mucopurulent sputum, recurring dull, aching pain or tightness in the chest and Dyspnea |
Oral candidiasis | Oral thrush, Oral mucosal lesions, mouth ulcers and difficulty in swallowing |
Cryptoccocal meningitis | Fever, frequent headache, mental confusion, seizures, malaise and fatigue |
Herpes zoster | Localized burning sensation, reddening of the skin followed by the appearance of grouped, dense blisters (Vesicles) and sores on the skin |
Herpes simplex | Mouth sores, genital lesions, ulcers or blisters |
Results
Condition | Number of reports | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Herpes zoster | 50 | 20% |
Skin rashes | 42 | 17% |
Tuberculosis | 38 | 15% |
Herpes simplex | 34 | 14% |
Oral candidiasis | 33 | 13% |
Cryptococcal meningitis | 30 | 12% |
Chronic diarrhoea | 22 | 9% |
Total | 249 | 100% |
Method of preparation | Percentage |
---|---|
Boiling (Decoctions) | 52% |
Drying in sun and pulverization | 29% |
Soaking in cold water (Infusion) | 13% |
Burning | 5% |
Chewing | 1% |