Introduction
Materials and methods
The Study Area
Methods
Ethnobotanical data collection
Vegetation data collection
Plant identification
Data analysis and presentation
Ethnobotanical data analysis
Vegetation data analysis
Results
Medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge
Scientific name | Family | Voucher specimen no. | Local name | Habit | Application | part used | Method of preparation | Administration route | Livestock treated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biophytum abyssinicum A. Rich. | Oxalidaceae | THB-087 | Denggo | Herb | To expel leech | Above ground | Fresh crushed above ground part homogenized in water adding salt | Oral | Cattle |
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. | Fabaceae | Cadhdhiw | Shrub | Snake bite | Root, Stem or Leaf | Any part of the plant crushed and homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle | |
Grewia mollis Juss. | Tiliaceae | THB-051 | Gumere | Tree | Constipation | Bark | Crushed fresh bark homogenized in water to drink adding salt | Oral | Cattle |
Justicia betonica L. | Acanthaceae | Goppe dhaliyaa | Herb | Snake bite | Root | Fresh crushed root homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle | |
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen. | Rubiaceae | THB-015 | Bootha bekkaa | Shrub | Mitch & evil eye | Leaf | Crushed fresh leaf homogenized in water to drink and with the residue soak the whole body | Oral & Skin | Cattle |
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Defl. Subsp. quartiniana (A. Rich.) Verdc. | Rubiaceae | Mithaa | Herb | Snake bite | Root | Crushed fresh root homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle | |
Phyllanthus sepialis Muell. Arg. | Euphorbiaceae | Cadhdho | Shrub | Snake bite | Root, Stem or Leaf | Any part of the plant crushed and homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle | |
Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Th. Dur. & Schinz | Poaceae | Daawaa | Herb | Snake bite | Leaf | Smell crushed fresh leaf then soak the whole body | Nasal & skin | Cattle | |
Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach.* | Solonaceae | THB-002 | Buluwaa | Herb | Trypanosomiasi, cough | Fruit | Slices of fresh fruits homogenized in water adding salt | Oral | Cattle |
Solanum incanum L. | Solonaceae | Buluwaa | Shrub | Cough | Fruit | The inner part of the fruit homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle | |
Syzygium guineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl.) F. White | Myrtaceae | THB-169 | Ocha | Tree | Diarrhea | Bark | Crushed fresh bark homogenized in water to drink | Oral | Cattle |
Tetradenia riparia (Hochst. in C. Krauss) Codd* | Lamiaceae | THB-046 | Hookko | Shrub | Diarrhoea, to improve milk content of cows | Leaf | Crushed fresh leaf homogenized in water and add salt | Oral | Cattle |
Preparation, dosage and route of administration of medicinal plants
Internal application | Total applications | % of total | External application | Total applications | % of total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drinking | 160 | 67.8 | Soaking | 23 | 38.3 |
Chew & swallow the juice | 31 | 13.1 | Smearing | 13 | 21.7 |
Dropping | 15 | 6.4 | Chew & spit the residue | 10 | 16.7 |
Smelling | 13 | 5.5 | Tie on/hold on | 8 | 13.3 |
Smoke bath inhalation | 11 | 4.7 | Rubbing/ointment | 6 | 10 |
Eating mixing with food | 5 | 2.1 | |||
Steam bath inhalation | 1 | 0.4 | |||
Total (for internal)
|
236
|
100
|
Total (for external)
|
60
|
100
|
Internal application total | 236 | 79.7 | |||
External application total | 60 | 20.3 | |||
Grand total
|
296
|
100
|
Plant parts used for medicine and diversity of growth forms
Habitat, current status and threats to medicinal plants
Rarely encountered (7.7% of the total) | Occasionally encountered (31.6% of the total) | Commonly encountered (60.7% of the total) |
---|---|---|
Asparagus recemosus
|
Aerva lanata
|
Achyranthes aspera
|
Buddleja polystachya
|
Alysicarpus glumaceus
|
Acmella caulirhiza
|
Dicliptera laxata
|
Anarrhinum forskaohlii
|
Ajuga alba
|
Gnidia glauca
|
Biophytum abyssinicum
|
Allium cepa
|
Indigofera emarginella
|
Calpurnia aurea
|
Allium sativum
|
Pittosporum viridiflorum
|
Carissa spinarum
|
Artemisia absinthium
|
Plectranthus lanuginosus
|
Chamaecrista wittei
|
Artemisia abyssinica
|
Tetradenia riparia
|
Clematis simensis
|
Artemisia afra
|
Vepris dainellii
|
Cordia africana
|
Barleria ventricosa
|
Crossandra nilotica
|
Carica papaya
| |
Croton macrostachyus
|
Centella asiatica
| |
Cyprus fischerianus
|
Cissampelos mucronata
| |
Dalbergia lactea
|
Citrus aurantifolia
| |
Desmodium adscendens
|
Clematis hirsuta
| |
Desmodium velutinum
|
Cleome gynandra
| |
Dombeya torrida
|
Clerodendrum umbellatum
| |
Erythrina abyssinica
|
Commelina latifolia
| |
Gardenia ternifolia
|
Conyza bonariensis
| |
Haumaniastrum villosum
|
Crotalaria hyssopifolia
| |
Indigofera spicata
|
Cuscuta campestris
| |
Justicia betonica
|
Cymbopogon citrates
| |
Lantana ukambensis
|
Cynoglossum coeruleum
| |
Lantana trifolia
|
Dichrocephala integrifolia
| |
Lepidium sativum
|
Dissotis canescens
| |
Lysimachia ruhmeriana
|
Dracaena steudneri
| |
Moringa stenopetala
|
Dyschoriste multicaulis
| |
Mucuna melanocarpa
|
Erythrina brucei
| |
Paullinia pinnata
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
| |
Phyllanthus sepialis
|
Euphorbia schimperiana
| |
Piper capense
|
Ficus sur
| |
Polygala sadebeckiana
|
Ficus thonningii
| |
Pterolobium stellatum
|
Grewia mollis
| |
Sanicula elata
|
Guizotia abyssinica
| |
Sapium ellipticum
|
Indigofera arrecta
| |
Spermacoce sphaerostigma
|
Indigofera garckeana
| |
Thunbergia ruspolii
|
Indigofera zenkeri
| |
Tragia brevipes
|
Isodon ramosissimus
| |
Ipomoea purpurea
| ||
Kyllinga bulbosa
| ||
Lactuca inermis
| ||
Laggera pterodonata
| ||
Leonotis ocymifolia
| ||
Leucas stachydiformis
| ||
Leucas deflexa
| ||
Monopsis stellarioides
| ||
Musa paradisiaca
| ||
Ocimum basilicum Var. thyrsiflorum
| ||
Ocimum americanum
| ||
Ocimum gratissimum
| ||
Ocimum lamiifolium
| ||
Oldenlandia goreensis
| ||
Oxalis corniculata
| ||
Pavetta abyssinica
| ||
Pentas lanceolata
| ||
Phytolacca dodecandra
| ||
Plectranthus ornatus
| ||
Ricinus communis
| ||
Rumex nepalensis
| ||
Ruta chalepensis
| ||
Setaria megaphylla
| ||
Sida rhombifolia
| ||
Solanum dasyphyllum
| ||
Solanum incanum
| ||
Sonchus bipontini
| ||
Sonchus oleraceus
| ||
Stephania abyssinica
| ||
Syzygium guineense subsp.
| ||
Macrocarpum
| ||
Terminalia schimperiana
| ||
Thalictrum rhynchocarpon
| ||
Tragia doryoides
| ||
Vernonia amygdalina
|
Degree of Scarcity of Medicinal Plants
List of medicinal plants | Key informants (coded A to J) with the ranks they gave | Total score | Rank | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | |||
Asparagus recemosus
| 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 41 | 5 |
Buddleja polystachya
| 5 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 39 | 7 |
Dicliptera laxata
| 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 28 | 9 |
Gnidia glauca
| 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 37 | 8 |
Indigofera emarginella
| 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 47 | 4 |
Pittosporum viridiflorum
| 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 54 | 2 |
Plectranthus lanuginosus
| 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 40 | 6 |
Tetradenia riparia
| 2 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 49 | 3 |
Vepris dainellii
| 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 60 | 1 |
Medicinal plants used to treat a particular and several ailments
Medicinal plants and trade
Importance of medicinal plants in the study area
Plant species | Scores given by Respondents (R1-R10) | Total Score | Rank | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | |||
Artemisia abyssinica
| 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 19 | 3rd |
Artemisia afra
| 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 4th |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
| 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 20 | 2nd |
Ocimum americanum
| 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 27 | 1st |
Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 4th |
Distribution of medicinal plants in plant community types outside homegardens
Plant Community Type | No of MPS | List of Medicinal Plant Species (MPS) |
---|---|---|
1 Cordia Africana -Maesa lanceolata community | 21 |
Cordia africana, Phytolacca dodecandra, Erythrina brucei, Ficus sur, Grewia mollis, Dracaena steudneri, Croton macrostachyus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Ricinus communis, Indigofera arrecta, Euphorbia schimperiana, Conyza bonariensis, Syzygium guineense, Sonchus oleraceus, Leonotis ocymifolia, Achyranthes aspera, Solanum incanum, Sonchus bipontini, Leucas deflexa, Sida rhombifolia, Commelina latifolia
|
2. Sapium ellipticum -Ficus sur community | 18 | Sapium ellipticum, Ficus sur, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Achyranthes aspera, Croton macrostachyus, Cuscuta campestris, Ficus thonningii, Phytolacca dodecandra, Cynoglossum coeruleum, Oldenlandia goreensis, Indigofera arrecta, Solanum incanum, Sonchus bipontini, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia schimperiana, Leucas deflexa, Sida schimperiana, Sida rhombifolia |
3. Vitex doniana -Kyllinga bulbosa community | 12 |
Kyllinga bulbosa, Gardenia ternifolia, Centella asiatica, Guizotia schimperi, Solanum incanum, Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Conyza bonariensis, Sonchus oleraceus, Sida rhombifolia, Cynoglossum coeruleum
|
4. Hyparrhenia cymbaria-Erythrina abyssinica community | 34 |
Erythrina abyssinica, Cordia africana, Indigofera arrecta, Leonotis ocymifolia, Terminalia schimperiana, Sanicula elata, Ficus sur, Erythrina brucei, Clerodendrum umbellatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Clematis hirsuta, Conyza bonariensis, Guizotia schimperi, Leucas stachydiformis, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Sida rhombifolia, Solanum incanum, Syzygium guineense, Pentas lanceolata, Gardenia ternifolia, Centella asiatica, Cynoglossum coeruleum, Indigofera zenkeri, Justicia betonica, Ocimum gratissimum, Carissa spinarum, Lantana trifolia, Biophytum abyssinicum, Dalbergia lactea, Tephrosia elata, Setaria megaphylla, Justicia betonica, Leucas deflexa, Grewia mollis
|