nach oben

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Erschienen in:

01.10.2009 | Review

Value of anti-infective chemoprophylaxis in primary systemic vasculitis: what is the evidence?

verfasst von: Frank Moosig, Julia U Holle, Wolfgang L Gross

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 5/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Although infections are a major concern in patients with primary systemic vasculitis, actual knowledge about risk factors and evidence concerning the use of anti-infective prophylaxis from clinical trials are scarce. The use of high dose glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide pose a definite risk for infections. Bacterial infections are among the most frequent causes of death, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common isolate. Concerning viral infections, cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus reactivation represent the most frequent complications. The only prophylactic measure that is widely accepted is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole to avoid Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in small vessel vasculitis patients with generalised disease receiving therapy for induction of remission.

Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage CO, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, Woude van der FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Pusey CD, European Vasculitis Study Group: Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 18: 2180-2188. 10.1681/ASN.2007010090.CrossRefPubMed

Bucaneve G, Micozzi A, Menichetti F, Martino P, Dionisi MS, Martinelli G, Allione B, D'Antonio D, Buelli M, Nosari AM, Cilloni D, Zuffa E, Cantaffa R, Specchia G, Amadori S, Fabbiano F, Deliliers GL, Lauria F, Foà R, Del Favero A, Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Infection Program: Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 977-987. 10.1056/NEJMoa044097.CrossRefPubMed

Cullen M, Steven N, Billingham L, Gaunt C, Hastings M, Simmonds P, Stuart N, Rea D, Bower M, Fernando I, Huddart R, Gollins S, Stanley A, Simple Investigation in Neutropenic Individuals of the Frequency of Infection after Chemotherapy +/- Antibiotic in a Number of Tumours (SIGNIFICANT) Trial Group: Simple Investigation in Neutropenic Individuals of the Frequency of Infection after Chemotherapy +/- Antibiotic in a Number of Tumours (SIGNIFICANT) Trial Group. Antibacterial prophylaxis after chemotherapy for solid tumors and lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 988-998. 10.1056/NEJMoa050078.CrossRefPubMed

Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA, Hunder GG: Long-term survival of patients with giant cell arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort. Am J Med. 1996, 100: 193-196. 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89458-2.CrossRefPubMed

Chevalet P, Barrier JH, Pottier P, Magadur-Joly G, Pottier MA, Hamidou M, Planchon B, El Kouri D, Connan L, Dupond JL, De Wazieres B, Dien G, Duhamel E, Grosbois B, Jego P, Le Strat A, Capdeville J, Letellier P, Agron L: A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial using intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone in the initial treatment of simple forms of giant cell arteritis: a one year followup study of 164 patients. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 1484-1491.PubMed

Jover JA, Hernández-García C, Morado IC, Vargas E, Bañares A, Fernández-Gutiérrez B: Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001, 134: 106-114.CrossRefPubMed

Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, Guillevin L, Stone JH, Schousboe J, Cohen P, Calabrese LH, Dickler H, Merkel PA, Fortin P, Flynn JA, Locker GA, Easley KA, Schned E, Hunder GG, Sneller MC, Tuggle C, Swanson H, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Lopez-Soto A, Bork D, Hoffman DB, Kalunian K, Klashman D, Wilke WS, Scheetz RJ, Mandell BF, Fessler BJ, Kosmorsky G, et al: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1309-1318. 10.1002/art.10262.CrossRefPubMed

Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, Calamia KT, Matteson EL, Griffing WL, Younge BR, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ: Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 3310-3318. 10.1002/art.22163.CrossRefPubMed

Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Rendt-Zagar KE, Merkel PA, Weyand CM, Stone JH, Salvarani C, Xu W, Visvanathan S, Rahman MU, Infliximab-GCA Study Group: Infliximab for maintenance of gluco-corticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007, 146: 621-630.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Martínez-Taboada VM, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Carreño L, López-Longo J, Figueroa M, Belzunegui J, Mola EM, Bonilla G: A double-blind placebo controlled trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 625-630. 10.1136/ard.2007.082115.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Hoffman GS, Merkel PA, Brasington RD, Lenschow DJ, Liang P: Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with difficult to treat Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2296-2304. 10.1002/art.20300.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Cohen P, Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Arène JP, Mouthon L, Le Guern V, André MH, Gayraud M, Jayne D, Blöckmans D, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Churg-Strauss syndrome with poor-prognosis factors: A prospective multicenter trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in forty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57: 686-693. 10.1002/art.22679.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Gayraud M, Guillevin L, Cohen P, Lhote F, Cacoub P, Deblois P, Godeau B, Ruel M, Vidal E, Piontud M, Ducroix JP, Lassoued S, Christoforov B, Babinet P: Treatment of good-prognosis polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: comparison of steroids and oral or pulse cyclophosphamide in 25 patients. French Cooperative Study Group for Vasculitides. Br J Rheumatol. 1997, 36: 1290-1297. 10.1093/rheumatology/36.12.1290.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Lortholary O, Généreau T, Léon A, Bussel A: Corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide and plasma exchanges versus corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome patients with factors predicting poor prognosis. A prospective, randomized trial in sixty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1995, 38: 1638-1645. 10.1002/art.1780381116.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Guillevin L, Fain O, Lhote F, Jarrousse B, Le Thi Huong D, Bussel A, Leon A: Lack of superiority of steroids plus plasma exchange to steroids alone in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A prospective, randomized trial in 78 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1992, 35: 208-215. 10.1002/art.1780350214.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Guillevin L, Jarrousse B, Lok C, Lhote F, Jais JP, Le Thi Huong Du D, Bussel A: Longterm followup after treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis with comparison of steroids, plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide to steroids and plasma exchange. A prospective randomized trial of 71 patients. The Cooperative Study Group for Polyarteritis Nodosa. J Rheumatol. 1991, 18: 567-574.PubMed

17.

Nachman PH, Hogan SL, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Treatment response and relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoanti-body-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996, 7: 33-39.PubMed

18.

Metzler C, Miehle N, Manger K, Iking-Konert C, de Groot K, Hellmich B, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E, German Network of Rheumatic Diseases: Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 1087-1091. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem029.CrossRef

19.

WGET Research Group: Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 351-361. 10.1056/NEJMoa041884.CrossRef

20.

Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I, Nowack R, Flores-Suárez LF, Woude van der FJ: Treatment of refractory Wegener's granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int. 2004, 65: 1440-1448. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00534.x.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Metzler C, Fink C, Lamprecht P, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E: Maintenance of remission with leflunomide in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004, 43: 315-320. 10.1093/rheumatology/keh009.CrossRef

22.

Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 83-91. 10.1002/art.20082.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Reinhold-Keller E, Fink CO, Herlyn K, Gross WL, De Groot K: High rate of renal relapse in 71 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis under maintenance of remission with low-dose methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 47: 326-332. 10.1002/art.10459.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Mahr A, Girard T, Agher R, Guillevin L: Analysis of factors predictive of survival based on 49 patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis and prospective follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001, 40: 492-498. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.492.CrossRef

25.

Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, de Groot K, Rudert H, Nölle B, Heller M, Gross WL: An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1021-1032. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1021::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-J.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Royer I, Lesavre P, Jacquot C, Bindi P, Bielefeld P, Desson JF, Détrée F, Dubois A, Hachulla E, Hoen B, Jacomy D, Seigneuric C, Lauque D, Stern M, Longy-Boursier M: A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 2187-2198. 10.1002/art.1780401213.CrossRefPubMed

27.

de Groot K, Reinhold-Keller E, Tatsis E, Paulsen J, Heller M, Nölle B, Gross WL: Therapy for the maintenance of remission in sixty-five patients with generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. Methotrexate versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39: 2052-2061. 10.1002/art.1780391215.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335: 16-20. 10.1056/NEJM199607043350103.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Sneller MC, Hoffman GS, Talar-Williams C, Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Fauci AS: An analysis of forty-two Wegener's granulomatosis patients treated with methotrexate and prednisone. Arthritis Rheum. 1995, 38: 608-613. 10.1002/art.1780380505.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, Boffa JJ, Ruivard M, Ducroix JP, Kyndt X, Lifermann F, Papo T, Lambert M, Le Noach J, Khellaf M, Merrien D, Puéchal X, Vinzio S, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Azathioprine or methotrexate mainenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 2790-2803. 10.1056/NEJMoa0802311.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Walsh M, Chaudhry A, Jayne D: Long-term follow-up of relapsing/refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis treated with the lymphocyte depleting antibody alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1322-1327. 10.1136/ard.2007.081661.CrossRefPubMed

32.

De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, Tervaert JW, Feighery C, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Jayne DR: Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2461-2469. 10.1002/art.21142.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Booth A, Harper L, Hammad T, Bacon P, Griffith M, Levy J, Savage C, Pusey C, Jayne D: Prospective study of TNFalpha blockade with infliximab in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004, 15: 717-721. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000114554.67106.28.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Birck R, Warnatz K, Lorenz HM, Choi M, Haubitz M, Grünke M, Peter HH, Kalden JR, Göbel U, Drexler JM, Hotta O, Nowack R, Woude Van Der FJ: 15-Deoxyspergualin in patients with refractory ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: a six-month open-label trial to evaluate safety and efficacy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003, 14: 440-447. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000048716.42876.14.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, Bacon P, Tervaert JW, Dadoniené J, Ekstrand A, Gaskin G, Gregorini G, de Groot K, Gross W, Hagen EC, Mirapeix E, Pettersson E, Siegert C, Sinico A, Tesar V, Westman K, Pusey C, European Vasculitis Study Group: European Vasculitis Study Group. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 36-44. 10.1056/NEJMoa020286.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Haubitz M, Schellong S, Göbel U, Schurek HJ, Schaumann D, Koch KM, Brunkhorst R: Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide versus daily oral treatment in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and renal involvement: a prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 1835-18344. 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1835::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-Q.CrossRefPubMed

37.

de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, Tesar V, Vanhille P, Westman K, Savage CO, EUVAS (European Vasculitis Study Group): Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Int Med. 2009, 150: 670-680.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Charlier C, Henegar C, Launay O, Pagnoux C, Berezné A, Bienvenu B, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Risk factors for major infections in Wegener's granulomatosis: analysis of 113 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 68: 658-663. 10.1136/ard.2008.088302.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Takizawa Y, Inokuma S, Tanaka Y, Saito K, Atsumi T, Hirakata M, Kameda H, Hirohata S, Kondo H, Kumagai S, Tanaka Y: Clinical characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in rheumatic diseases: multicentre survey in a large patient population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 1373-1378. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken231.CrossRef

40.

Proven A, Gabriel SE, Orces C, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG: Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: duration and adverse outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 49: 703-708. 10.1002/art.11388.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Schmidt J, Duhaut P, Smail V, Chatelain D, Bosshard S, Pellet H, Piette J, Ducroix J: Severe infections during giant cell arteritis course: incidence and mortalitiy. The prospective, multicentre double cohort GRACG study [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68s: 80-

42.

Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, Bacon P, Cohen-Tervaert JW, Guillevin L, Jayne D, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Scott DG, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani RA: EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 605-617. 10.1136/ard.2006.062711.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

43.

Moosig F, Lamprecht P, Gross WL: Wegener's granulomatosis: the current view. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008, 35: 19-21. 10.1007/s12016-007-8067-5.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Ullrich S, Gustke H, Lamprecht P, Gross WL, Schumacher U, Ambrosch P, Laudien M: Severely impaired respiratory ciliar function in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 68: 1067-1071. 10.1136/ard.2008.096974.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Bosch X, Guilabert A, Espinosa G, Mirapeix E: Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. JAMA. 2007, 298: 655-669. 10.1001/jama.298.6.655.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, Kluytmans J: Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008, 4: CD006216-PubMed

47.

Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, Sluiter WJ, Manson WL, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG: Association of chronic nasal carriage of S. aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1994, 120: 12-17.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Pinching AJ, Rees AJ, Pussell BA, Lockwood CM, Mitchison RS, Peters DK: Relapses in Wegener's granulomatosis: the role of infection. BMJ. 1980, 281: 836-838. 10.1136/bmj.281.6244.836.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

49.

Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM: Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutical experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med. 1983, 98: 76-85.CrossRefPubMed

50.

DeRemee RA, McDonald TJ, Weiland LH: Wegener's granulomatosis: observations on treatment with antimicrobial agents. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985, 60: 27-32.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Ognibene FP, Shelhamer JH, Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Reda D, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY: Penumocystis carinii pneumonia: a major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: 795-799.PubMed

52.

Godeau B, Mainardi JL, Roudot-Thoraval F, Hachulla E, Guillevin L, Huong Du LT, Jarrousse B, Remy P, Schaeffer A, Piette JC: Factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995, 54: 991-994. 10.1136/ard.54.12.991.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

53.

Yale SH, Limper AH: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996, 71: 5-13. 10.4065/71.1.5.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Sowden E, Carmichael AJ: Autoimmune inflammatory disorders, systemic corticosteroids and pneumocystis pneumonia: a strategy for prevention. BMC Infect Dis. 2004, 4: 42-48. 10.1186/1471-2334-4-42.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

55.

Chung JB, Armstrong K, Schwartz JS, Albert D: Cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1841-1848. 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1841::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-Q.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, de Groot K, Gross W, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Kallenberg CG, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Salvarani C, Scott DG, Stegeman C, Watts R, Westman K, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani R, European Vasculitis Study Group: EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 68: 310-317. 10.1136/ard.2008.088096.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Lapraik C, Watts R, Bacon P, Carruthers D, Chakravarty K, D'Cruz D, Guillevin L, Harper L, Jayne D, Luqmani R, Mooney J, Scott D, BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group: BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of adults with ANCA associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 1615-1616. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem146a.CrossRef

58.

Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L: Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-hiv-infected patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007, 82: 1052-1059. 10.4065/82.9.1052.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Mansharamani NG, Garland R, Delaney D, Koziel H: Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states. Chest. 2000, 118: 704-711. 10.1378/chest.118.3.704.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Suryaprasad A, Stone JH: When is it safe to stop Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis? Insights from three cases complicating autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 59: 1034-1039. 10.1002/art.23822.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Krech U: Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world. Bull World Health Organ. 1973, 49: 103-106.PubMedCentralPubMed

62.

Brennan DC: Cytomegalovirus in renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001, 12: 848-855.PubMed

63.

Mori T, Kameda H, Ogawa H, Iizuka A, Sekiguchi N, Takei H, Nagasawa H, Tokuhira M, Tanaka T, Saito Y, Amano K, Abe T, Takeuchi T: Incidence of cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with inflammatory connective tissue diseases who are under immunosuppressive therapy. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1349-1351.PubMed

64.

Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E, Washburn K, Blumberg E, Alexander B, Freeman R, Heaton N, Pescovitz MD, Valganciclovir Solid Organ Transplant Study Group: Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004, 4: 611-620. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00382.x.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Kalil AC, Levitsky J, Lyden E, Stoner J, Freifeld AG: Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 143: 870-880.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Ragozzino MW, Melton LJ, Kurland LT, Chu CP, Perry HO: Population-based study of herpes zoster and its sequelae. Medicine (Baltimore). 1982, 61: 310-316.CrossRef

67.

Smitten AL, Choi HK, Hochberg MC, Suissa S, Simon TA, Testa MA, Chan KA: The risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57: 1431-1438. 10.1002/art.23112.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD, Arbeit RD, Simberkoff MS, Gershon AA, Davis LE, Weinberg A, Boardman KD, Williams HM, Zhang JH, Peduzzi PN, Beisel CE, Morrison VA, Guatelli JC, Brooks PA, Kauffman CA, Pachucki CT, Neuzil KM, Betts RF, Wright PF, Griffin MR, Brunell P, Soto NE, Marques AR, Keay SK, Goodman RP: A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 2271-2284. 10.1056/NEJMoa051016.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Boeckh M, Kim HW, Flowers ME, Meyers JD, Bowden RA: Long-term acyclovir for prevention of varicella zoster virus disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Blood. 2006, 107: 1800-1805. 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3624.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

70.

Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF: Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008, 57: 1-30.PubMed

71.

Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ: Varicella-zoster vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 1338-1343. 10.1056/NEJMct066061.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Segal BH, Walsh TJ: Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006, 173: 707-717. 10.1164/rccm.200505-727SO.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Playford EG, Webster AC, Sorrell TC, Craig JC: Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill and surgical patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006, 57: 628-638. 10.1093/jac/dki491.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Playford EG, Webster AC, Sorrell TC, Craig JC: Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, CD004920-

75.

Ho KM, Rochford SA, John G: The use of topical nonab-sorbable gastrointestinal antifungal prophylaxis to prevent fungal infections in critically ill immunocompetent patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2005, 33: 2383-2392. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000181726.32675.37.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK: Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002, CD002033-

77.

Menzies D, Long R, Trajman A, Dion MJ, Yang J, Al Jahdali H, Memish Z, Khan K, Gardam M, Hoeppner V, Benedetti A, Schwartzman K: Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008, 149: 689-697.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, Anuntiyo J, Finney C, Curtis JR, Paulus HE, Mudano A, Pisu M, Elkins-Melton M, Outman R, Allison JJ, Suarez Almazor M, Bridges SL, Chatham WW, Hochberg M, MacLean C, Mikuls T, Moreland LW, O'Dell J, Turkiewicz AM, Furst DE, American College of Rheumatology: American College of Rheumatology. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 59: 762-784. 10.1002/art.23721.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Value of anti-infective chemoprophylaxis in primary systemic vasculitis: what is the evidence?
verfasst von: Frank Moosig
Julia U Holle
Wolfgang L Gross
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2009
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 5/2009
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2826

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

„Überwältigende“ Evidenz für Tripeltherapie beim metastasierten Prostata-Ca.

22.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Patienten mit metastasiertem hormonsensitivem Prostatakarzinom sollten nicht mehr mit einer alleinigen Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) behandelt werden, mahnt ein US-Team nach Sichtung der aktuellen Datenlage. Mit einer Tripeltherapie haben die Betroffenen offenbar die besten Überlebenschancen.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

CAR-M-Zellen: Warten auf das große Fressen

22.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

Auch myeloide Immunzellen lassen sich mit chimären Antigenrezeptoren gegen Tumoren ausstatten. Solche CAR-Fresszell-Therapien werden jetzt für solide Tumoren entwickelt. Künftig soll dieser Prozess nicht mehr ex vivo, sondern per mRNA im Körper der Betroffenen erfolgen.

Frühzeitige HbA1c-Kontrolle macht sich lebenslang bemerkbar

22.05.2024 Typ-2-Diabetes Nachrichten

Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes von Anfang an intensiv BZ-senkend zu behandeln, wirkt sich positiv auf Komplikationen und Mortalität aus – und das offenbar lebenslang, wie eine weitere Nachfolgeuntersuchung der UKPD-Studie nahelegt.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2009

Dichloroacetate alleviates development of collagen II-induced arthritis in female DBA/1 mice

Lessons from animal models of arthritis over the past decade

Developments in the clinical understanding of lupus

Cytokines in chronic rheumatic diseases: is everything lack of homeostatic balance?

Chondrogenic differentiation potential of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and their possible use in matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation